The chronology of the Western Zhou Dynasty is an academic topic with lasting charm。Since the Han Dynasty, Liu Xin used the Santong calendar and the "Wucheng" calendar data to deduce the year when bet365 bonus code indiana Wu conquered Shang,There is no shortage of scholars engaged in this work。Since the 20th century,Chinese and foreign scholars have worked hard、Search up and down,An unprecedented breakthrough has been made。The "Western Zhou Dynasty Bronze Inscriptions Calendar" (hereinafter referred to as the "Calendar") prepared by the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasty Project (hereinafter referred to as the "Project") is a major landmark achievement,Pushing the study of chronology of the Western Zhou Dynasty to a new level。But,As time goes by,Continuous discovery of new information,The necessity of revision and adjustment of "Historical Records" is becoming increasingly apparent。In this regard,A variety of opinions。Zhu Fenghan’s timely recommendation and in-depth analysis of the newly released bronze inscription almanac materials,Put the revision work of "Historical Records" officially on the agenda,Being pioneering and innovative。This article intends to briefly review the relevant progress in the chronological research of the Western Zhou Dynasty,Hope it helps。
Jue Gong Gui and the breakthrough in the early Western Zhou Dynasty
Jue Gong Gui is an early Western Zhou bronze vessel announced in recent years,The inscription reads: "Jue Gong married Yao Gui,bet365 bonus code indiana Yu ordered Tang Bohou to Yu Jin。Wei Wang Twenty and Eight Sacrifice。"It means that Jue Gong is his wife Yao Zuogui,At that time, the bet365 bonus code indiana ordered Tang Bo to be the Marquis of Jin,It happened in the twenty-eighth year of the bet365 bonus code indiana。When Zhu Fenghan first announced this device,Proposed "The bet365 bonus code indiana ordered Tang Bohou to serve in Jin Dynasty",There are two possibilities: bet365 bonus code indiana Cheng and bet365 bonus code indiana Kang,But more inclined to become a bet365 bonus code indiana。(《Gong Gui and Tang Bohou Yu Jin》,"Archaeology" Issue 3, 2007) bet365 bonus code indiana Chucheng of Zhou ascended the throne at a young age,Regent by Duke Zhou,Seven years later, he became bet365 bonus code indiana。About the reign of bet365 bonus code indiana Cheng,There is no clear record in the pre-Qin classics。Liu Xin, a scholar of the Western Han Dynasty, concluded that bet365 bonus code indiana Cheng reigned for thirty years,Excluding seven years of Duke Zhou’s regency。Is the Zhou Gong Regency an independent chronological unit,Academic circles have different opinions。bet365 bonus code indiana Cheng collapses,Kang Wang Jili,"Century of Kings" states that his reign lasted 26 years。Project "History" is drawn up in the 22nd year of bet365 bonus code indiana Cheng's reign、The 25th year of bet365 bonus code indiana Kang。Whether Jue Gong Gui is the instrument of bet365 bonus code indiana Cheng or bet365 bonus code indiana Kang,Cannot accommodate the twenty-eighth year of bet365 bonus code indiana Shi recorded in the inscription of Jue Gonggui。Li Boqian、Peng Yushang and others agree that Jue Gong Gui is a weapon for becoming a bet365 bonus code indiana,Means that the reign time of bet365 bonus code indiana Cheng needs to be revised。Li Xueqin said that bet365 bonus code indiana Kang said,It is also believed that the inscription chronology will help further revise the "History" of the project。("On the Age of Jue Gong Gui and Related Issues","Collection of Essays in Celebration of Mr. Ho Bingdi's 90th Birthday",Sanqin Publishing House 2008 edition)
