The Chinese nation is a community with rich historical and cultural connotations formed based on long-term exchanges, exchanges and integration，All ethnic groups in history have jointly created a splendid civilization。The Qing Dynasty was an unprecedentedly prosperous period in the history of exchanges, exchanges and integration between various ethnic groups in China，All ethnic groups made important contributions in the historical process of the Qing Dynasty becoming a unified multi-ethnic country。The bet365 score tribe of Mongolia was a Mongolian tribe formed after the Yuan Dynasty，Since Dayan Khan in the early 16th century, it has become the direct jurisdiction of the Khanate。After entering the Qing Dynasty，Lindan Khan’s son Ezhe and his subjects were designated as bet365 score Zhasak Banner by the Qing Dynasty，The remaining bet365 score ministers and their subjects were incorporated into the Eight Banners system，Became a special part of the Mongolian tribes in the Qing Dynasty，Played an important role in maintaining the unified multi-ethnic country of the Qing Dynasty。Therefore，Combining the historical process of the formation of Eight Banners bet365 score，It helps to deeply understand the formation and development of the Chinese national community in history。

　　First, the Eight Banners bet365 score in the early Qing Dynasty.About the time when the Eight Banners bet365 score was established in the Qing Dynasty，In the past, academic circles followed the abolition of the "Zhasak Banner" system after the "Burni Rebellion" was put down in the 14th year of Kangxi's reign (1675)、Incorporate its subjects into the Eight Banners，So the nomadic bet365 score Eight Banners were established。Since entering the 21st century，A lot of Mongolian text、Manchu files made public，Many of them have been compiled and published，This provides the possibility for in-depth study of the history of bet365 score after the Qing Dynasty。Relevant multilingual archival documents that have been compiled and published publicly using previous research results，Challenged this statement，And researched the historical fact that the Eight Banners bet365 score and bet365 score Zasak Banner coexisted in the early Qing Dynasty。

Based on relevant multilingual archive documents，bet365 score Mongols who surrendered to the Qing Dynasty in different periods，Their circumstances and affiliations are quite different。Before Lin Dan Khan passed away，The bet365 score tribe and subordinates who surrendered to the Jurchen regime，Except Aohan、Naiman and others originally belonged to Otok of bet365 score Ten Thousand Households and were classified as the Zasak Banner of the outer vassal，The remaining scattered adherents were incorporated into the Eight Banners Manchuria Leader。After the death of Lin Dan Khan，The bet365 score ministers and their subjects who surrendered to the Jurchen regime，The Eight Banners bet365 score formed in the early Qing Dynasty，A small number of them are stationed in Beijing，Most of the personnel are stationed in the original nomadic lands。Also，Ezhe, the son of Lindan Khan, was granted the power to govern his subjects by the Qing Dynasty，The bet365 score Zhasak Banner was formed in the early Qing Dynasty。

Ten thousand households in bet365 score during the Northern Yuan Dynasty after entering the Qing Dynasty，Belongs to the following systems: 1、Incorporated into Eight Banners bet365 score；二、Form the Zasak Banner led by Ezhe；三、The former subordinate Otok established himself as the Zasak Banner，Ru Naiman、Ao Han et al；四、Incorporated into the Eight Banners Manchuria Territory。This also made the history of bet365 score after entering the Qing Dynasty very complicated，The management methods of the Qing Dynasty were also diversified。

During the Huang Taiji period, although bet365 score was assigned to the Eight Banners for support，But the power of the Eight Banners King failed to penetrate into it，But by granting bet365 score ministers worldly positions and Darhan titles，That is, the former bet365 score officials will still be in charge of their old subjects，Maintaining unique differences within the Eight Banners system，Making it still have the nature of "foreign vassal"，But it has the nature of "internal flag" that is different from the "external vassal" Zhasak system。This is also the later establishment of the bet365 score Dutong、One of the historical roots of breaking away from the jurisdiction of the Eight Banners Mongolian Capital in Beijing。

　　Second, bet365 score Zhasak Banner.The Qing Dynasty also adopted a relatively special settlement method for the bet365 score nobles led by Ezhe to surrender。Ezhe and his subjects were established as the "bet365 score Kingdom" by the Qing government，Previous research results have pointed out that the nature of the "bet365 score State" is the Zasak Banner。

