Dunhuang contract documents reflect the late Tang Dynasty、Five Dynasties to early Song (mainly after 848) The civilian economic exchanges and social life of ordinary people northwest of our country，also shows their legal life。Lending of people in people's daily life、Sale、Rent、Lease、Employment、Raising gifts and other relationships，We can see vivid and true records in these documents。The warning and spiritual punishment of the Dunhuang contract document is mainly reflected in the punishment of punishment through breach of contract，Often expand from the level of spiritual and moral ethics，Some use the concept of Buddhism good and evil、Cause and effects concept to warn the offender，Some use the Confucian "Father Ci、Zixiao、Women's、Friendship "concept to warn the offender，All spiritual warnings and punishments。Compared with the contract with later generations，The punishment of the breach of contract in the Dunhuang contract is more simple、Simple，In subjective color、lyrical color in terms of lyric color。

 

　　Warning to default with the concept of Buddhism

The process of developing Buddhism in China，It is also a process that Buddhism itself is compatible with Chinese society。During the localization of Buddhism，There are always some content that adapts to local social life and is gradually accepted by people。Buddhism emphasizes the repayment of the grace of mother's fertility。Fully described in the "Filial Scripture of the Buddha" starts from the mother's pregnancy，To the parents and parents, the children have experienced the children's adults.。"Parents' Heavier" appeared in the Tang Dynasty (written Bet365 lotto review by the name of the Buddha)，It is to explain the parents of the parents to their children.，Children should respect、Supporting parents is the main content。

 

Buddhism formulates precepts，Its purpose is to regulate the behavior of Buddhist believers and the life of monks。Buddhist precepts and Buddhist ethics and moral norms to people's attitude towards people、Value orientation has a subtle influence。The ultimate care of Buddhism is to become a Buddha to relieve the suffering of the cycle of life and death。The influence of Buddhist precepts affects society，Society also affects Buddhist precepts。Buddhist ethics and morality can be morally influential to the public、Psychological adjustment、Prompt alert and other positive effects，It may also produce some negative disadvantages and influence。The public absorbs Buddhist ethics and morals，These ethics will also restrict and adjust their thoughts and behaviors to a certain extent。In Dunhuang Contractor，It is mentioned that some of the precepts and good and evil concepts of Buddhism are mentioned，It is used to warn the public that you cannot easily violate the contract。

 

With the help of causal reincarnation in Buddhism、The concept of retribution of the next life proposes the "curse punishment" that will suffer if the contract stipulates "，That is the "Bunding Punishment" in the contract，It is also a more common method in Dunhuang documents。This approach was mainly based on the people at the time in the "Buddhist country and good hometown"、Awe -hearted psychology，Alert people to abide by the agreement，Do not break easily。If a separate document in Dunhuang's document has such a curse punishment，P.3744 "Unknown (mid -9th) monk Zhang Yueguang Bet365 lotto review Zhang Rixing Brothers Branch" said: "If my brother is against，Fether of the World Fall Bet365 app download in Six Fun。"(Sha Zhi:" Dunhuang Contract Document Collection "，Jiangsu Ancient Books Publishing House 1998 Edition) Although there are many unsatisfactory pains in Life 1，But the evil death is still the outlook on life held by the general public。"Nirvana Sutra" 25th Cloud: "For the cause of the heart，Reincarnation six fun，Has life and death。"" Fahua Sutra "preface:" See you all the six fun beings。"The so -called" six fun "，That is, "The difference between the differences between all beings from the difference between karma，There are six，Six fun，Also known as six ways、Liu Fan "。Its one "Hell Fun"，Being underground in space，There are horrible punishment and scenario such as "Eight Cold and Eight Hot"，The fate of the people who fall into hell fun is miserable，Difficult to be painful。The second "Hungry Ghost Fun"，Coexist with the living space of human beings，But ordinary people are invisible to the naked eye。Its three "beasts fun"，Also existing in people，Animals can be seen by ordinary people with the naked eye，People who have fallen into the fun of beasts due to cause and effect after death，will become cows、Horse and other beasts，Driven、The suffering of slaughter。Its four "Ashura fun"，Small social isolation with ordinary people，Being in the mountains and valleys，People who fell into Ashura after death，It will become a good fight and fierce，Bite fighting everywhere。Its five "human fun"，It is a secular society society familiar to ordinary people，Divided into four major states that are completely isolated from each other，It will still suffer in the world。Its six "Tianqu"，Divided into a complicated "Six Instances"，It can be used as a happy habitat for all sentient beings。

 

P.3744 "Unknown (mid -9th) monk Zhang Yueguang Bet365 lotto review Zhang Rixing Brothers Division"，Not to say that six fun is punishment，At least in the eyes of ordinary people，"Hell Fun", "Hungry Ghost Fun", "Animal Fun", "Ashura Fun" is the serious and tragic punishment，Being able to go to "Human Fun" or "Tianqu"，It should not be counted as punishment。"Zhang Yueguang" "Zhang Rixing" name，It is also seen in Dunhuang Document P.3394 Tang Dazhong six years (852) "Zhang Yueguang Bo Di"。

 