Re-editing the "Calendar" of the Early Western Zhou Dynasty,Not only related to a certain bet365 bonus code indiana year,The timing of the year when bet365 bonus code indiana Wu defeated Shang is the core issue related to the overall situation。The project is planned to be in 1046 BC as the year when bet365 bonus code indiana Wu defeated Shang,Too much reliance on the "year-old quail fire" celestial phenomenon recorded in "Guoyu" by Lingzhou Jiuhou,Another misjudgment of bet365 bonus code indiana Wu’s four-year reign,Credibility is greatly reduced。Under the condition that the chronological framework of the Western Zhou Dynasty remains roughly unchanged,We think it is more reasonable to use 1045 BC (January 15th in the Gregorian calendar) as the year when bet365 bonus code indiana Shang defeated Zhou。(See Du Yong、Shen Changyun: "Exploring the Dating Methods of Bronze Inscriptions",People's Publishing House 2002 Edition;Du Yong: "Reconstruction of bet365 bonus code indiana Wu's Conquest of Zhou","Ancient Civilization" Issue 1, 2020)
This fine-tuning is for reference only,The discovery of Jue Gonggui made the problem more serious。If it is not revised in the year when bet365 bonus code indiana Wu defeated Shang,Jue Gong Gui’s inscription “Only the Twenty and Eight Sacrifice of the bet365 bonus code indiana” is difficult to deal with properly。Therefore, Zhu Fenghan's "Almanac of bet365 bonus code indiana Wu to bet365 bonus code indiana Kang" proposed 1061 BC as the first year of bet365 bonus code indiana Wu,37 years of bet365 bonus code indiana Cheng’s reign (1058 BC-1022 BC),26th year of bet365 bonus code indiana Kang (1021 BC-996 BC)。Although he has repeatedly stated that this watch is experimental,In fact, it uses new almanac data,The earliest and most well-founded attempt to revise and adjust the "History" of the project。Li Xueqin’s opinion on the revision of "Lipu" is,The 19th year of bet365 bonus code indiana Cheng’s reign (1042 BC-1024 BC),Kang Kang reigned for 28 years (1023 BC-996 BC),The rest is still the same。Chen Jiujin firmly opposed changing the year in which bet365 bonus code indiana Wu defeated Shang as set in the "Calendar",I think this is the result of careful research and demonstration by many people,Can’t deny it easily。Chen Jiujin is the drafter of the "History" of the project,Stick to the original chronological framework,Adjust bet365 bonus code indiana Cheng’s reign to 32 years (1042 BC – 1011 BC)、bet365 bonus code indiana Kang’s 15th year (1010 BC-996 BC),Jue Gong Gui is included in the chronology of becoming a bet365 bonus code indiana。("Final Revised Opinions on the Years of the Kings of the Western Zhou Dynasty","Journal of Guangxi University for Nationalities" 2017 Issue 1)
In order to shorten the number of years of bet365 bonus code indiana Kang’s reign,Chen Jiujin incorporated the Xiaoyu Ding in the 25th year of bet365 bonus code indiana Kang's life into the history of bet365 bonus code indiana Cheng,The method is inevitably inappropriate,Hard to accept。Wang Zhankui’s recent new chronology,Change the year of Shang’s defeat to 1029 BC,bet365 bonus code indiana Cheng reigned for 12 years,Kang Kang reigned for 28 years,The Jue Gong Gui was the weapon of bet365 bonus code indiana Kang for twenty-eight years。("Construction of the Chronicle of the Kings of the Western Zhou Dynasty - Plan for the first year of bet365 bonus code indiana Xuan, that is, 826 BC","Archaeology and Cultural Relics" Issue 3, 2021) The bet365 bonus code indiana's reign in this plan is obviously too short,Many obstacles。The recent Tsinghua bamboo slip "Jin Rui" states that "the bet365 bonus code indiana still reigns as a child",Integrated with various handed down documents。bet365 bonus code indiana Ruocheng only reigned for 12 years,He was only about 25 years old when he died,His son bet365 bonus code indiana Kang will be a young boy when he succeeds to the throne。However, there is no sign in the "Shang Shu·Gu Ming" and other documents that bet365 bonus code indiana Kang succeeded to the throne as a child。In the fourth month of the year when bet365 bonus code indiana Qicheng died, Jiazi was recorded as the 30th day,The opposite meaning of "Zai (Shi) Shengba"。This chronology also uses the Ku Ling Gui as the instrument of the fifteenth year of bet365 bonus code indiana Zhao,Also far from historical facts。
