"Beyond the Great Wall" and "Out bet365 tennis bet Great Wall" are common words in Han and Tang poetry books。If the Central Plains region is used as the coordinate，"Beyond the Great Wall" is generally believed to refer to the west bet365 tennis bet border、Ethnic minority areas in the north，And "out bet365 tennis bet fortress" refers to the west bet365 tennis bet Central Plains、Related transportation activities in ethnic minority areas in the north，For example, "Zhang Qian's departure from the fortress" started from Guanzhong，All the way to the Western Regions。“Beyond the Great Wall” has a similar meaning to “Out bet365 tennis bet Great Wall”，The geographical point of view refers to the north of Guanzhong at that time、Extraterritorial areas to the west。From the literature，There are records of "beyond the Great Wall" and "exiting the Great Wall" during the Warring States Period。Do the words "beyond the fortress" and "out bet365 tennis bet fortress" during the Warring States Period and the Han and Tang Dynasties have the same meaning?？The author thinks，The specific meaning of "beyond the fortress" and "out bet365 tennis bet fortress" during the Warring States Period was different from that bet365 tennis bet Han and Tang Dynasties，To be clarified。

　　bet365 tennis bet and Qi were the “Four Fortresses” during the Warring States Period.With the intensification bet365 tennis bet military struggle during the Warring States Period，The importance of some natural fortresses and artificial barriers on the borders of various countries has become increasingly prominent。Because there are natural dangers in all four areas that can serve as barriers，Qin during this period、Qi is known as the "Land of Four Fortresses"。

This period，The Guanzhong area is known as the "Four Fortresses"。"Historical Records of Xiang Yu": "Guanzhong blocks mountains and rivers，The land is fertile，You can dominate them all。" ​​"Historical Records: Biography of Liu Jing, Shu and Sun Tong": "The land of bet365 tennis bet is surrounded by mountains and rivers，Four obstacles are considered solid，Suddenly urgent，Millions of people can have it。”Guanzhong as the land of four fortresses，Also known as the "Land of Abundance"，"Historical Records·Liuhou Family" pointed out，"Guanzhong Zuoyu、Letter，Youlong、Shu，Thousands of miles of fertile fields...this is called a thousand miles of golden city，The land of abundance”。

The Qin State in the Guanzhong area，Known as the "Land of Four Fortresses"。Jia Yi pointed out in "Guo Qin Lun"，“The land of Qin is considered solid by mountains and rivers，The country of four fortresses”。Qin has the advantage of "four fortresses"，Hence the military advantage，There are many records of this in the literature。"Historical Records: Biography of Fan Ju and Cai Ze" records that Fan Ju pointed out when persuading King Zhao of Qin，"The Kingdom bet365 tennis bet Great King，The four fortresses are thought to be solid...then attack if they are advantageous，If unfavorable, enter the defense，This is the land of kings”。"Warring States Policy·Chu Ceyi" believes that "the land of Qin is half the world，Enemies four countries，Being led by mountains and rivers，Four obstacles are considered solid”。These are descriptions of Qin’s geographical advantages。Qin State has the advantage of four fortresses，Occupy geographical advantage。

As far as specific barriers are concerned，There are different descriptions in the literature，But generally the same。"Historical Records·Biography of Su bet365 tennis bet": "The Kingdom of bet365 tennis bet's Four Fortresses，Being led by the mountain，Dongguanhe River，Hanzhong is in the west，Bashu is in the south，Kita Aridaima。""Historical Records: Biography of Assassins": "The land of bet365 tennis bet spread all over the world，Threaten Korea、Wei、Zhao，There is a sweet spring in the north、Taniguchi Noguchi，There is a path to the south、Weizhiwo，Shanba、Han Zhirao，Youlong、Shu Mountain，Zuo Guan、The danger of Wei。""Salt and Iron Theory·Dangerous Solid No. 50": "bet365 tennis bet Zuo Confused、Letter，Youlong、阺，Qianshu、Chinese，Back Mountain、River，Four obstacles are considered solid，Jincheng Qianli。”

Opposite the bet365 tennis bet State in the west，Qi is also known as the "Land of Four Fortresses"。According to "Warring States Policy·Qi Ceyi·Su bet365 tennis bet was Zhao Hecong's talk about King Xuan of Qi"，“There is Mount Tai in the south of Qi，Langxie in the East，There is Qinghe River in the west，Bohai Sea in the north，This is the so-called country of four fortresses"，Geographical conditions have advantages。Based on the views of He Jianzhang's "Annotations on Warring States Policy"，"Taishan" means Mount Tai，“Langye” refers to Langya Mountain in Jiaonan, Shandong，"Qinghe" means Jishui。Looking at it as a whole，The capital of Qi State is Linzi in the hinterland of Ziwei Plain，There is Jishui in the west，The Yellow River is in the north，There are Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea in the east，There is the Taiyi Mountain System extending from east to west in the south。These mountains、Rivers form Qi’s natural defense barrier，Thus making Qi a country of "four fortresses"。

