Dmitri M. Bondarenko

Deputy Director of the African Institute of the Institute of Africa of the Russian Academy of Sciences、Professor，The research field is cultural evolution、Political Anthropology、Contemporary cross -cultural interaction、Southara South Africa，Representative works include "Axis Aimal Age in World History: Lesson for the 21st Century"。

Tanzania、Zambia and Uganda, the three post -colonial African countries, the most important historical and cultural factors in the process of national construction are worthy of in -depth discussions。Tanzania is closer to traditional European countries than other countries in Africa，Also known as modern European mode，That is, the citizen of the country is in the same society，Have the same values ​​system and the same national cultural background。They think，Common national citizenship should be higher than individual and local identity，loyalty to the entire nation -state is better than region、Religious、Ethnic groups and other divisions are more important。but，Compared with Tanzania，For the vast majority of post -colonial countries including Zambia and Uganda，Local recognition is more important。In our opinion，This significant difference is caused by historical reasons，This is with their past history，that is, the particularity of the historical history of the pre -colonial period and the colonial period and the interpretation of history during its independence。

Contrary to Zambia and Uganda，In Tanzania，The social and cultural foundation, which is rooted in most people today, has been formed before the establishment of the colonial regime，The social and cultural foundation mentioned here is Swahili culture and its written language。Based on this，The national consciousness of the Tanzanians is continuously deepened，It is mainly reflected in almost all local people。For Tanzanians，Swahili culture and their languages ​​are the source and foundation of the Tanzanian nation，So in their concept，The formation of the Tanzanian nation is not due to Europeans and European colonialism。In fact，Swahili in the coastal areas still belong to a small area of ​​ethnic groups，Their culture and language did not be widely spread until the 19th century，This is an undeniable bet365 live casino games historical fact。In addition，The reason why Swahili culture and language can spread，European missionaries have also made a point，They often use Swahili to preach，and use Swahili as a teaching language in the church school。In addition，Swahili Culture and Swahili absorbed many medieval and modern Arabic elements。but but，There are a large part of the Tanzanians today，Regardless of origin and religious belief，Both proudly believe that he is the inheritor of Swahili culture，Think that it is native、Pure Africa，Unrelated with colonials，and therefore advocate that the local "tribes" should put citizen identity above local identity (rather than abandon local identity)，unite as the Tanzanian nation。Swahili culture is not just the foundation formed by the Tanzanian nation，It has also become a means of government construction in the years after Tanzania's independence。Its official ideology is based on the country's first president of the country, "Uja Ma theory" proposed by Juliay NiRelle。This has largely deepened the people's perception of the people's Tanzanian nation formation and source，instead of regarding it as the leftover product of colonialism。This language policy directly related to the national ideology has consolidated the status of Swahili as the official language，The implementation of this policy also allows the beliefs that citizens of their own citizens to seek independence for a long time in the process of seeking independence.。Native Swashili and Swahili culture have been available since the previous colonial era，In the early days of colonization, it started spreading all over the country，This also makes Tanzania a lucky exception。

