As the first unified dynasty established by ethnic minorities in Chinese history，The construction of the state power order of the Yuan Dynasty reflects the characteristics of dual structure。Specific to the local level，presents the "traditional bureaucratic system" that includes the provinces as the first level including Luzhou Prefecture and county levels and two types of power order of the "kings sealing system", which is headed by the kings，The essence is the two different institutional culture of grassland nomadic and Central Plains farming in the Chinese land.。Understand this，It can provide a new perspective for deepening the study of the local power system and observing the diversity of the Yuan Dynasty.。

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Genghis Khan period，Domination of the tradition of grassland nomadic，Thousands of households and hundreds of households with military and political union、Division of the kings，Support with sweat and timidity，Become the main power structure and operating mode of the Mongolian Khanate。With the advancement of the conquest of Mongolia and the expansion of the control map，The old grassland system is difficult to make a comprehensive and thorough "conqueror" attitude in the new conquest area to show fist，Instead, when facing the local factors in the conquest area，Often show the characteristics of "localization" consciously or unconsciously。This phenomenon starts from the beginning of the Wo Kuotai period，It is particularly obvious in the Central Plains and Hanlands of Monan: the traditional grassland Wulu Si is made in the Han Dynasty.，and the ancestral section of the king of the five households in the form of five households;，and Zhongyuan Road、State chores，presents the subtle scene of "10,000 households" bet365 Play online games and "Thousands of Family Prefecture"; the original grassland Orune system has also been differentiated with the expansion of the population scale and the establishment of the household plan system，It has also changed in the management mode ... In short，The governing order and political system of the Mongolian regime are quietly changing，This provides opportunities and pioneer for Kublai Khan's later change in the national governance model。

China Tong Jianyuan，The Mongolian Empire based on the four sweat countries tends to split、In the context of the original political structure being broken，Yuan Shizu Kublai Khan re -integrated national power，Actively revolutionize the system at the institutional level，Let's manage、Control the existing national territory。As someone said，China's huge bureaucracy and a firm administrative organization，It is exactly the lack of the inherent lack of the northern grassland empire including Mongolia，It provides a valuable reference experience for Kublai Khan's conception of the country。Kublai Khan quickly set up a set of provinces，Including Xuanwu Division、Road、House、State、County and other content local administrative system，Population in the country's jurisdiction as much as possible、Land includes it，Even the fundamental land of Mobei Grassland is not implemented (referring to the establishment of Lingbei Province)，The phenomenon of dominance of a single model of the grassland nomadic system in the operation of the national system is no longer。Needless doubt，This set of administrative logic is basically directly or indirectly from the traditional Chinese political heritage，and this system eliminates the gold that Mongolian itself and Mongolian Yuan have been eliminated on the surface、Xixia、The original system barrier of the regime of the Southern Song Dynasty，The whole country shows a new state of order in order。

Grassland nomadic production bet365 best casino games system is a traditional custom of Mongolia's deep root，They follow the "take the world，Principles of property sharing of each other "，This system in the Yuan Dynasty still played an important role in the order of national power。It can be seen in the later national governance content of the Yuan Dynasty，Although the traditional grassland Wu Lu Si is not sealed，But Zong Wang Fengzhen has always been an important content of its political order，King、The reign of the concubine is all over the corners of the country，They have formed another type of power "chain" for the rule of the country，Interaction with the bureaucratic administrative system inherent in the farming civilization，Common action on the national territory，A strange scene of dual constructing of power order。

　　The functions of official institutions overlap

If you carefully observe the official institutions of the Yuan Dynasty，A more hidden features will be found: the official system of the Yuan Dynasty has overlap in terms of institutional functions。This overlap is a functional agency in the traditional bureaucracy framework，Often for the kings、Zongqi、The corresponding existence can be found in the service system of the concubine。To describe the official system of the Yuan Dynasty、The more detailed "Yuan History · Baiguan Zhi", which is more in charge of the official，In terms of money -funding grain management collar，The Ministry of Households in the province under the jurisdiction of the province "The world hukou、Qianliang、The Political Order of the Turkey "，Xuanhui Academy, which is independent of Zhongshu Province, is in charge of the kings、Food and Divorce of Mongolia Wanhuo，Queen and East Palace Prince、The wealth of the concubine's wealth of money is by the CPC、Conferry of the Storage Institute。Another as criminal aspect，The Ministry of Criminal Affairs "Crippy World Criminal Name Law"，But all the criminal lawsuits cast by the kings are Bet365 app download in charge of the Grand Zhengfu。Forces aspects，The Ministry of War and the Privy Council Division of the Bingdian Station Tuantian and the Bingjia Circulation，But it is impossible to get involved in the management collar of the king's private army。When we read the "Hundred Officials" and "Yuan Dianzhang" and other Yuan Dynasty official literature，You can always feel that they are more chaotic on the list of official institutions，Not very intuitive and clear，This situation is due to the reassessment of the functions of official institutions。

