If you use the "scientific" ruler of natural science to measure social science，So in all social sciences，History is the least "scientific"，Economics is the most "scientific"。Perhaps it is for this reason，Economic History Research Middle Schools and Methods The tension between Discipline and Methods is more significant and lasting than other specialized history。For a long time，Senior scholars have been committed to integrating two in specific research and practice，Wu Chengming、Li Genji、Du Yicheng、Li Bozhong and others have also discussed from the perspective of methodology。In recent years，The combination of two methods has achieved certain results。In the results of excellent economic history research，Few ejaculation methods are rare、Concept，There are also very few historical backgrounds、Data's reliability and authenticity have obvious defects。For example，Professor Cao Shuji is a historical origin，But in his research，The concept and framework of economics often uses economics。When researching the land right，He built a general theory: divide ownership into disposal rights、Income right and right to use，and use this as the benchmark for industrial trading methods that have appeared in history，Selling (Selling)、Dian (Selling)、Lease (top)、Mortgage (Dang)、pledge、Ordinary Rental、Yongzheng, etc.，Classified according to its nature and rights transfer relationship。Professor Peng Kaixiang is an economics，But in his research，Digging of historical materials、Set up、Interpretation is very deep and meticulous。When studying traditional Chinese folk transactions，His test interpretation of the "Ningbo Qianye Club" and "stone" and "responsibility" are very refined。More importantly，During the demonstration process，He can use the method of economics to verify、Records of identifying the handed down literature，and confused in the literature、The phenomenon of contradictions gives a reasonable explanation。For example，In the study of measurement and price signal formed，He will consciously make the explanation framework he proposed、The combination of demonstration structure with specific historical scenarios，to test its credibility。

Research practice，The advancement of economic history is obvious。But as far as the subject of economic history is concerned，The phenomenon of "trials and anti -ceremonies" in the two methods and even mutually rejection，It is still a normal state。Even in the present，Scholars who are required to engage in economic history research at the same time have good training of economics and history，It is still bet365 Play online games an excessive goal。But I have a basic understanding of both disciplines，and can more accurately interpret the research literature of different disciplines，Learn from its problem consciousness、Research ideas、Research methods and conclusions, etc.，It should be the basic requirement for the new generation of economic historians，This is also the deep fusion of two methods、Basis of mutual reference。But in the economic history industry，There are still many misunderstandings，Even because I can't understand, I completely ignore the research results from different disciplines。Therefore，This requires us to compare the basic research methods of the two disciplines。Of course, this essay is not enough to systematically sort out two such huge knowledge systems。There are many branches in both history and economics，This article is also powerless one by one。This article understands the angle of the literature from a researcher，Some of the more common literatures based on the author's ability in recent years，Talk about reading experience。

　　Economics and history of "Division to resist"  

First，In terms of research purposes，Economics focuses on discovery and confirming causality，and the restoration of historical attention to historical facts，Description of historical changes。Of course，Economics also has the demands of restoring history，History will also explore the cause and effect between incidents and correlations。

Next，In terms of research methods，Two disciplines have their own focus。From the perspective of the study of causality，Economics is mainly based on models and data，Find the "relationship" in the statistical sense of data; historiography focuses on seeking document evidence。Generally speaking，Economics is more inclined to find general causal relationships and laws，and historicism have the innate attributes of "anti -theory" and "anti -general"，Historians believe that the causal relationship of "one thing, one discussion" is more in line with actual situation。Also because of this，Multi -use interpretation method，History is more popular with the induction law。From the perspective of real restoration，3359_3387，Then economics is more concerned about "point out what the ideal state should be like and emphasizes the unreasonable reality"。

Differences in Purpose and Methods，Different from the two on topics and demonstration methods of the two。Taking the dissertation of facts as an example，What facts are worthy of attention，Is the topic with higher academic value? For economics，Only the fact that the theory is meaningful is important。Economics thinking，Human knowing the world，It must be rely on some "theory"，Just like only the map，People can understand the changes in the terrain and terrain，Although the map will inevitably lose a lot of information。If bet365 live casino games you have to emphasize "seeing is true"，Then we can only sit in the well，You can only see the mountains and rivers where the eyes are available。Therefore，Only when the facts help improve the method of knowing the problem、Theory，Improve our "map"，is meaningful，It is worth studying。From the perspective of economists，Leaving the theory cannot know the world。As Kos said: "Facts need to be screened，The importance needs to be evaluated。If there is no suitable theoretical guideline，We cannot choose the facts，It is even impossible to evaluate its importance。”