But，Like most post -colonial countries, especially African countries，Zambia、Uganda does not have similar national unity cornerstones，They lack regional culture that can play a similar role。The integration of modern Zambia and Uganda ethnic groups starts from the colonial period，is the result of colonialism。Similarly，The historical and cultural foundation of Zambia and Uganda people can only be regarded as colonial social heritage，Among them, including the language of the former Republic of China -English。Many interviewees in these countries say，People living here have similar culture and traditions，Speak similar language; wait for。But，No one will say that everyone has the same local culture，Unlike Tanzanians，People from different ethnic groups think they are bet365 Play online games the inheritors of Swahili culture，And the vast majority of Tanzania respondents think that the Tanzanian nation can be regarded as a single nation，and most of the respondents of Zambia and Uganda believe that their country is composed of many ethnic groups with different languages ​​and culture。In this type of country，The government must first unite people，Secondly, you need to strengthen the weak cultural unified consciousness，This consciousness begins only in the original colony range，and is still based on the language of the original colonial clan country。Therefore, from the perspective of national construction，Zambia and Uganda one more constraints than Tanzania。During the previous colonial period，In addition to the kingdom of Kahaha，Tanzania's continental Tananika territory has not developed a political form of centralized expansionism。If there is more such political forms，Then it may become tribalism during the post -colonial period、The center of the national regionalist or divisionist，and awaken the historical memory of the surrounding ethnic group about the oppression of the ancestors of the people of their compatriots during the split battle。In Tanzania，The resistance of the chiefs with relatively weak strength was easily suppressed at the beginning of the country's independence，So they are not the representative of the power of the country's construction。At the same time，in Zambia，At least four such politics have emerged during the previous colonial period，is Benba、Barozer、Londa and Chuwa。Especially after announced independence，The leaders of Benba and Barozer tried to ensure that their people's political dominance in the country。Zambia's first President Kennis Cengda made a lot of effort to occupy an advantage，Among them, it includes taking suppression measures and allocating high -level government positions。But，With the country's transition from the multi -party system with the country in the 1990s，National issues appear again，The country has established a number of political parties based on race。

Another projection of the posterior colonial modernity during the pre -colonial period of Zambia，It is a question about giving the autonomous power to the Barozer region，and the former Barozer Kingdom has been the government's heart at the beginning of the country。Since 1962，Tanzania law no longer acknowledge the power of the chief，This can even be traced back to Tananani and San Genn Balu unified before the Bet365 lotto review establishment of the Tanzania United Republic。But the "Zambia Constitution" in 1996 announced the re -establishment of the National Parliament Emirates House, which was abolished by Kengda。​​As one of the members said，The Emirates House is trying to influence all fields of public and political life in the country，Whether it is the regional or national level，Even the privilege that it is granted is limited to the so -called "traditional problem"，Village chiefs and district chiefs are also very influential characters within their ability。For example，When a mining company or even a large multinational company intends to develop on the land controlled by the chiefs，It is inevitable that they have to pass their level。and in Uganda，On the eve of the Britain announced that the country became its protection country，There are still four kingdoms that control the political situation from various places，The Buganda Kingdom of Gamba, the most powerful Gamba、The Bando Kingdom of the Neoroe、The Kingdom of Ankola, the Nikolei and the Toro State of the Toro people。Although many respondents in these countries have sincerely expressed，I am proud of being a Ugandan，And the identity of the Ugandans is very important for them，But almost everyone will emphasize their ethnic group。Special like this，Many of them think that Gamba is the central group of the Ugandans，Regardless of region、Politics、History or cultural angle，All are this。It even said that it was the civilization of other tribes of modern Uganda in the Modern Uganda.，It is their inheritance of Uganda culture and civilization。President Apollo Obott abolished the traditional regulations in the first year after overthrowing the country's former president，At the same time，Still stopped in 1966, the king of Uganda Edward Mutas II。After the Obott, Idi Amin also refused to restore the king's right。but，The current President Joshwari Messevini officially announced the restoration of the king's right shortly after he took power in 1986，Many people of different levels of power are coexisting in Uganda，and King Uganda is the most influential national -level power in it。

Another important cultural factors that affect the formation of the nation are the religious status of the country，And its characteristics are also rooted in the history of the colonial and colonial period in the former Africa。Take a comprehensive，The situation of these three countries is different。Even the so -called "traditional" bet365 best casino games religion of the three countries is local religion，can also be Christian、Heshabs such as Islam and other world religions，Then only exist in the form of dual faith in some remote areas。At the same time，Christianity and Islam have many branches of large and small。In Tanzania，As early as European colonialism brought Catholicism、Prior to Christian，Islam has already occupied a place。Tanzania's current number of Christians and Muslims，No authoritative conclusion，Because the country prohibits the official statistics of religious beliefs in the census。But Christian and Muslims accounted for about 60%and 35%。Although the situation is becoming more and more tense，But in Tanzania，The relationship between Muslims and Christians is still quite harmonious。For the reason,，One aspect，Government policy is a main reason，As early as when the country just announced its independence，It preached its position without religion，The official will not give priority to any religious group。On the other hand，Social and cultural characteristics of Tanzania is also a reason。First，All religions in Tanzania、In the social class and ethnic group，Family bonds still play a main role today，Although everyone’s relatives will have both Christians and Muslims。Next，It is also the influence of the first reason，In the mainland of Tanzania, there are no Muslims and Christians.，These two beliefs in almost all ethnic groups will exist at the same time。Last，Family This special social and cultural attributes further promoted Muslims and Christians to integrate into the Tanzania nation，And this is exactly the common place of most citizens with different religious beliefs in Swahili culture，And this country is formed on the basis of this culture。