If it is observed from the dual construction of power order，It is easy to sort out these messy official institutions，It can be roughly divided into four types of systems。The first category is led by the province of Zhongshu，Including the Sixth Ministry of the Division，Local Walking Chinese Book，Road、Xuanwu Division、House、State、County and other local administrative agencies and functional agencies，This system basically comes from the bureaucratic system framework of traditional China，We call it "traditional bureaucratic system"。The second category is led by the princes and princes，and the various types of their affiliated management agencies，Including a private household (minister)、Various types of government government、Wangfu Yishi, etc.，This set of institutional system directly serving the princess of the prince，can be called "the king's investment system"。The third category is led by the Privy Courtyard，Including the horses of the army in various places、Leading and Administration of the military agency，It can be called the "military management collar system"。The fourth category is led by Yu Shitai，Two stations under the jurisdiction、Twenty -two Lianwan Visit Division、Correction and Supervision Institutions of the Taiwan Institute，It can be called "Taiwan Constitution Supervision System"。

The above four systems are uniform，Each forms Bet365 lotto review a complete closed -closed operating mechanism。Where，"The Military Management and Light System" and the "Taiwan Constitutional Supervision System" are all derived from the Zhongshu Province。Yuanxingxing Province and Xingshu Secret Courtyard often set up abolition，From the Yuan Dynasty as the province as the highest local management institution in the Yuan Dynasty, after gradually fixing the local management agency，Xingshi Secret Courtyard can coexist or abolish the province with Xingxing。Yu Shitai is divided into Jiangnan、Shaanxi two lines and Dao Lian visiting Division，In fact, it is also a system of imitation of the provinces of China.。From the perspective of national governance，Although these two systems have a large power coverage，But the population、Land、The infiltration control of core elements such as fiscal and taxation and other countries is far from the depth of the first two systems、Guang。So，Traditional bureaucrats and kings have cast two systems that are still the two main ways of governance of the Yuan Dynasty。The overlapping and incompatibility of these two types of systems，Division of officials with north -south officials in the Liao Dynasty、The scene of decentralization is different，Instead, two types of power order are unified within the same country's territory。

　　Interactive coexistence of dual power order

The special phenomenon of dual order of local power of the Yuan Dynasty，There are at least two reasons for its formation: First, the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty always adhered to the tolerance of the "depending on the original"，The system can make full use of the strength of traditional farming civilization in national governance。Second, the strong system advantage of the traditional farming system and the natural complement of the grassland nomadic custom，Two combinations，Forms a rich and diverse national governance method。These two kinds of power bet365 Play online games order，The background of the two types of factors of the Central Plains and Prairie Nomads cannot be removed in terms of roots。The Yuan Dynasty pays attention to the origin of the roots，Many heavy ministers in the traditional Chinese -made framework，often plays a double role，They are both bureaucrats in the Chinese administrative system，It's a Da Khan or Zongwang's Alien Constellation。This phenomenon is the birth of the cultural interaction of farming and grasslands。The two systems of the two systems of the body have also become a connection point between the traditional bureaucratic system and the kings to cast the system。

After Kublai Khan，With the continuous implantation of the institutional culture of the new conquest area，Some functions of the original king Wu Lusi are gradually divided by the farming system with natural advantages。Roads have evolved since the Qin and Han dynasties、House、State、County and other local administrative level institutions，Almost completely retained。The power of local provinces is getting plump，"Tax、Military Station，All the imperial courts "，The role of the people of the people or painting the people is more prominent。The continuous enrichment of the province's powers reflects its determination of the nature of the highest government in the local government。Among the two modes of national and local governance，The provinces and the kings often have 龃龉，Mutual Supervision。This seemingly province、Differential Phenomenon of Zong Wang，In fact, it is two different systems of cultural character、The collision and game between different power structures。The rule of the country's rule in the Yuan Dynasty has always been based on the coexistence of two types of power mode，The traditional bureaucratic system led by the province and the kings led by the kings have always been one of the levels of rule。Some scholars compare it to the two sides of Bet365 app download a coin，presents the characteristics of "dual structure"，The central government's management of the state of the Yuan Dynasty is based on these two types of power order。

These two types of power order play an important role in the governance of the Yuan Dynasty countries，Difficult to divide Xuan轾。So，It should not be dwarfed in order to highlight the main role of the nomadic tradition in the shape of the Yuan Dynasty.、West、Lufuzhou County and other traditional institutions of traditional institutions in national governance。

(This article is the National Social Science Fund's major project "Research on the History of the History of the Blend of the Farmers of the Central Plains" (17zda176)

(Author Unit: School of History and Culture, Northwest Normal University、Gansu Provincial Museum)