The events recorded in the bells are the events of the bet365 bonus code indiana's reign,Explain that the "Kang Palace" in the inscription is not the temple of bet365 bonus code indiana Kang。Kui ordered all the utensils to have the words "Kang Palace",And there is Duke Zhou、Mingbao related activities,Should be a world-forming device,It’s not a worldly thing。(Du Yong: "Zeng GongChime Bell solves the Kang Palace problem》,"Chinese Social Sciences Journal" Page 5, June 8, 2020) Some scholars think that Zeng GongWhat is recorded in the chimes is not true,Or insist on affirming the correctness of the Kanggong principle from a typological perspective,(Liu Shuman: "Rediscussing the Bronze Ware of Ling Fang Yi for bet365 bonus code indiana Zhao of the Western Zhou Dynasty","Chinese Social Sciences Journal" March 10, 2022, Page 4) It is necessary to comprehensively review the relevant information,Only in this way can we push the research on the Kang Palace issue in-depth。
Previous academic circles’ doubts about the “History” of engineering,Many people advocate using the ancient "Bamboo Book Chronicles" "Western Tuesday One Hundred and Fifty-Seven Years" theory。But,According to this, 1027 BC is regarded as the year when bet365 bonus code indiana Wu defeated Shang,Not only is it inconsistent with the calendar days related to "Wucheng" and "Zhao Gao",And it is necessary to greatly reduce the reign years of the kings of the Western Zhou Dynasty,Making many bronze inscriptions difficult to record。The discovery of Jue Gonggui shows once again,This road may not work。
Gui and the adjustment of the mid-Western Zhou Dynasty
New viewThe necessity of Gui in revising the mid-Western Zhou Dynasty in "Lipu",It was also discovered and discussed in detail by Zhu Fenghan。("New information about the Western Zhou Dynasty bronze inscription calendar days","Journal of the Palace Museum" 2014 Issue 6)The Gui inscription is called "Xian Kao Gong Wang" in classical Chinese,It is known that the bet365 bonus code indiana of the time was bet365 bonus code indiana Yi or bet365 bonus code indiana Xiao。"Historical Records·Zhou Benji" says: "The bet365 bonus code indiana of Communists collapsed,bet365 bonus code indiana Ziyi was established...bet365 bonus code indiana Yi collapsed,The younger brother of the bet365 bonus code indiana of the Communist Party of China found the right way,For bet365 bonus code indiana Xiao。Death of bet365 bonus code indiana Xiao,The princes were restored to power, Prince Yi and Prince Xie,He is the bet365 bonus code indiana of Yi。"The relationship between bet365 bonus code indiana Xiao and bet365 bonus code indiana Yi is uncle and grandnephew,Many writings adopt his theory。The throne of bet365 bonus code indiana Ranxiao comes from his nephew’s uncle,The throne of bet365 bonus code indiana Yi was passed down from his uncle and grandnephew,Rarely seen in the world。Such a chaotic change of throne,Almost no one in history doubts,Even Cui Shu, a Qing Confucian known for his doubts about ancient times, only expressed confusion,The conclusion is still elusive。
In fact,bet365 bonus code indiana Xiao is not the uncle of bet365 bonus code indiana Yi,But the younger brother of bet365 bonus code indiana Yi。This is not only proved by "Shiben" and "Historical Records: Three Generations",And "Zhou Benji" may have been originally like this。Confucius Shu in "Poetry·Daya·MinLao": ""Shiben" and "Zhou Benji" both say...Gong Wang gave birth to bet365 bonus code indiana Yi and bet365 bonus code indiana Xiao",Explain that the "Historical Records" of the Tang Dynasty stated that bet365 bonus code indiana Xiao was the younger brother of bet365 bonus code indiana Yi。The recent Tsinghua bamboo slip "Book of Destiny" reflects this fact。"The Book of Destiny" begins with: "The bet365 bonus code indiana said: Jie Mu,毖SCO。"This "弼"Xunjia,Form a positive structure with my nephew。"姪" is a woman's name for her brother's son,This should be read as nephew,Refers to the son of bet365 bonus code indiana Shi’s brother。"毖" can be interpreted as "Shen" according to "Shuowen",Yan Bo is diligent in his work。In the chapter "She Ming", the bet365 bonus code indiana also calls Bo She the prince in a third person's voice,Knowing that it’s not your own fault,corresponds to the former name "媼姪"。