The common sense borrowed by historians in research、History，In fact, it is also a "theory"，It's just a bit more primary。For history，As long as it is the fact that the predecessor has not found or the fact that the predecessor said wrong，All are valuable。Any theory based on preconceived views，The facts "discovered" are all one -sided，All misunderstandings of the real world。"Map" not only cannot help us，Instead, it becomes misleading and hindered us to see the "eye -catching method"。If it is extreme，Historians think，All history cannot be separated from its existing scene，Only the ins and outs of the reconstruction target，Follow all factors affecting the research objects，Only to fully explain the specific historical process，And this explanation is only applicable to this separate historical process。When historic researchers emphasize that "history is complex"，Most of them are in this sense。

Also there have been ambitious historians who are not satisfied with theory from social sciences，Try to accumulate different levels through continuous accumulation、Different parts of research，I hope that the final method of induction can be obtained by the theory that is more in line with historical facts。But this is more like a term of historian，There are few successful examples in reality。Xiong Peter said: "(History) did not propose any economic theory based on its historical research，At most explained that the past was from hunting -agriculture -industrial development，Even if this is actual，There is no regular (theory) meaning。"Perhaps Chandler's" invisible hand "and other one can barely count the theory (Chandler's analysis of the development of American corporate history and a large number of cases，The conclusion of the transaction cost of Coses is obtained)。

For the way of demonstration，Economics usually uses the method of restoringism，That is a complex thing or phenomenon，Through continuous decomposition or constant abstraction，Try to find the factors that play a decisive role，or the common "underlying logic" that causes a certain type of phenomenon。Specifically，It is through assumptions、Test、Simulation Control Experiment, etc.，Find the "real" relationship between things，Then reveal the real world behind bet365 Play online games the surface phenomenon。Therefore，Economics Society uses the relationship between logic and data to replace the direct depiction of the real world，Because the former is more objective，More generality，Therefore, it is also more "real"。

History uses the literature that is as close as possible to reconstruct the past，So attach great importance to the credibility of the literature。When demonstrating，Historians pay more attention to things、Phenomenon changes in phenomenon。A system、A phenomenon，How to evolve over time，How did the first happen to affect what happened later，This is the core question of the attention of historians。At the same time，Historians generally do not exclude the psychology of the characters、Deure of motivation，Sometimes this speculation will also become the key to explaining history，This is also a more rejection of economists。

At the thesis writing level，Economics papers mature but more rigid，Promote writing with standardized and templates to reduce ambiguity; although historic papers lack rigorous norms but enlightenment，Pay attention to writing skills，or even Gaoming author will give readers a hint，Let the reader understand from the author's narrative，Different readers will be inspired by different。At this point，Excellent historical works similar to artworks。This is also when we are reading different types of literature，You need to pay special attention。

On the basis of mutual understanding，History and economics may learn from each other，Promoting the development of economic history。The research results of existing excellent economic history can be confirmed。，It is worth mentioning is，Borrow from each other，It may also help history and economics to overcome its own methodological crisis。

　　Understanding is the basis for reference  

As described earlier，In a short period of time, it is unrealistic to train researchers at the same time trained by economics and history.。What we can do at present is to learn and learn from scholars with different discipline backgrounds，The basis for learning and reference is to correctly understand literature from different disciplines。

Through the above combing，We will find that the research of economics looks more scientific，But what it provides，For the complete real world that history wants to understand，Just a "map"，It is one of the possibilities we understand the world。Therefore，For the economic history researcher of the historic background，Economic History Papers Reading Economic Background，It is not the conclusion whether the conclusion is established，Whether it is in line with "common sense" in history，Instead, the path they indicated and the method of analytical problems they provided。

As far as the path is concerned，For example，Economic methods to study historical economic phenomena，Economic links between regions with a long interval bet365 best casino games or a long distance (usually not affiliated to the same political or statistical unit) in a long interval。This is difficult to provide those in history based on the common sense of experience。For historians，"Conclusion" obtained by economic research methods，More like a conjecture，Can it be accepted in the writing and narrative of history，It also needs historians to follow these clues to find more practical、Information that is more in line with historic evidence。

As far as analysis is concerned，For a certain economic phenomenon or thing in history，Economics can provide a variety of frameworks and analytical tools，Makes us can divide the research objects into different types or different links、Side，This is the lack of history。For example，Research History Enterprise，Economics can provide property rights、Entrusted agency relationship、Different angles such as incentive mechanism，You can also use it as an organization，Study its decision -making、Strategy、The relationship between the formal system and the informal system。These concepts、Relationship、The framework is not only suitable for the current enterprise，It is also suitable for companies in history，We can use it to explain the behavior of enterprises and its evolution in history with the help of it。In this sense，We can truly understand the "history of no history" that Mr. Wu Chengming has repeatedly advocated: all economics theories，For historical research，Just a way。

