The word "motto" first came from He Dian，Some scholars believe: “The word ‘motto’ is not found in the scriptures，It is found in the biographer，The earliest one recorded in Cui Yan's "Book of Admonishment to Prince Pi" during the Three Kingdoms period is: 'bet365 coupon code Kong's Maxim'，The clear teachings of the two classics’。" (Meng Sen: "Preface to the Lianbi of Proverbs"，Yuelu Publishing House 2003 Edition，Page 325) "Maxims" first appeared in the Three Kingdoms period，Too late。Looking through historical records shows that，The word "motto" was first seen in "Yi bet365 coupon code Shu" (Fan 2)，All related to Duke bet365 coupon code。One place is found in "Yi bet365 coupon code Shu·Xiao Kai Wu": "Not in time，No motto，The sun is rising and the balance is insufficient。”bet365 coupon code Baohong interpreted “ge” as “law”。(bet365 coupon code Baohong: "Explanation of "Yi bet365 coupon code Shu""，Social Science Literature Press 2001 Edition，Page 89) Another place can be found in "Yi bet365 coupon code Shu·Huangmen·Preface": "The ministers of the bet365 coupon code Guild were at Hongmen，The motto of assisting the Lord，Writing "Imperial Gate"。"Pan Zhen's "Explanation of bet365 coupon code Shu" says: "Ge，French style。” (Huang Huaixin and others: "Collected Annotations of Yizhou Shuhui"，Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House 2007 Edition，Page 1131) The above two quotations are the earliest records of the word "motto" in ancient pre-Qin books，They all call the words of bet365 coupon code Gong a French maxim。"Cihai" also interprets "motto" as: "a concise and concise statement that can be in French style。”（Xia Zhengnong、Editor-in-Chief Chen Zhili: "Cihai" Sixth Edition，Shanghai Dictionary Publishing House 2009 Edition，Page 703)。The occurrence of this situation，With the status of Duke bet365 coupon code、The influence is closely related to the development of bet365 coupon code Gongzhiyan in different historical periods。

　　The French function of bet365 coupon code Gong’s words in the early bet365 coupon code Dynasty

The words of Duke bet365 coupon code were taken seriously as early as the reign of King Wu of bet365 coupon code。"Historical Records: The Family of Dukes of Lu and bet365 coupon code" records: "When King Wu ascended the throne，Danchang Fuyiwuwang，Using most of them...Sealing bet365 coupon code Gongdan to Shaohao's Xuqufu，For Duke Lu。If the Duke of bet365 coupon code refuses to seal it，King Ruzuomu。"It can be seen that Duke bet365 coupon code is an important assistant to King Wu。According to the "Book of Yi bet365 coupon code·Du Yi" written in the Western bet365 coupon code Dynasty，When King Wu was seriously ill, he wanted to pass the throne to Duke bet365 coupon code，And said: "Dan，Ruwei is my eldest brother... Ruwei is the youngest son，Great knowledge。The ancestors of the former emperor are now，Xu Jue’s legacy is revealed，Pay it to me on time。Si Ruo Nongfu Tian，Hungry and hoping for harvest。"King Wu told Duke bet365 coupon code: You are my Mingda brother，Although young, he is very wise，From ancient times to the present day，You can describe their legacy，Tell them to me or put them on me。So I am just like a farmer farming，I hope to get harvest from you when I am hungry。It can be seen that Duke bet365 coupon code was knowledgeable and knowledgeable and King Wu relied heavily on Duke bet365 coupon code’s words。The Western bet365 coupon code Dynasty document "Yizhou Shu·Huangmen" is a speech by the Duke of bet365 coupon code to his ministers，He said "Woohoo at the end，Thank you！I’m here”，Zhuang Shuzu said "prison，Mirror。The good should be the law，The evil is a warning”，Chen Fengheng also said "respect"，Warning。Prison，Shiye。” (Huang Huaixin and others: "Collected Annotations of Yizhou Shuhui"，Page 558) It can be seen that this is Duke bet365 coupon code reminding the officials，With this help, he became the king、Remarks that help oneself govern the country as a warning。There are similar examples in "Shangshu"，As in "Shang Shu·Wu Yi" "Woo Hu！The successor king will be imprisoned here”，"Shang Shu·Zicai" "Since ancient times, Wang Ruozi has been in charge of...！Ruozijian”，"Shang Shu·Jun Si" "I am in prison now"。Most of the above quotations are at the end of the article，The Duke of bet365 coupon code versus King Cheng of bet365 coupon code、Uncle Wei Kang、Zhao Gongsi’s speech。Mr. Chao Fulin pointed out: "'Jian Yu Zi' means to use this as a warning... In the chapter "Wu Yi", bet365 coupon code Gong warned when he became the king，With ‘woohoo！The successor king and his prisoner are here to conclude，Compared with the word "already" in "Zicai"！Ruozjian’，Exactly the same。" (Chao Fulin: "The Formation of the Concept of "Learning from History" in the Pre-Qin Period"，"Historical Research" Issue 2, 2010) This is very correct。The Duke of bet365 coupon code is confronting King bet365 coupon code Cheng、Uncle Wei Kang、When Duke Zhao and his officials are speaking，Repeatedly emphasizes "Ruozijian" and "Jianyu here"，Intended to remind the audience to take what they say as a warning。The words of Duke bet365 coupon code are in King Wu、The rituals and warning functions of the Cheng Dynasty and the Cheng Dynasty，This is evident。