The kings of the two generations of the Western Zhou Dynasty had an uncle-nephew relationship,Only bet365 bonus code indiana Xiao and bet365 bonus code indiana Yi are recorded in literature,It can be seen that the bet365 bonus code indiana in the "Book of Destiny" chapter is the filial bet365 bonus code indiana,The person named Bo She is the bet365 bonus code indiana of Yi who later succeeded to the throne,The pronunciations of "photograph" and "xie" are similar and false。The relationship between bet365 bonus code indiana Xiao and bet365 bonus code indiana Yi is uncle and nephew,Zeyi、Filial piety to the two kings should be treated as brothers。(Du Yong: "Analysis on the Relationship between Characters in Tsinghua Bamboo Slips "Taking Life"","Central Plains Culture Research" Issue 3, 2020) Viewed from this perspective,Gui Yan said "Xian Kao Gong Wang",Then "only the first month of the tenth year is Ji Jiayin",Either the tenth year of bet365 bonus code indiana Yi or the tenth year of bet365 bonus code indiana Xiao。
However,Project "History" draws up the 8th year of bet365 bonus code indiana Yi's reign、bet365 bonus code indiana Xiao reigned for 6 years,Cannot accommodate eitherGui’s chronology of “only ten years”。If it is calculated 10 years from the first year of bet365 bonus code indiana Yi (899 BC),The moon phase and calendar day are also inconsistent。American scholar Xia Hanyi used the theory of one bet365 bonus code indiana and two first years,Expect 12 years to 888 BC,Take the ugly first lunar month Yi Maosuo,Jiayin can basically be combined in one day。(《 簋〉Look at the inscription "Heaven comes again in Zheng","Historical Research" Issue 1, 2016) However, there is no reliable evidence for this dual dating method in the Western Zhou Dynasty bronze inscriptions,Can’t see the difference between related eras,Suspicious。The author once proposed that the first year of bet365 bonus code indiana Xiao was 897 BC,The tenth year is also 888 BC。But this evidence is not strong,The age of Gui is Yi and Xiao,You can still do more research,But the chronology of the mid-Western Zhou Dynasty in the "Lipu" of the project needs to be revised,But it is an undoubted fact。
Revision of "Lipu" in the middle of Western Zhou Dynasty,Constrained by the important fulcrum of the first year of bet365 bonus code indiana Yi。The ancient "Bamboo Book Annals" states that "the first day of bet365 bonus code indiana Yi's reign was in Zheng",Since the recent Liu Chaoyang regarded it as a solar eclipse,Those who believe in it。The project determined that this total solar eclipse occurred in 899 BC through astronomical calculation methods,The time positioning of the first year of bet365 bonus code indiana Yi is determined from this。Zhu Fenghan emphasizedGui is the weapon of bet365 bonus code indiana Yi for ten years,In fact, it is necessary to break through the barriers of the first year of bet365 bonus code indiana Yi in the "Lipu",Otherwise not onlyThe Gui calendar cannot be recorded,A batch of newly discovered bronze vessels from the Gaowang period such as Wu Zhi in the 34th year、Twenty-four yearsGui, twenty-four yearsGui, twenty-four yearsGui et al.,There are also great difficulties in recording music。Therefore,Zhu proposed the 55th year of bet365 bonus code indiana Mu、35th year of the Communist Party、The 20th year of bet365 bonus code indiana Yi、3 years of bet365 bonus code indiana Xiao、The 7th year of bet365 bonus code indiana Yi,The first year of bet365 bonus code indiana Yi is set as 907 BC。Chen Jiujin、Wang Zhankui insists on the positioning of the project's "Lipu" in the first year of bet365 bonus code indiana Yi,The Gui calendar is included in the calendar of bet365 bonus code indiana Xiao,Xinjian Gaowang's bronze wares are included in the corresponding calendar。Chen Jiujin planned bet365 bonus code indiana Mu’s reign for 53 years、24th year of the reign of the Communist Party、3rd year of bet365 bonus code indiana Yi、The 15th year of bet365 bonus code indiana Xiao、4th year of bet365 bonus code indiana Yi。Wang Zhankui planned the 37th year of bet365 bonus code indiana Mu’s reign、31st year of the Communist Party、The 8th year of bet365 bonus code indiana Yi、The 32nd year of bet365 bonus code indiana Xiao、The 18th year of bet365 bonus code indiana Yi。It’s really “a new era of boundless scenery”!
