"The book has its own golden house"，Is a golden word to encourage people to study hard；Another proverb - "A scholar who is useless is a scholar"，Also widely circulated。Respect for knowledge and contempt for Bet365 lotto review seem to coexist。American Historian、Columbia University Professor Richard Hofstadter in "Anti-Intellectualism in American Life" (Yilin Publishing House, March 2021 edition)，A detailed examination of the origins of this phenomenon。

The contradiction between "golden house" and "useless"，Behind this are people’s different views on Bet365 lotto review and Bet365 lotto review。Bet365 lotto review is the excellence of the mind，And Bet365 lotto review is critical、The creative and contemplative side。“The intellect tries to master、Control、Reorganization、Adjustment；And Bet365 lotto review is inspection、Deliberation、Curiosity、Research、Criticism and imagination。”Bet365 lotto review is primarily a skill，And knowledge is mainly an attitude。Anti-intellectuals value practicality、Technology and experience；The intellectual lives by ideas，The pursuit of "pure pleasure in intellectual activities"。As Schiller said in "Letter on Aesthetic Education"，"Only when people play，Talents are completely human”，In other words, beyond the requirements of pragmatism for survival，People can have leisure time，Only then can you think about those metaphysical things。These things that intellectuals value most，But it is incompatible with what society values ​​​​，"The reason why society values ​​him，Because it can be used for various purposes in practice，From entertaining the public to designing weapons and more”。

Anti-intellectualism is not against Bet365 lotto review，But against Bet365 lotto review。Intellect is thinking and recreating the world，It is also the pursuit of the spiritual and meaningful world。Anti-intellectualism is “a ‘resentment and suspicion’ of intellectual life and of those who are thought to represent it”；"It is a tendency that always devalues ​​this kind of life"。In the eyes of anti-intellectuals，Intellect is some kind of trivial matter、Ungrounded, tasteless or warts。

　As far as the United States is concerned，Compared with intellectuals，Doers and “big bosses” are more praised，For example, the inventor Edison, who is regarded as a role model and legend。During Obama’s presidential campaign，Wife Michelle Obama once told voters，Obama never makes his bed and has bad breath。The purpose of establishing this "rough man" persona is to counter the ridicule of Obama's "literary" image by his opponent Mitt Romney。Always，Experts in sports and military affairs are both plus points when running for President Bet365 lotto review United States，The Ivy League background and “ivory tower flavor” are minus points。

This book was written Bet365 lotto review mid-20th century when McCarthyism was in vogue，It still has strong vitality after more than half a century。Author’s research findings，Anti-intellectualism is not a phased phenomenon in a certain period，It has a deep-rooted tradition Bet365 lotto review United States。

Political struggle。The founding fathers of the United States were all intellectuals，Yet for much of American political history，“Intellectuals are outsiders、Servant or scapegoat”。Although they are generally similar in knowledge，There is also a profound revolutionary friendship，However, "none of this stopped them from playing politics without regard for dignity"。The experience of Jefferson, the third president of the United States, is the most representative，Some people say there is something wrong with his lifestyle，Some people say he wants to be a dictator，Some say that learning made him an atheist...since then，The gap between politics and Bet365 lotto review becomes increasingly difficult to bridge。John Quincy Adams, elected president in 1825，He was defeated by Jackson, who was a soldier after serving only one term，Became the last intellectual president of the United States in the 19th century，The only one in the 20th century who could combine intellectual and political talents was Johnson Kennedy，Assassinated after less than one term in office。

The Rise of Experts。Jackson, whom Tocqueville called "a rough character and a mediocre talent", believed，“The duties of government are simple enough that almost anyone can perform them”。And starting with President Theodore Roosevelt，Bet365 lotto review are beginning to realize that the functions of government are becoming increasingly complex，The need for experts is becoming increasingly urgent。However，The rise of experts has fueled anti-intellectualism。The difference between experts and intellectuals is that experts “live by ideas，Instead of living for ideas”。In other words，Knowledge is just a tool for experts to make a living。Americans think，The status of scholars is based on the technology they master，Therefore the advice of natural scientists is useful，The knowledge of social scientists is meaningless。

Culture of hard work。As ​​early as the founding Bet365 lotto review United States，There are a lot of voices arguing，American education must take a practical route。As opposed to "know-why"，Americans are more concerned with “know-how”。Society’s emphasis on practical skills coincides with the culture of American business society。Both businessmen and people think so，Learning by doing is more important than learning in the classroom。Europeans have a tradition of reflection on modernization and industrialization，The Americans "stand on the practical side"、Innovation、Invention、Money and comfort this side”。

After the rise of anti-intellectualism，Whether Bet365 lotto review will collapse or disappear？The answer may seem pessimistic。But the author still has hope，"As long as the weight of human will，Investing in the scale of history can have a key impact，Then you must believe while you are alive，That won’t be the case”。The reason why this book can become a classic that is often read and updated，It is precisely because of the intellectual spirit reflected in the book，Combining social concerns with a reflective attitude。This book itself is a symbol of the immortality of Bet365 lotto review。

"I don't think so，Anti-intellectualism does not exist elsewhere。Although I think Bet365 lotto review United States，This is an extremely pointed question，But I believe，It also exists in some form and degree in most societies。"Fan Zhongyan's famous saying from more than a thousand years ago - "If you live high Bet365 lotto review temple, you will worry about the people，When you are far away from the world, you worry about your king。Progress also brings worries，Retreating is also a worry"，It also reflects the common dilemma faced by intellectuals at home and abroad in ancient and modern times。

　2021，5 domestic publishing houses have released translations of this book (this article is mainly based on the translation by He Bochao from Yilin Publishing House)。The well-known publisher Liu Suli, who included the book in the Halloween Book Garden's 2021 annual list, reminds us to think，“Are Americans the only ones with mental problems?”，"Our time，What is ‘Bet365 lotto review’ and what is ‘anti-intellectual’”？In my opinion，The reason why knowledge has common value to all mankind，Because animals can also have a certain degree of Bet365 lotto review，But only humans can possess Bet365 lotto review。Bet365 lotto review itself may not be considered an advantage，But without it，Other advantages of human beings may go in the opposite direction，For example, causing the animal nature in people to explode uncontrollably。

Founder Bet365 lotto review Institute for Advanced Study、The educator Flexner wrote in "The Use of Useless Knowledge": The vast majority of truly great discoveries are ultimately proven to be beneficial to mankind，All come from a type of scientist who is not driven by the desire to pursue practicality，Satisfying their curiosity is their only desire。What’s more important，Even if the discoveries of these intellectuals are really useless，Just liberating people’s souls is enough to gain recognition，Regardless of whether they “have made so-called ‘useful’ contributions to human knowledge”。

Finally，Back to the beginning Bet365 lotto review question，Is there a golden house in the book？Are scholars useless?？Hofstadter’s answer coincides with Flexner’s point of view，“Intellect is neither practical，It is not divorced from practice，But beyond practice”。In other words，Don’t ask what the use of knowledge is，Intellect is an end in itself。

(Author’s unit: Urban Brain Bet365 lotto review Institute, City College, Zhejiang University)