Tower Temple (Ziggurat) is a unique architectural art form with the unique architectural art of the two rivers of ancient times，and wedge -shaped text and rolling prints are also known as the three major signs of Sumerier civilization。Tower Temple is a unique architectural art type with temples on a multi -story tower -shaped platform。Literally,，Tower Temple consists of "Takai" and "Temple"，Multi -layer high platform superposition，Form the "tower" shape，Build a temple on the high platform，So name Tower Temple。The word originated from Akkardian Ziqqurratu (词 means "prominent、Built at a high place ")，The corresponding Somel language is U6-NIR。Tower temples are generally built by firing or non -fired mud bricks，Building a tower temple usually requires up to seven million bricks，Only the work of making bricks requires thousands of labor forces。Visible，The construction of Tower Temple actually reflects the management and organizational ability of a country。In appearance，Pagoda Temple can be divided into four categories: the first floor of the Tower Temple、Multi -layer rectangular tower temple、Multi -layer square tower temple、Rectangular — square mixed tower temple。Tower Temple has passed through more than 3,000 years of inheritance and innovation，spread to Iran and Syria，The prototype of the "Tongtian Tower" (Babel) contained in the later "Bible"。Tower Temple generally exists as an independent building unit。But during Bet365 app download the Assyrian Empire，Tower Temple as a component of the larger temple system，It can be built in large quantities。

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Tower Temple's architectural form was created by the Sumerians，It is an important part of Sumerian culture。Tower Temple as the highest building in a city，Temple composed of hierarchical high platforms ranging from 1-7 floors and temples built on the high platform。Tower Temple usually dedicated to the city's main god，Management by the temple staff，Organize sacrifice activities。

Current，When the academic community was first built in Tower Temple, there are controversy。Most views think，The earliest tower temple was built in the early days，Its prototype can be traced back to the Obeide period，The latest tower temple site is the ancient Persian period (about 550 BC)。Traces of the Temple Site excavated in Kish and Niples，It is roughly located in the early dynasty in the age of the age。In terms of structure，It was likely to build a temple on the first floor，Later, it evolved into a style of building a temple on a multi -floor platform。About the origin of Tower Temple，There are three perspectives: 1，It is used to dry the grain，Keep the grain dry during the spring flood; two，Tower Temple as a rockery，It means that the hometown of the Sumerian people is a mountain; three，More widespread opinion thinks，Tower Temple is a stairs to heaven，Make the priests closer to the gods。These three views emphasize the practical functions of Tower Temple、cultural functions and religious functions。

In the early two river basins，The most famous Tower Temple is the Ulta Temple built when the founder of Ur's third dynasty Urnum.，It is also Bet365 lotto review the most complete tower temple building to date，The God of Protection and Moon Gods worshiped in Ul City。According to the excavator of Ur City、British archeologist Wuli record，Urta Temple was originally composed of three rectangular platforms that decreased upwards，The area of ​​the bottom platform is 64 meters × 46 meters，Temple is built on the highest platform，It is likely to plant various plants on the platform，Similar to "Air Garden"。The entire building is made of unparalleled mud bricks and a layer of roasted mud brick，There are slight bending on the horizontal and vertical side，Give people a straight illusion。Decoration on the wall with niches and grooves，Breaking the monotonous sensation of the blank brick wall。There are some deeper holes on the wall，It is currently not sure of its function，But may be related to drainage。Ultra Temple communicates from the ladder phase in the middle，The first floor (at the bottom) Platform is about 11 meters high，The second floor (middle layer) platform is about 5 meters above the first platform.，The third floor (at the top) platform is about 2.9 meters higher than the second platform。During the Kingdom of Babylon，King Na Ponod Reboning Wulita Temple，increased from the original three -story platform to the seven -story platform。Except Ul City，Nipier、Adub、Carcara、Uruk、Tower Temples，But most of them failed to save。

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Tower Temple, an architectural form created by the Sumerians，Inherited by Babylonians and Assyers。During the Kingdom of Babylon，Tower temple buildings in the north of the two river bet365 best casino games basins。In Babylon City，The most famous Tower Temple is Eutai Menji (literally translated as the "Temple of the Temple of Heaven and Earth") Tower Temple，It is identified by many scholars as the Babel Tower (Tongtian Tower)。Emmen's Anjita Temple，Worship is the Protection God of Babylon City, Mar Duk。The tower temple was originally 91 meters high，There are seven -story platform，At present, only foundation ruins，The foundation is square，Each edge length is about 90 meters，It covers an area of ​​about 1800 square meters，Discovered by German archeologists at the beginning of the 20th century。