In Uganda，Islam also appeared before Christianity，Although it still appears later than its time in Tanzania，but，to this day，Catholic、Christians who are mainly primitives and Pentecostists with Pentecoisians are far more than Muslims in terms of quantity，accounted for 85%of the total population。According to the Census of Population in 2014，The proportion of Muslims in the country is very low，Only 14%。Our field survey research shows，The relationship between Christians and Muslims is also very subtle。but but，Like in Tanzania，They are also relatively harmonious between them。Uganda's religious policy is different from Tanzania，During the period of Niire's administration，bet365 Play online games Tanzania refuses to bid to any religion; under the leadership of Musauvini，Uganda established a cross -religious committee，Just the committee did not cover all the denominations of the country，Therefore, joining the committee means that the religious organization has obtained the status of official certification and support of the state，This policy reflects that the degree of integration of Ugandans into the country is lower than that of Tanzania，and exacerbated the splitting of them due to religion。

Compared with Tanzania and Uganda，Christian of Zambia accounts for 96%of the total population。In view of this，1991-2002，The then President Fredrick Chulba directly refers to Zambia as "Christian State"，Seeking a unified country based on religion。1996，The country also incorporated Zambia as the clause of the Christian state into the country's current new constitution。At the same time，Chi Luba's excessive trust in the Pentecostist Evangelical Messengers has also caused the Sacred Association to、Presbyterian Church、The strong dissatisfaction of the branches of Catholics and other branches，This is a deep -rooted problem in Zambia。Prove to the facts，Different sects of Zambia have different views of this so -called "Christian country"，and their respective leaders have also launched a fierce political struggle for this。Therefore，The diversity of religious identity at least does not hinder Tanzania formed a unified national identity，But it does not help Uganda to form a unified national identity，And Zambia's efforts to build a Christian country have not been successful。

Therefore, our views and main arguments are，From the result,，Tanzania、The difference between the three countries of Zambia and Uganda in the country，The history of them during the previous colonial and colonial period, as well as the huge difference in the degree of dependence on history and the degree of utilization during the independence period。If we take the posterior colonial country as a whole，You must pay attention to，That is most of them，Especially in African countries，None of the local culture and language like Swahili culture in Tanzania。Because the historical background has greater advantages，Today's Tanzania will be closer to a country that is enough to adapt to Western modernity than。European -based historical experience，We can see，Tanzania has a better country to build prospects。but，From a long -term perspective，In the context of the rise of multiple Bet365 app download culturalism，In the case of a major change in the social reality of a modern country，We can't make conclusion at all，Although they have obvious limitations including nationalism。But if it is said to build a multicultural country，Zambia and Uganda's position may be equally favorable，Maybe they can build a stronger posterior colonial country than Tanzania。In a post -colonial country，The task of building a modern country according to the model of modern European countries has been proposed，Even if they are facing huge construction problems。That is to say，If Zambia、Uganda and most post -colonial countries are based on a single comprehensive culture，Instead, it is based on the background of multiple culturalism，So，Compared with Tanzania，Is the development prospect of their current global situation not clear enough? also，countries such as Zambia and Uganda，The main watershed is the cultural differences between the local population of the vast majority of the local population，The cultural differences between them are not as significant as the cultural differences between the Aboriginal group and many immigration groups，In Western Modern State，The difference between the two constitutes the main cultural contradiction。Now，There is no fixed answer for our question，This is because the prospect of Western multiculturalism is also unknown。But anyway，Now it is time for us to ask this question。