After entering the Qing Dynasty，Huang Taiji adopts Lin Danhan’s concubine Nang Nang, the Queen Mother、Dou Tumen, Fujin and others are concubines，He also pointed out Empress Dowager Sutai, the mother of Ezhe, to the clan Jierharang、Lin Dan Khan’s Birch Fujin pointed out to his eldest son Hauge、Orzhe Yitu Fujin pointed out Abate as Fujin、Princess Taisong, sister of Lin Dan Khan, points out Daishan to Dabeile。Conferred Lin Dan Khan’s son Ezhe as Prince Heshuo，Princess Shang is the consort，Therefore, some historical records record him as "Prince Consort-in-law"。Ezhe, the successive princes of Heshuo in bet365 score Zhasak Banner、Abu Nai、Burni, etc. and the former Princess of bet365 score, etc.，They all maintain close marriage relationships with the Qing Dynasty clan，This also confirms the historical fact of the exchanges and integration of the Manchu and Mongolian ethnic groups in the Qing Dynasty。

The fourteenth year of Kangxi，Prince Burni raised an army to resist the Qing Dynasty，But was quickly put down。The Qing Dynasty abolished the hereditary title of bet365 score nobles。According to the records of the "Memorandum of the Ministry of Internal Affairs" collected by the First Historical Archives of China，Burni, his family and some subjects were incorporated into the Ministry of Internal Affairs。bet365 score Zhasak Banner has withdrawn from the stage of history。Eight Banners bet365 score was always in contact with the Qing Dynasty。As a Mongolian tribe in the "internal" system，Eight Banners bet365 score officers and soldiers were frequently dispatched by the Qing Dynasty，Played an important role in many military activities，Consolidating the rule of the Qing Dynasty、Defend the border、Played an active role in resisting foreign aggression。

　　Third, the multi-source tribal structure of bet365 score under the Eight Banners.In the Eight Banners system，Zoran as the basic unit，With the reproduction of Dingkou、Frequent adjustments due to system changes，Can reflect the specific arrangement and evolution。Since the Tiancong period, bet365 score has been incorporated into the Eight Banners system，Especially during the three dynasties of Kangxi, Yongzong and Qianlong pacification of Junggar，The Qing Dynasty continued to establish additional assistants in bet365 score, the Eight Banners，Resulting in its tribal structure becoming complex and diverse。The establishment of Zuoling directly reflects the process of the Qing Dynasty's unification of the Mongolian tribes。At the same time，Leaders from different tribes are incorporated into the Eight Banners bet365 score，Promoted the original division into Monan、Mobei、The integration of the Mongolian tribes in the desert under the unified pattern。

The Eight Banners bet365 score Colonels established in the early Qing Dynasty，Except bet365 score Zolan，Added many additional leaders from other Nezasak banners。An important part of the Eight Banners bet365 score，That is, the aristocratic Taiji and its subjects who originated from the Nezasak Banner。After the nobles dedicated their subjects to the Qing emperor，Edited as the former commander of the Eight Banners bet365 score Order。Take Maoming Anzuoling as an example，The leader of the Nezasak Banner under the Eight Banners system maintains the original "master-slave" relationship between the lord and the subjects，Also retains the characteristics of the original Nezasak Banner，This is specifically reflected in the inheritance of subordinates and the selection of subordinates and the vacancies of officials within the subordinates。

With the advancement of the Qing Dynasty's process of unifying the country，Khalkha、The Oirat and other Mongolian tribes are also incorporated into the Eight Banners bet365 score。For example，The twenty-seventh year of Kangxi，To avoid Galdan’s pursuit，Part of the Khalkha tribe fled to Monan Mongolia，Placed by the Qing Dynasty in bet365 score and Zhongmu Factory of the Eight Banners，Officially incorporated into the Eight Banners bet365 score during the Qianlong period。In the balanced war between Kangxi, Yongzong and Qianlong，The Qing Dynasty placed a large number of Oirat people who actively surrendered and were captured on the battlefield in bet365 score, the Eight Banners，So much so that the number of Weilatzo leaders in Eight Banners bet365 score is second only to bet365 score Zozo leaders。Incorporation of these Oiratzo collars，Enriching the diversity of the bet365 score tribes in the Eight Banners，Further promotes the integration process between different Mongolian tribes。

