If we use the "scientific" ruler of natural science to measure social science，So in all social sciences，bet365 games is the least “scientific”，And economics is the most “scientific”。Perhaps it is for this reason，The tension between disciplines and methods in the study of economic bet365 games is more significant and lasting than in other specialized histories。Long time，Senior scholars have been committed to integrating the two in specific research practices，Wu Chengming、Li Genpan、Du Xuncheng、Li Bozhong and other gentlemen have also discussed it from a methodological perspective。In recent years，The combination of the two methods has achieved certain results。Among excellent economic bet365 games research results，There are very few that do not rely on economic methods at all、Conceptual，Also rarely in historical context、There are obvious flaws in the reliability and authenticity of the data。For example，Professor Cao Shuji is a student of bet365 games，But in his research，The concepts and frameworks of economics are often used。While researching land rights，He constructed a general theory: dividing ownership into rights of disposal、Income rights and use rights，And use this as a benchmark to analyze the industrial transaction methods that have appeared in bet365 games，Sold immediately (Definitely sold)、Dian (sold alive)、Paid for rent (top)、Mortgage (when)、Pledge、Ordinary tenancy、Yong Dian and others，Classified according to their nature and rights transfer relationship。Professor Peng Kaixiang is from Economics，But in his research，Excavation of historical materials、Organization、The interpretation is very in-depth and detailed。When studying traditional Chinese private transaction behavior，His examination and interpretation of "Ningbo Qianye Guild Hall Stele" and "stone" and "dan" are very precise。What’s more important，During the argument，He can use economic methods to verify、Distinguish records from handed down documents，Confused about the documentation、Give reasonable explanations for contradictory phenomena。For example，In the study of weights, measures and price signal formation，He will consciously put forward the interpretive framework、Combining the argument structure with specific historical situations，To test its credibility。

Such research practice，The advancement of economic bet365 games is obvious。But for the discipline of economic bet365 games as a whole，The phenomenon that the two methods are "competing" or even mutually exclusive，Still a norm。Even now，Scholars engaged in economic bet365 games research are required to have good training in both economics and bet365 games，Still a goal too high。But have a basic understanding of both subjects，And be able to interpret research literature in different disciplines more accurately，Learn from its problem awareness、Research ideas、Argument methods and conclusions, etc.，Should become a basic requirement for a new generation of economic historians，And this is also a deep integration of the two methods、The basis for mutual learning。But in the economic bet365 games community，There are still many misunderstandings，Even completely ignore the research results from different disciplines because they cannot understand。Therefore，This requires us to compare and sort out the basic research methods of the two disciplines。This short article is certainly not enough to systematically sort out two such huge knowledge systems。There are many branches of bet365 games and economics，This article is unable to examine them in detail。This article is from the perspective of a researcher understanding the literature，Based on some of the more common documents that the author has seen in recent years，Talk about some reading experience。

　　Economics and bet365 games of “divided rivalry”

First，For research purposes，Economics focuses on discovering and proving causal relationships，bet365 games attaches great importance to the restoration of historical facts，And a description of historical changes。Of course，Economics also has the desire to restore bet365 games，bet365 games also explores the cause and effect and correlation between events。

Secondly，In research methods，The two disciplines have their own emphasis。From the perspective of causal relationship，Economics is mainly based on models and data，Looking for statistical "relationships" between data；bet365 games focuses on seeking documentary evidence。Generally speaking，Economics is more inclined to look for general causal relationships and laws，bet365 games has the innate attributes of "anti-theory" and "anti-generality"，Historians believe that the "one thing, one discussion" type of causal relationship is more realistic。For this reason，Multiple deductive methods in economics，bet365 games prefers the inductive method。From the perspective of fact reduction，If bet365 games is mostly about “describing the development process of things themselves and explaining their rationality”，Then economics is more concerned with “pointing out what the ideal state of things should be like and emphasizing the irrationality of reality”。

Differences in purpose and method，Resulting in the differences in topic selection and argumentation methods between the two。Take the paper on fact restoration as an example，Which facts are worthy of attention，It is a topic with higher academic value？For bet365 games，Only facts that are meaningful to the theory are important。bet365 games thinks，Human understanding of the world，Must resort to some kind of "theory"，It’s like only using a map，Only people can understand the changes in terrain，Although the map will inevitably lose a lot of information。If you must emphasize that "seeing is believing"，Then we can only sit in the well and watch the sky，You can only see the mountains and rivers as far as the eye can see。Therefore，Only when facts help improve the way we understand problems、Theory，Improve our Map，It is meaningful，Worth to study。In the opinion of economists，It is impossible to understand the world without theory。As Coase said: "Facts need to be filtered，The importance needs to be assessed。If there is no suitable theoretical guidance，We can neither pick the facts，It is even more impossible to assess its importance。”