About the revision of "Lipu" in the middle of the Western Zhou Dynasty,There are many issues involved,Wish to discuss a little here。
一,Celestial problems in the first year of bet365 bonus code indiana Yi。Because the term "Tian Zaidan" is too simple,Too many uncertain factors,Is it indeed a solar eclipse,Zhang Peiyu thinks it is difficult to determine。Zhao Guangxian based on his own personal experience,I think it may be a celestial phenomenon in which strong winds and dust cover the sun and then the sky reopens。("The first year of bet365 bonus code indiana Zhou Yi's "Heaven comes again in Zheng" questions the solar eclipse theory","Humanities Magazine" Issue 4, 1993) Project "Lipu" Positioning in the First Year of bet365 bonus code indiana Yi,濇、filial piety、The three kings of Yi only reigned for 22 years,Too close to the first year of bet365 bonus code indiana Li,It is not conducive to the recording of bronzes from the reign of bet365 bonus code indiana Yi before and after bet365 bonus code indiana Yi,It also seems to imply that there may be problems with this plan,At least don’t rush to treat it as a final conclusion。
Second,The issue of bet365 bonus code indiana Mu’s reign。"Historical Records" clearly states that bet365 bonus code indiana Mu succeeded to the throne at the age of 50,55 years in office。This is the only record about the age and reign of bet365 bonus code indiana Zhou before the Republic of China,Precious。Sima Qian is a serious and rational historian,For non-critical issues such as the emperor’s longevity,If there is no solid evidence, I’m afraid there won’t be such an extra charge。Because of doubts about the longevity of bet365 bonus code indiana Mu, he then increased or decreased the number of years he reigned at will,Not necessarily appropriate。
Third,The issue of the length of the communist kings。Judging from the situation of bet365 bonus code indiana Mu’s life span of a hundred years,bet365 bonus code indiana Gong cannot be in power for too long。Even if you don’t consider that bet365 bonus code indiana Mu was around 30 years old and had a common bet365 bonus code indiana,Conservative assumption is that bet365 bonus code indiana Mu gave birth to his eldest son when he was 40 years old,bet365 bonus code indiana Gong was already 65 years old when he succeeded to the throne。If the bet365 bonus code indiana has been in power for more than 30 years,He was a centenarian when he died。Father and son live so long for two generations,Not very likely。However,bet365 bonus code indiana Gong’s reign will not be too short,The chronology of Zhu Cao Ding shows that it is never less than 15 years。Place Cao Cao Ding, who was clearly stated to be "bet365 bonus code indiana of Gong" for fifteen years, in the era of bet365 bonus code indiana Xiao or bet365 bonus code indiana Xuan,Maybe bet365 bonus code indiana Dinggong reigned for 10 years,(Jin Yufei: "New Presumption of the Age of the Kings of the Western Zhou Dynasty","Journal of Baoji University of Arts and Sciences" 2019 Issue 4) are all errors。
Fourth,The issue of bet365 bonus code indiana Yi’s reign。"Zuo Zhuan" In the 26th year of Zhaogong, Wang Zichao said: "As for the bet365 bonus code indiana of Yi,The bet365 bonus code indiana felt guilty。The princes must all keep their eyes on each other,To pray for the bet365 bonus code indiana’s body。"Du Note:"円,Evil disease。”The bet365 bonus code indiana of Yi suffered from many illnesses after he succeeded to the throne,Weak constitution,The ruling period will not be too long。Some new calendars specify the bet365 bonus code indiana of filial piety、The bet365 bonus code indiana of Yi reigned for 50 years,It also affected bet365 bonus code indiana Li’s era and adjusted it to 15 years,Seems inconsistent with the facts。
Suspicions about the Ding Dynasty and the Late Western Zhou Dynasty
2003,Xuanshi Ding unearthed in Yangjia Village, Mei County, Shaanxi Province,Facing huge challenges on the established period of the late Western Zhou Dynasty。One inscription on the two tripods is "Ba Yimao was born in May of the second year of Weiba",The calendar date is recorded on May 25th;A record of "Ba Dinghai was born in June of the third year of Weiba",The calendar date is recorded on June 4th。Both of them are inconsistent with the quarter moon phase,It is also inconsistent with the moon phase two systems of the dating project,This has become a major problem in the chronology of the Western Zhou Dynasty。