For the economic history researcher of the economic background，Research on the Economic History of History，Not only the historical background and data，Although most of the historical research results are being treated like this。Historian economic phenomenon written by historians，Usually more complicated than the ideal form depicted by economics theory。Because，Historians explored the beginning of these economic phenomena，I did not bring the "map" of economics，The problems they found、Focus on the focus，often ignores the prerequisite of economics theory，or provide unusual cases。For economics research，These may be important，They may provide some possibility for the development and breakthrough of economics。Because history is almost infinite case library，We can constantly discover new relationships from it，Even observed "experiments" that cannot be performed in the current world。

If the research of historians can get enough attention，As Mr. Wu Chengming said，Economic history may become the "source" of economics。The economic phenomenon in history is very different from the current world，To understand the concepts in history、System、Data，Be patient and meticulous，instead of just expecting historians to tell economists answer。Enter these historical details，To understand similar economic phenomena、The subtle difference behind the concept，Economists bet365 Play online games will definitely gain something。Economists complain that historians use economic methods to analyze the economic phenomenon in history，But pay back to the economist "the same bowl of porridge"，But few people are willing to lean down，In -depth study of these complex historical details。

As Kos once refined the summary: "The process of understanding the operation of the economic system，Combined from theoretical and experienced research。The direction of theoretical recommendation experience research，Subsequent research research makes suggestions for theoretical revision or rethink，In turn, it has promoted new experience research。In the right way，Scientific research is endless，and each stage improves our understanding of the economic system。”

　　It is conducive to resolving the methodology crisis  

For economics and history，Currently facing huge methodological challenges: negation of the authenticity of history and questioning of scientific economics。

The negation of the authenticity of history is mainly from postmodern history。From the perspective of postmodern history，On the one hand，Historian historian's historical materials that restore the facts are just a language expression、"Text" created consciously created，These texts must be distorted for facts。On the other hand，Historians are in the choice and interpretation of historical materials，It is impossible to eradicate subjective prejudice，or researcher interest、Effect of Value。Professional historical academic training and research specifications，can only weaken these effects to the extent，But it cannot be completely eliminated。Extreme people even think that all text interpretations are misunderstandings，Fundamentally，The work of historians is not much different from fictional writing。

For economics researchers，Researchers in scientific philosophy have pointed out，Human society is different from nature，Therefore，The scientific nature of social science is essentially different from natural science。"Human characteristics have caused mechanisms and experience phenomena to have more relationships in society: for a social phenomenon，We can generally find multiple explanation mechanisms。"Unique explanation mechanism is not like physical phenomena。The conclusion of human society obtained by economists' interpretation methods，It must also be different from scientists' conclusions in nature，The conclusions of economists are usually inconsistent with experience phenomena。Then，"Any systemic social theory -whether it is structural functional、Social Darwinism、Liberalism is still progressive -no exception is a misunderstanding of social nature and historical development laws "。

More serious is，People's cognition of history，Although it may not be "real"，But it will affect people’s decisions，Then participate in the creation bet365 live casino games of the future。Social science actually faces such a dilemma，something、Some laws happen，Not because of sufficient objective reasons，It is because I believe it will happen enough。

In -depth reference for economics and historical methods，May help resolve these questions。Professor Cao Shuji recently proposed "History History History" research ideas，It can be regarded as a new attempt。Professor Cao thinks，Compared with previous special history research，History of internal history "more focuses on asking questions from various discipline knowledge systems，More focused on the special knowledge solution of various disciplines "。Although Professor Cao believes that this research idea is not more advantageous than traditional special historical research。

anyway，As scientific philosopher Huahete pointed out: "Everywhere and time in the world，There are people who pay attention to actual，They only acknowledge ‘the existence of existence’; in all places and time in the world，There are also people who are deeply tempted by philosophy，They are committed to universal truth。It is the strong interest in the details of the facts and the combination of enthusiastic pursuit of abstraction，is the source of all new knowledge in our society today。"" History、Economics is rooted in the inherent impulse of human pursuit of new knowledge，The difference between the two and even a certain degree of opposition，Maybe it will exist for a long time，But this difference should not be the reason for ignoring each other，should become a motivation for mutual reference。Only this，Economic History Research can only be used for history、The development of economics has made greater contributions。

　　(The author is a researcher at the Institute of Economics of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences、Director of the Impact Economic Research Center of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)