Common sense that historians rely on in research、bet365 games，In fact, it is also a "theory"，It’s just relatively elementary。For bet365 games，As long as it is a fact that has not been discovered by predecessors or has been stated incorrectly by predecessors，They are all valuable。Any theory based on preconceptions，The facts "discovered" are all one-sided，These are all misunderstandings of the real world。Not only does "map" not help us，On the contrary, it has become a "mask" that misleads and hinders us from seeing nature clearly。If it’s a bit extreme，Historians think，All bet365 games cannot be separated from the specific circumstances of its existence，Only reconstruct the ins and outs of the research object，Pay attention to all factors that affect the research object，In order to fully explain the specific historical process，And this explanation only applies to this single historical process。When historical researchers emphasize that "bet365 games is complicated"，Mostly in this sense。

There have been times when ambitious historians were dissatisfied with theories coming from the social sciences，Try to accumulate different levels、Research on different parts，I hope to finally use the inductive method to get a theory that is more consistent with historical facts。But this is more like an excuse for historians，There are few successful examples in reality。Schumpeter said: "(The Historical School) did not propose any economic theory based on its historical research，At most it shows that it developed from hunting-agriculture-industry in the past，Even if this is realistic，There is no regular (theoretical) meaning。"Perhaps a handful of examples such as Chandler's "invisible hand" can barely be regarded as some kind of theory (Chandler through an inductive analysis of the development of American corporate bet365 games and a large number of cases，Conclusion is roughly equivalent to Coase’s transaction costs)。

In terms of argumentation method，bet365 games usually relies on reductionist methods，That is, for a complex thing or phenomenon，Through continuous decomposition or continuous abstraction，Try to find the decisive factors，Or the common "underlying logic" that leads to a certain type of phenomenon。Specifically，Just by assuming、Inspection、Simulating controlled experiments, etc.，Looking for the “real” relationship between things，And then reveal the real world behind the superficial phenomena。Therefore，bet365 games will use the relationship between logic and data instead of a direct depiction of the real world，Because the former is more objective，More general，Thus more "real"。

bet365 games uses documents that are as close to the facts as possible to reconstruct the past，So we pay special attention to the credibility of documents。While demonstrating，Historians pay more attention to things、Sequential changes in phenomena。A system、A phenomenon，How to evolve over time，How what happens first affects what happens later，This is the core issue that historians are concerned about。At the same time，Historians generally do not reject the psychology of characters、Speculations on motives，Sometimes this kind of speculation becomes the key to explaining bet365 games，This is something that economists also reject。

At the level of paper writing，bet365 games papers are mature but relatively rigid，Advocate for standardized and templated writing to reduce ambiguity；Historical papers lack rigorous standards but are inspiring，Pay attention to writing skills，Even clever authors will give hints to readers，Let readers understand for themselves from the author’s narrative，Different readers will be inspired by different things。At this point，Excellent historical works are similar to works of art。This is also when we read different types of documents，Requiring special attention。

On the basis of mutual understanding，bet365 games and economics may learn from each other，Promote the development of economic bet365 games。Excellent economic bet365 games research results can confirm this。In addition，It is worth mentioning，Learn from each other，It may also help bet365 games and economics overcome their own methodological crises。

　　bet365 games is the basis for learning

As mentioned above，It is unrealistic to train researchers with professional training in both economics and bet365 games in a short period of time。What we can do at present is to learn from each other and draw lessons from scholars with different disciplinary backgrounds，The basis for learning and reference is to correctly understand the literature from different disciplines。

Sorting through the above，We will find that economics research looks more scientific，But it provides，For the complete real world that bet365 games wants to understand，Just a "map"，is one of the many possibilities for us to understand the world。Therefore，For economic bet365 games researchers with a historical background，Read economic bet365 games papers with an economics background，The important thing to focus on is not whether the conclusion is valid，Is it consistent with historical "common sense"，But the paths they indicate and the methods they provide to analyze problems。

In terms of path，For example，Use economic methods to study economic phenomena in bet365 games，It is often possible to find economic connections between regions that are separated by a long time or are geographically far apart (usually not belonging to the same political or statistical unit)。This is something that historical documents based on experience and common sense are difficult to provide。For historians，“Conclusions” drawn using economic research methods，More like a conjecture，Can it be accepted into the writing and narration of bet365 games，Historians still need to follow these clues to find more concrete information、Information that is more in line with historical evidence standards。

　As far as analysis is concerned，For studying certain economic phenomena or things in bet365 games，Economics can provide a variety of frameworks and analytical tools，Enables us to divide research objects into different types or different links、Side，This is what bet365 games lacks。For example，Research companies in bet365 games，Economics can provide property rights、Principal-agent relationship、Different perspectives such as incentive mechanisms，Also as an organization，Study its decisions、Strategy、The relationship between formal system and informal system, etc.。These concepts、Relationship、The framework is not only suitable for today’s enterprises，Also applies to historical businesses，We can use it to explain the behavior and evolution of companies in bet365 games。In this sense，Only can we truly understand the "no fixed rules of bet365 games" repeatedly advocated by Mr. Wu Chengming: all economic theories，For historical research，Just a way。