Zhang Peiyu, an expert in astronomy and calendar, first considered moving the first year of bet365 bonus code indiana Xuan to a later date,That is, starting from 826 BC,The birth calendar days of the two kinds of tripods can be placed in the first half of the calendar,一在朔日,One in ten days。For this,Zhang gave up the four-part moon phase theory that he always insisted on,It is further proposed that in the late Western Zhou Dynasty, the first auspicious day was regarded as the new moon,Ji Shengba refers to the first half of the month,Looking forward、New theory that the dead tyrant refers to the second half of the month。("The bet365 bonus code indiana of Tuding and the Calendar and Moon Phases of the Late Western Zhou Dynasty","Chinese Historical Cultural Relics" Issue 3, 2003) Zhu Fenghan moved the first year of bet365 bonus code indiana Xuan back one year,Trial arrangement of related bronze wares calendar days,To illustrate its feasibility。("A written discussion on the bronzes unearthed from the cellars in Mei County, Shaanxi Province","Cultural Relics" Issue 6, 2003) Wang Zhankui's recent chronology,Also adopts the theory that 826 BC is the first year of bet365 bonus code indiana Xuan,46 years (including the 14th year of the Republic)。Chen Jiujin insists on the traditional view,The new calendar does not include the Tuding calendar days,But it was previously believed that the tripod was a weapon from the reign of bet365 bonus code indiana Li,You can continue to use bet365 bonus code indiana Li’s calendar during the Republic period,Therefore, the forty-two years of the tripod are placed in the 6th year of the Republic,Forty-three years, the tripod was placed in the 7th year of the Republic。("The Significant Scientific Significance of Wu Quding's Discovery of the Moon Phase Calendar","Natural Science History Research" Issue 4, 2003) Li Xueqin speculated that the calendar in the later period of bet365 bonus code indiana Xuan may have been disrupted,Perhaps because the setting of fourteenth is not a full month,Only a few days,Resulting in the disorder of the calendar date in Tuding ("The problem of the calendar date inscribed on the utensils in Yangjiacun, Mei County","Journal of Baoji University of Arts and Sciences" 2003 Issue 5)。
The unearthing of the tripod,Causing many confusions to scholars,There has been no better solution for twenty years。The problem lies in Sima Qian’s arrangement of the chronology of the kings after the Republic,It’s still due to the past understanding of the moon phases and calendar days,Or both,It’s really a lot of thinking。"Chronology of the Twelve Princes" compiled by Sima Qian,Making an accurate chronology of ancient Chinese history since the first year of the Republic (841 BC),is a major academic contribution。Project implementation,It is precisely by effectively utilizing this foundation that we can move forward。If this is adjusted,It is bound to affect the whole body,Causing huge fluctuations in the old and new era systems。Of course,This does not mean that Sima Qian’s assessment of the two-week period is absolutely correct,But the error should not occur in Republic、bet365 bonus code indiana Xuan、The Annals of bet365 bonus code indiana You,Due to data limitations, it is more likely to be based on the reign years of princes and the corresponding relationship with bet365 bonus code indiana years。Ru Jin Wenhou、Zheng Wugong、Qin Xianggong and other princes who helped bet365 bonus code indiana Ping move eastward,The year of his reign recorded in the "Chronology of the Twelve Princes" is inconsistent with the ancient "Chronology of the Bamboo Book",It is also inconsistent with the Tsinghua bamboo slips "Xinian" and "Zheng Wengong Asks the Taibo",This needs careful consideration,Can be discussed in another article。But,Chronology of kings on the occasion of two weeks,Sima Qian’s information is far better than that of other princes,It is much more reliable,Be cautious when making adjustments。
First,Does it need to be lowered in the first year of bet365 bonus code indiana Xuan?。Reducing the adjustment by one year seems to solve the problem of inconsistent calendar days in Tuoding,But the actual conjunction is only the moon phase dichotomy。If the adjustment is reduced by two years,The calendar day is on May 7th,One on June 15th,Can be combined with the moon phase quarter theory。The theory of the four phases of the moon can stand the test of pure logic,(Du Yong、Shen Changyun: "Exploring the Dating Methods of Bronze Inscriptions",Page 225-228) There are various contradictions in the two-part moon phase theory。