When is the built by the Anjita Temple of Etaimen，No test now。New Babylonian Kingdom，King Naipaplasar and his son Nibbunaza II have greatly rebuilt it。According to a royal inscription record of Nibbunasasa II，"Eutai Menji，Babylon's Tower Temple，I make it a miracle for people all over the world，I made it towering into the cloud，Connect its door，Cover with asphalt and brick mud "。After the death of the Kingdom of New Babylon，Eutaimen Anji Temple still exists，Continue telling the ancient story of the civilization of the two river basins。Ancient Greek historians Herodor said in his "History"，"In the center of this sanctuary，There is a very strong creation，A tower of a Studangion in length and width，There is a second tower on the tower，There is a third tower on the second tower，This way to the eighth tower。People must follow the escalators that bypass the towers like the spiral line to the top of the tower ... on the last heavy tower，There is a huge Templar，There is a huge one inside the Temple、Playing very bet365 best casino games beautiful bedroom，There is also a golden table next to bed ... God often goes to this hall and rests in this bed "。We don’t know if Hirodode has really seen Eutaimen's Anjita Temple，He is likely to borrow the saying at the time or second -hand historical materials。331 BC，Alexander Conquer Babylon City，Order to rebuild Eutaimen Anji Temple Temple，But because of its sudden death，Project pause。until the ancient kingdom of Sairu，King Anjok I ordered the destroyed Eutaimen Anji Temple，No one asks for it again。

Except Babylon City，Akkad City, northern Babylonia (that is, Akard、Dur -Kurigalzo、Sipar、Kutha、Polchopa、Kish、Dirbart and Malande also built tower temples。In the Assyrian area north of the two river basins，Cities built with Tower Temple include: Talmasu、Dur -Sharu Jin、Nini、Halhu、Albiyir、Qatar、Karl -Terberginul Tower and Ashuer City。The shape of the local tower temple is mostly square platform，It reflects the characteristics of the Assyrian Tower Temple。For example，The first tower temple in the north of the two river basins is located in Nini，The goddess Ishtar is worshiped in the temple，Inana in Sumerian。

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Tower Temple's architectural form has gone out of the two river basins，spread to its surrounding area，Including Iran、Syria and Central Asia，An important carrier of becoming an ancient West Asian Bet365 lotto review civilization exchange。The largest Tower Temple site is the Tower Temple in Chogha Zanbil, located in Hussestan, southwestern Iran.，Worshiping the two gods of Elan -Inshushinak and Napirisha。The temple was built in about 13th century BC，about 53 meters Bet365 lotto review high，There are five platforms in total，Each edge length of each square platform of the bottom is about 105 meters，covering an area of ​​more than 11,000 square meters，built from mud bricks，Some wedge -shaped texts are engraved on some mud bricks。The lowest platform is a general square，Build a shrine and storage room in the wall，The previous platform was built in the next floor，The stairs leading to the top are not exposed to the outside，but built internally。1979，The Tower Temple is included in the World Cultural Heritage List。

Harran and Mari、Alteyn TEPE、Mundigak and Nad-I Ali in Afghanistan，There are architectural styles similar to Tower Temple。This indicates，These areas have had cultural exchanges between the ancient times and the two river basins。

In the ancient two river basin culture，Religion is an important activity of people。So，Tower Temple as a religious center，It becomes the center of a city or even a country。The Temple Temple reflects the relationship between the world's secular power and the religious right of the temple，The king sends an order through the Tower Temple，The king represents the protection god of the city or the country to carry out secular rule。Tower Temple Architecture Collection Religious、Practical、Artistic in one body，It is the crystallization of the wisdom of people in the ancient two river basins。Although the architecture of Tower Temple failed to realize the beautiful wishes of the ancients "communicating the world"，But breaks through the geographical boundary of the two river basins，spread out to Iran、Syria and Afghanistan and other areas，An important carrier of becoming an ancient Bet365 lotto review civilization exchange and mutual learning，Its exquisite structure also inspired the artists and architects of later generations。

(Author Unit: School of Design Arts at the School of Design of Zhejiang Normal University; School of Humanities at Zhejiang Normal University)