　　Breakthrough punishment language is simple and concise

S.343 "Analysis of the Sample Essays of the Production Book" records: "Right -piece allocation，and Zhou，Not allowed to talk about leftover。If you violate my language，Come and Kuyu，Jian Rumen，Come and Kuyu。One Destroy Land Bone，Wanjie is its grievance home。Er does not take my words，Mo see the Buddha's face。Plastic testament，Limit I prefecture。"(Sha Zhi:" The Dunhuang Contract Book Collection ")) The" breach of punishment "in the contract even uses the relevant concepts of Buddhism，"I am a dead ghost，Jian Rumen，Come and Kuyu。One Destroy Land Bone，Wanjie is its grievances "" "Shengsheng Mo see the Buddha's face"。The words are simple and clear，Simple direct。

 

S.5647 The spiritual punishment stipulated in the "Sample of the Lesses" is: "，Personalbirth。If more waves，The crime of five rebellions，For generations Mo Fengshan。"" (Sha Zhi: "Dunhuang Contract Document Collection") What is "five inverse"? That is, "killing parents", "broken and conjunctive monks", "out of Buddha body", "killing Arahant", "broken monk" and so on，​​If there is one of this "five inverse" items，It will fall into the infinite hell。If you do not follow this distribution document，It will fall into the infinite hell，For the past generation, there will never be good deeds。S.5647 also proposed such a psychological penalty: "Or the son of the five Bet365 lotto review inversion，Do not take my order，Suddenly 诤 诤，Come and Kuyu，It is also not supported with support。"" (Sha Zhi: "Dunhuang Contract Document Collection") still proposes that if the grandson does not follow his will later，It will be regarded as the crime of "five inverse"，Even if the person who stands for the will), even after the death，I will not let go of this offspring。

 

Another S.6537V "Tyranian Lesses" stipulates: "After my death，No phase。If you do not listen to maternal teachings，May thirty -three days of saints and saints will not be good，Spring (dependent) belongs to disagreement，Bad increased by hundreds (robbery)，He can't see the Buddha's face，Long in hell，Also suffering beasts。If you don’t know，Report here。"" (Sha Zhi: "Dunhuang Contract Document Collection") The breach of punishment in the separate contract document，and Ming Dynasty、The "quasi -filial piety theory" and "non -filial theory" in the Qing Dynasty folk analytical production divided into the document，Obviously more vivid。A variety of narratives and strong rendering of the deterrent of cause and effect，The effectiveness of maintaining the contract、Persevere in the contract with the contract，It should be able to play a greater warning and deterrent function。

 

　　Alert to the offender with Confucianism

Zhu Xi's "Four Books Collection Notes" proposed "The birth of the sky，Raise the ground，Only people are big "，Chinese culture with Confucianism as the mainstream treats people as a center with all values，Affordable life value，Affirmation of this world value，The value of life is in human life。Confucianism will give people emotions、The attitude of the matter is abundant in the family -centered secular relationship and the present life，In the social field，The law emphasizes Father Ci、Zixiao、Women's、Friendship。This is actually the main eight aspects of the "Diyi" required by Confucian bet365 Play online games ethics- "Father Ci、Zixiao、Changhui、Brother Gong、Fuyi、Wife Listen、Changhui、Youshun "。

 

Confucianism affects the contractual documents in Dunhuang documents to those who are deep，First is the cultural logic of "filial piety"，Second is the "long -term order" ceremony，Jun is the counselor、Father is a son out、Husband as a wife，Pay attention to the elder and young people。This is not difficult to understand，Chinese legal ideas after the Han Dynasty were largely affected by the Confucian ethical standard thinking，The law that is considered the law that can most represent the traditional Chinese society- "Tang Law"，It is also considered by the relevant scholars to be the most specific presentation of "legal Confucianism"。Since the Han Dynasty，Confucianism is determined to be one，It can even be said to be the legal idea of ​​truly implementing etiquette，"The etiquette is the foundation of politics and religion，Punishment is for the purpose of politics and religion "，This is also the legislative spirit that the "Tang Law" repeatedly emphasized。

 

Laws are used as tools for implementing enforcement，The spirit of etiquette and religion is penetrated，Marriage、The family's related civil behavior has a great impact，Some specific civil norms even come directly from Confucianism。The compilation of scriptures such as the "Thirteen Classics of the Thirteen Classics" and "Datang Kaiyuan Ceremony" in the Tang Dynasty，Another lower -level people enter the bureaucratic team through the imperial examination system，Confucian etiquette and norms and specifications have become more and more obvious。Unified doctrine、Unified gift system，Coupled with the government's policy orientation and demonstration，Letting etiquette gradually popularize bet365 live casino games in the people，Gradually affect the civil behavior of the people，It plays a certain guidance and leading role。The "Symbol of Betting Punishment" in Dunhuang Contract Documents "Defense", "Expulsive Words", "Expecting Wishes"，There are traces of the influence of Confucian etiquette。

 

(This article is the "Research on Civil Disputes and Social Governance" (20YB135) in Gansu Provincial Philosophy and Social Science Planning Project "Research on Dunhuang Documents)

 

(Author Unit: Magazine, Gansu Provincial Academy of Social Sciences)