For example, Xuanshi Jinhou Su Zhong,chuji、Ji Sheng Ba、Looking forward、Both dead tyrants share the same inscription,If you wish、Dead tyrants all mean the second half of the month,Why use two moon phase terms together?Ji Shengba refers to the first half of the month including New Year,Why use Chuji again?Inscriptions focus on recording events,It is not a beautiful and lyrical article written by a scholar,There is no rhetorical problem of interlaced use of moon phase words。This is something that cannot be easily explained by the two phases of the moon。As for Chuji, it belongs to another timekeeping system,Or take nine days as the cycle,It also violates the logical rule that Wang Guowei has long reminded that "two diary recording methods cannot be used in one device"。Although the time positioning of the first year of bet365 bonus code indiana Xuan can be further studied,However, it seems undesirable to use the calendar day as the decisive factor for upward or downward adjustment。
Second,Can the Republic Period be merged into Li Xuan Annals。As everyone knows,bet365 bonus code indiana Zhou Li was driven away when his countrymen rioted。No matter whether noble or commoner,Everyone hates bet365 bonus code indiana Li’s tyranny with gnashing of teeth,Why continue to use it to date?bet365 bonus code indiana Li has fled,How can it be possible to be in the royal court like the "bet365 bonus code indiana" in the inscription on the tripod、Ordained Minister、Issuing rewards?bet365 bonus code indiana Li’s exile as a pig queen,Taizijing’s life was saved by Duke Zhao,But I dare not come out for a while,Where did the title of bet365 bonus code indiana Xuan come from?These circumstances indicate,The Republic must be an independent chronological unit,It is inappropriate to merge it into the period of bet365 bonus code indiana Li or bet365 bonus code indiana Xuan。
Third,Whether bet365 bonus code indiana Li has reigned for 37 years。Chen Mengjia once used "Historical Records" to defend the country、Qi、Related chronological information on Chen's "Shijia",Proposed that bet365 bonus code indiana Li ruled between 14 and 18 years,The impact is huge。Sima Qian's "Chronology of the Twelve Princes" does not begin with bet365 bonus code indiana Li,It’s not that Tai Shigong was not confident about bet365 bonus code indiana Li’s 37-year reign,It is due to the lack of chronological data of the vassal states,Unable to neatly enter the table,Had no choice but to choose the first year of the Republic as the starting point。Even so,The age of princes after the first year of the Republic was also in chaos,Cannot correspond accurately to the year of the bet365 bonus code indiana。Such as "The Dog Rong Killed bet365 bonus code indiana You","The Family of Lu" says that it was in the 25th year of Duke Xiao,The "Chronology of the Twelve Princes" records it in the thirty-sixth year of Duke Xiao,The difference is not one or two years,But 11 years。"Zhou Benji" records the Battle of Thousand Acres in the 39th year of bet365 bonus code indiana Xuan,The "Chronology of the Twelve Princes" records it in the tenth year of Jin Muhou (i.e. the twenty-sixth year of bet365 bonus code indiana Xuan),The same battle took place 13 years apart。(Du Yong: "Analysis of Doubts on the Battle of Thousand Acres","Central Plains Culture Research" Issue 5, 2021) "Chronology of the Twelve Princes" takes the Year of the bet365 bonus code indiana as the outline,For the purpose of chronicling the history of princes,Unify the items by outline,Clear priorities。If the accuracy of the chronology of princes is higher than that of kings,I’m afraid I just got things backwards。Revise the reign of bet365 bonus code indiana Li that is clearly documented in history,It is advisable to proceed with caution。
There is no end to science. Jue Gong Gui,簋、The discovery of bronze vessels such as the tripod and other chronological objects,Revision and adjustment of the project "History",Draft the Year of the bet365 bonus code indiana of the Western Zhou Dynasty more accurately,has important coordinate meaning。However, the revision of the "History" of the project involves a wide range of things,Very difficult,Shang Xu History、Archaeology、Close cooperation with many disciplines including astronomy,Analysis of doubts,Explore the hidden treasures,In order to have more truth,Fewer mistakes,To truly form a more scientific and reasonable Western Zhou Dynasty plan。
(This article is a phased result of the National Social Science Fund’s major project “Multi-volume History of the Western Zhou Dynasty” (17ZDA179))
(The author is a professor at the School of History and Culture, Tianjin Normal University、Vice President of China Pre-Qin History Society)
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