The complex tribal origins of bet365 score in the Eight Banners，And the special nature of being the "Nomadic Eight Banners" in the Eight Banners system of the Qing Dynasty，Increased the difficulty of governing the Qing Dynasty。For example，The Khalkha people who were placed under the jurisdiction of bet365 score under the Eight Banners during the Kangxi period，It was not until the Qianlong Dynasty that it was officially compiled and approved into the flag，This problem was finally solved at the institutional level。

　　Fourth, the Mongolian nomadic leader of the Eight Banners living in bet365 score.Due to complex historical reasons and nomadic habits before entering the Qing Dynasty，Some nomadic Zolings from Mongolia under the Eight Banners live together with bet365 score under the Eight Banners，Resulting in a lack of management for some people，Unclear ownership。The Qing Dynasty took a series of measures，To adjust the affiliation between the two。Eight Banners bet365 score as early as the Shunzhi period，Already stationed in Datong、Xuanhua Bianwai。This area was once the grazing land of the Haraqin people before entering the Qing Dynasty。After entering the Qing Dynasty，The nobles Taiji and others of the Borjijin clan, who were originally members of the Karaqin Ten Thousand Households, were incorporated into the Eight Banners of Mongolia。For example，In the title book of Lifanyuan during the Shunzhi period，There are a large number of Mongolian Xianghuang Banner people living in the bet365 score nomadic land of the Eight Banners，They call this place "da ba", which means "old place" in Manchu。In view of the fact that this area was originally a nomadic land of the Haraqin people before entering the Qing Dynasty，So it should be the Karaqinzuo leader of the Eight Banners of Mongolia。

Until the second year of Qianlong (1737)，Wailang Zhaoming, a member of the Qing Dynasty who inspected the bet365 score nomadic area of ​​the Eight Banners, discovered a large number of Karaqins living in bet365 score、Hoqit people，Because of its affiliation and residence in pastoral areas，Eight Banners bet365 score and Eight Banners Mongolia cannot be controlled，Become an assistant leader outside the Eight Banners system，Not only is life difficult，And it is easy to cause trouble。For this，The Qing Dynasty took many measures to try to solve the problem，Finally, the qualifications were given to the Kalaqin nomadic assistant leader who was affiliated to the Eight Banners Mongolia and the Eight Banners bet365 score people to serve as official officers。This move protects their livelihood to a certain extent，While gaining formal status in Eight Banners bet365 score, it also ensured its affiliation with the original Eight Banners Mongolia。Therefore，A dual management system was formed in bet365 score, Eight Banners。

In the early Qing Dynasty, various rules and regulations involving bet365 score of the Eight Banners were not yet mature，Official official、Especially obvious in Biding and other aspects。With the stability of the Qing Dynasty’s regime，A series of reforms were passed during the Yongzong and Qianlong periods、Adjustment and other measures，All aspects of the Eight Banners bet365 score system are gradually becoming standardized。

Since the establishment of the Eight Banners，Through the three dynasties of Kang, Yong and Qian dynasties，bet365 score gradually formed a group with a multi-origin tribal structure，That is, based on the original bet365 score Zolan，Absorbing and merging origins from Nezasak Banner and Khalkha、People from Oirat and many other Mongolian tribes。Also，Since the Yongzheng period，There are already Han Chinese engaged in farming in the bet365 score Nomadic Land，The Qing Dynasty effectively managed it by setting up "halls"。With the influx of a large number of Han people in the middle and late Qing Dynasty，Under the blend of nomadism and farming，The southern region of bet365 score has gradually formed a situation of multi-ethnic symbiosis。This is enough to prove，The formation process of Eight Banners bet365 score vividly wrote a page in the history of multi-ethnic integration in the Qing Dynasty。

(This article is a phased result bet365 score key project bet365 score Innovation Project bet365 score Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences "Research on the History of Exchanges, Exchanges and Integration of Various Ethnic Groups in China" (2022MZSCX004)

(Author’s unit: Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)