　The official Chunqiu Qing cited the words of bet365 coupon code Gong

About the Duke of bet365 coupon code’s words about the title of the official in the Spring and Autumn Period，Mainly two chapters, "Kang Gao" and "Wu Yi" in "Jinwen Shangshu"，As well as "bet365 coupon code Rites" and "Oath of Destiny" (a lost chapter)，See "Zuo Zhuan" and other articles。The most cited one is "Kang Gao"，This article is an edict issued by bet365 coupon code Gong on behalf of King Cheng to his younger brother Wei Kangshu，It embodies bet365 coupon code Gong’s respect for heaven and protection of the people、The political philosophy of moral integrity and careful punishment，Not only the content is important，And it contains many classic and timeless aphorisms (such as "Don't dare to insult the widower", "Don't take life for granted", "No big deal")，It’s not a small matter” or “favorable”，Mao or not, etc.)，So it was cited by the Chunqiu Qing officials。These remarks are often quoted as guidance when admonishing (the admonisher is Ji Ji of Jin、BOC Huanzi、Han Jue、Fan Wenzi、Zhi Boguo，The sorcerer of Duke Shen of Chu、Zuo Shiyi is equal to)，Reflects strong French style、Alert function。According to the author’s statistics，In "Zuo Zhuan" and "Guoyu"，Jin、Qi、Chu and other state ministers quoted "Kang Gao" 10 times，The Jin people are cited as many as 7 times，The one who leads is called Bu Yan who is in charge of divination，There are also Han family members、Fan、Heads of Zhonghang family and other families。Among them, in the 33rd year of Duke Xi of Lu, he was called Ji Ji who cited "Kang Gao"，Jin Wen Gong once "learned to read" from him ("Guoyu·Jinyu IX")。The two confirm each other，It can be seen that Jiuji is proficient in "calligraphy" and the Jin Dynasty attaches great importance to calligraphy，This is also the main reason why Jin State quoted the most remarks from Duke bet365 coupon code。

Bo Qin, the eldest son of Duke bet365 coupon code, became the first king of Lu State，At the beginning of the enfeoffment, "the envoy commanded his clan，Edit its sub-tribes，Make it ugly，With the rules of Duke bet365 coupon code，Use it for life。It is to make him serve in Lu，To show Duke bet365 coupon code’s virtue。Bent Tsuchida Atsushi，Wish you、Zong、Bu、History，Preparation、Tips，Lawsuit、Yi Qi" ("Zuo Zhuan" Dinggong 4th year)，It can be seen that "lawing the Duke of bet365 coupon code" and "showing the virtue of the Duke of bet365 coupon code" are important missions of the State of Lu，The “strategies” among the enfeoffment rewards should include many bet365 coupon code Gong classics。"Zuo Zhuan" records in the second year of Zhao Gong，The Marquis of Jin sent Han Xuanzi to hire Lu，"Observe books in the great historian，See "Yi", "Xiang" and "Lu Chunqiu"，Said: The rites of bet365 coupon code are all in Lu，I now know the virtues of Duke bet365 coupon code and the reason why he is the king of bet365 coupon code Dynasty”，Visible Duke bet365 coupon code、The profound influence of bet365 coupon code rites on the state of Lu。Also recorded in "Zuo Zhuan" in the 18th year of Duke Wen: Duke Xuan accepted the prince of Ju who had killed his father and stolen the treasure and wanted to grant the city to him，Ji Sunxing’s father expelled him，When he sent Tai Shike back to report to Duke Xuan，That is, quoting "bet365 coupon code Rites" and "Oath of Destiny" written by bet365 coupon code Gong。Chu people also cited "Kang Gao" and "Wu Yi" for admonishment (see "Guo Yu Chu Yu" and "Zuo Zhuan" in the second year of Chenggong)，Reflects the spread of bet365 coupon code Gong’s remarks during the Spring and Autumn Period。