　　bet365 tennis bet，There are related records of "beyond the Great Wall" and "exiting the Great Wall"。"Xunzi: Strengthening the Country": "If so，Then the troops will no longer be outside the Great Wall，And the order is carried out in the world。If so，Although he built a bright hall outside the fortress and faced the princes，Almost okay。”Some scholars believe that，“Build a bright hall outside the Great Wall” is a derivative of “Beyond the Great Wall”。But this record as a whole is Xunzi’s account bet365 tennis bet process of Qin’s conquest bet365 tennis bet Guandong kingdoms，Should we mainly use military force or rely on morality、Discussion on how credit can conquer the world。Visible，The "beyond the Great Wall" here refers to the Guandong area relative to the Guanzhong Plain and its fortresses bet365 tennis bet Qin State。"Warring States Policy, Zhou Policy, Western Zhou Dynasty" records that Qi Muhui and Wei Jun discussed the strategy of Qin State，"Qin learned about the soldiers outside the fortress and the people of Zhou，To attack Nanyang"。The Qin State’s “beyond the Great Wall” discussed in the two historical materials has the same meaning。

In addition，There are also records of "exiting the fortress"。"Warring States Policy, Zhou Policy, Western Zhou Dynasty, Su Li Addressed the Lord of Zhou" "Now the Duke has sent Qin troops out bet365 tennis bet fortress"，Mentioned that Su Li persuaded Bai Qi not to continue attacking Zhou、Korean、Wei。The "out bet365 tennis bet fortress" should refer to the Qin army's departure from the Guanzhong area and the fortress，Attack the Kanto region。Mawangdui's silk book "Warring States Strategist's Letters: Su Qin Addresses the King of Qi": "Anyone who hurts Qi must attack Zhao。Qin Suiqiang，I never dared to leave the Sailiu River，Destroy China and attack Qi。"Yang Kuan's "Warring States Historical Materials Chronicle" dates this incident as 290 BC。There are different opinions on "Liuhe": the prefix of "River" is "涑"，pronounced as "tracing"；Or based on this, it is considered to be Sushui in southwest Shanxi；Maybe it’s the Yellow River；Zheng Liangshu is pronounced as "sparse"；Qiu Xigui believes that the Han Dynasty ""often written like "bundle"，The word should be interpreted as "flow"。Judging from the content bet365 tennis bet brief text，Qiu Xigui’s opinion is more convincing。"Get out bet365 tennis bet blockade、Shuhe" means that after the Qin people left the fortress from Guanzhong，Conquest down the river，Attack the Kanto Kingdoms。Here is Qin’s military action of sending troops from Guanzhong to the east to attack the Guandong states，Called "out bet365 tennis bet blockade"。

　　The meaning of "going out bet365 tennis bet fortress" and "beyond the fortress" during the Warring States Period and the Han and Tang Dynasties were different.The "fortress" in the Warring States Period generally refers to the mountains and rivers on the domestic terrain bet365 tennis bet princes、Rivers and other natural barriers，“Beyond the Great Wall” is equivalent to the area outside these natural barriers。There were many vassal states at that time，Every country uses itself as its geographical base，Ruqi、Qin and other countries became countries with four fortresses，The other countries are just outside the Great Wall。relative to Qin、Qiyue，Korean、Wei and other countries are the countries bet365 tennis bet "Four Wars"、The place of "Four Wars"。

During the Warring States Period, Qin’s main expansion direction was eastward，Qin's "exit the fortress" was mostly eastbound，Going eastward from the Guanzhong Plain。This is similar to the fact that most bet365 tennis bet "exiting the fortress" during the Han and Tang Dynasties were traveling westward、Different for northbound。From another perspective，Social changes from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Qin Dynasty，This change is not only reflected in the meaning of political terms，Also reflected in the connotation of geographical terms。As far as the former is concerned，Such as the title "Sikou"，From Western Zhou to Qin，Its meaning keeps changing；From a regional perspective，Three Jin Dynasties during the Warring States Period、Qin、The Sikou bet365 tennis bet Chu Kingdoms are also very different。The same goes for "going out bet365 tennis bet country"，"Going out bet365 tennis bet fortress" existed from the Warring States Period to the Han and Tang Dynasties，But the specific content is different。

The meaning of "going out bet365 tennis bet fortress" and "beyond the fortress" during the Warring States Period and the Han and Tang Dynasties were different，Should be related to changes in political form。During the Warring States Period, there were many countries，Unification is not yet complete；The Han and Tang Dynasties completed the great unification。At the same time，From the perspective bet365 tennis bet objects and scope of "going out bet365 tennis bet fortress" during the Warring States Period，Mainly in the regions bet365 tennis bet Warring States Period that regarded themselves as China。The objects of "exiting the fortress" during the Han and Tang Dynasties，refers to ethnic minority areas outside the Central Plains of China。This difference is related to different unified patterns。Therefore，Under the influence bet365 tennis bet above political and geographical background and other factors，The difference between "going out bet365 tennis bet fortress" and "beyond the fortress" during the Warring States Period and the Han and Tang Dynasties。

(This article is a phased result bet365 tennis bet National Social Science Fund Youth Project "Research on Tsinghua Bamboo Bamboo Slips and Shang and Zhou Military Geography" (18CZS006)

(Author’s Affiliation: School of bet365 tennis bet, Suzhou University)