　For economic bet365 games researchers with an economics background，Economic bet365 games research results of bet365 games，More than just historical context and data，Although most historical research results are being treated this way。Economic phenomena in bet365 games written by historians，Often more complex than the ideal shape depicted by economic theory。Because，Historians are at the beginning of exploring these economic phenomena，Didn’t bring the “map” of economics，Problems they found、Focus of Attention，Tend to ignore the assumptions of economic theory，Or provide unusual cases。For economics research，These may be of great significance，They may provide some possibility for the development and breakthrough of economics。Since bet365 games is almost unlimited case library，We can constantly discover new relationships，Even observed some "experiments" that cannot be carried out in the current world。

If historians’ research can receive enough attention，As Mr. Wu Chengming said，Economic bet365 games may become the "source" of economics。The economic phenomena in bet365 games are very different from the current world，To deeply understand the concepts in bet365 games、System、data，Be patient and careful，Don’t just rely on historians to tell economists the answers。Get into these historical details，To understand superficially similar economic phenomena、The nuances behind the concept，Economists will definitely gain something。After economists complained that historians used economic methods to analyze economic phenomena in bet365 games，But responded to the economist with "the same bowl of porridge"，But few people are willing to bend down，Dive into these complex historical details。

As Coase once succinctly summarized: "Understanding the process of economic system operation，Combined theoretical and empirical bet365 games。Theory suggests the direction of empirical bet365 games，Subsequent empirical bet365 games provides suggestions for revision or rethinking of the theory，In turn, it promotes new empirical bet365 games。In the right way，Scientific bet365 games never ends，And each stage improves our understanding of economic systems。”

　　Conducive to resolving the methodology crisis

　For economics and bet365 games，We are currently facing huge methodological challenges: the denial of the authenticity of bet365 games and the questioning of the scientific nature of economics。

The denial of the authenticity of bet365 games mainly comes from postmodern historiography。From the perspective of postmodern bet365 games，On the one hand，The historical materials that historians rely on to restore the facts are just a kind of language expression、The “text” created consciously，These texts must be a distortion of the facts。On the other hand，Historians in the selection and interpretation of historical materials，It is impossible to eradicate subjective bias，Or researcher’s interest、The influence of values。Professional historical academic training and research standards，These effects can only be weakened to a certain extent，But it cannot be completely ruled out。Extremists even believe that all text interpretations are misreadings，Fundamentally speaking，The work of a historian is not much different from writing fiction。

　For bet365 games researchers，Researchers in the philosophy of science have pointed out，Human society is different from nature，Therefore，The scientific nature of social science is fundamentally different from that of natural science。“Human characteristics lead to a many-to-one relationship between mechanisms and empirical phenomena in society: for a social phenomenon，We generally find multiple explanation mechanisms。”Unlike physical phenomena, which have only one explanation mechanism。Conclusions about human society drawn by economists through deductive methods，It must also be different from the conclusions of scientists on nature，Economists’ conclusions are usually inconsistent with empirical phenomena。Further，“Any systematic social theory – whether structural functionalism、Social Darwinism、Liberalism or progressivism—without exception, both misunderstand the nature of society and the laws of historical development”。

What’s more serious is，People’s understanding of bet365 games，Although it may not be “real”，But it will affect people’s decisions，And then participate in the creation of the future。Social sciences are also facing this dilemma，Something、The reason why a certain pattern occurs，Not because it has sufficient objective reasons，But because there are enough people who believe it will happen。

In-depth reference from economics and historical methods，Maybe it will help resolve these doubts。Professor Cao Shuji’s recent research idea of ​​“internal bet365 games specialized bet365 games”，Can be regarded as a new attempt。Professor Cao thinks，Compared with previous specialized historical research，Internal bet365 games specialized bet365 games "focuses more on raising questions from the knowledge system of various disciplines，Focus more on applying expertise in various disciplines to solve problems”。Although Professor Cao believes that this research approach does not have any advantages over traditional specialized historical research。

No matter what，As the philosopher of science Whitehead pointed out: "Everywhere and at all times in the world，There are all practical people，They only admit ‘indubitable existing facts’；Anywhere and anytime in the world，There are still people who are deeply tempted by philosophy，They are committed to universal truth。It is the combination of a strong interest in factual details and a passionate pursuit of abstract generalizations，This is the source of all new knowledge in our current society。”bet365 games、Economics is rooted in human beings’ inherent impulse to pursue new knowledge，The difference between the two and even a certain degree of opposition，Maybe it will exist for a long time，But this difference should not be a reason to ignore each other，It should become a driving force for mutual learning。Only this，Only by studying economic bet365 games is it possible to study bet365 games、Make greater contributions to the development of economics。

　　(The author is a researcher at the Institute of Economics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences、Director of the bet365 games Center for Underdeveloped Economies, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)