　Confucius taught the Duke of bet365 coupon code and widely searched his words

Caught until the late Spring and Autumn Period，bet365 coupon code Gong’s remarks were consolidated by Confucius’s compilation of books、Organization。Confucius always regarded himself as the successor of bet365 coupon code Gong’s ritual and music culture，Contained in "The Analects·Shuer"，Confucius said: "It is so bad that I am declining！It has been a long time since I dreamed of Duke bet365 coupon code。"This is to say，"When Confucius was in his prime，Determined to follow the way of Duke bet365 coupon code，So in my dream，Maybe see you sometimes。I know I can’t do it when I’m old，This dream no longer exists。" (Qian Mu: "New Interpretation of the Analects of Confucius"，Jiuzhou Publishing House 2011 Edition，Page 157) "Zuo Zhuan" The Eleventh Year of Ai Gong，Jisun wants to pay taxes by acres，Ask Confucius’ opinion。Illegal behavior，Confucius said: "If your son Ji and Sun want to do it, then follow the law，The Duke of bet365 coupon code’s Code is here。If you want to keep quiet，Why visit again？""Guoyu·Luyuxia" also records this matter，The "Book of bet365 coupon code Gong" is the "Book of bet365 coupon code Gong"，It can be seen that Confucius used the records in bet365 coupon code Gong’s classics as the reference and rules for judging right and wrong。Based on this，Confucius in the process of compiling books，Focus on collecting the chapters about Duke bet365 coupon code、Tidying up is a reasonable thing。

Which bet365 coupon code Gong chapters did Confucius choose when compiling his book，We don’t know for sure。But it’s conceivable，There are 12 bet365 coupon code Gong chapters in the "Jinwen Shangshu" (namely, "Da Gao", "Kang Gao", "Jiu Gao", "Zicai", "Luo Gao", "Duofang", "Zhao Gao", "Duoshi" and "Wu Gao"). "Yi", "Golden Ribbon", "Jun Si", "Establishing Government")，Gai was saved from death because of Confucius’s compilation of books，Published to this day。Out of the 28 chapters of "Jin Wen Shangshu", there are only bet365 coupon code Gong chapters with titles (such as "The Ming of Wei Zi", "Jia He", "Jiang Pu Gu", "Bo Qin", "Tang Gao", "The Ming of Cai Zhong", " "bet365 coupon code Guan", "bet365 coupon code Li", "Oath", etc.)，Perhaps he was also included in Confucius’ selection at that time。Confucius compiled the book，Not only allowed bet365 coupon code Gong’s remarks to be gathered、Save，And spread it widely through books and teaching，Creating a gentleman’s personality in the Confucian school、Being regarded as a model in the pursuit of political ideals。According to statistics，The "Book of Rites" compiled by Confucian scholars quoted "Kang Gao" 5 times，"Luo Gao" 2 times，"Mencius" quotes bet365 coupon code Gong's words three times，"Xunzi" quotes bet365 coupon code Gong's words as many as 9 times。The author of "Zuo Zhuan" compiled 10 materials citing "Kang Gao" into this book，And in the 23rd year of Duke Xiang in Zuozhuan, he quoted "Kang Gao" "Wei Fate is not in the ordinary" to comment on the incident，He should also be a disciple of Confucius。Also，"Guanzi", "Han Feizi", "Warring States Policy", "Lu Shi Chunqiu" and other books also quoted the bet365 coupon code Gong chapter in "Shangshu"。It can be seen that the words of bet365 coupon code Gong have become a public cultural resource in the Warring States Period，Provides reference for various scholars to write books and establish theories。

　"Ge" text and bet365 coupon code Gong's words

"Motto" in "Yi bet365 coupon code Shu·Huangmen·Preface" and "Xiao Kaiwu"，"Genaiyan" and "Yuweige" in "Dakaiwu"，"Ge Li" in "The Book"，All related to Duke bet365 coupon code，There is still controversy over the meaning of the word "ge" in academic circles。About the "motto" of "Imperial Gate Preface"，Qing Dynasty Pan Zhenyun's "Gate"，French style”，And Zhu You once said: "Motto，Zhiyanye。” (Huang Huaixin and others: "Collected Annotations of Yizhou Shuhui"，Page 1131) About the "motto" of "Xiao Kaiwu"，bet365 coupon code Baohong interpreted "ge" as "law"，Niu Hongen is also interpreted as "words that conform to the principles"，But Niu Hongen interpreted the "ge" in "Ge Naiyan" and "Ge Lia" as "Jingdao" (Niu Hongen: "New Translation of Yi bet365 coupon code Shu"，Sanmin Bookstore 2015 edition，Page 215)。About "Dakaiwu" "Liewige"，bet365 coupon code Wengui from the Qing Dynasty said "Ge"，Dharma" (Huang Huaixin et al.: "Collected Annotations of Yi bet365 coupon code Shu Hui"，Page 261-262)。Zhang Wenyu believes: "Ge: refers to aphorisms，The best words。" (Zhang Wenyu: "Complete Translation of Yi bet365 coupon code Shu"，Guizhou People's Publishing House 2000 Edition，Page 101) It can be seen from this，About the word "ge" in the above-mentioned sentences with the word "ge" in the "Book of Yizhou"，Whether it should be interpreted as "法" or "法法"，It is still interpreted as "perfect" and "good"，There are differences among different scholars，Even the views of one scholar are inconsistent。Comprehensive consideration，The author prefers to train "ge" as "fa"，The reasons are as follows。

First, look at the "motto" in "Imperial Gate Preface"。As discussed above，The Duke of bet365 coupon code said at the end of the chapter "Imperial Gate": "Your Majesty"！I’m here”，Intended to remind the ministers to treat his speech as French，As a warning。Therefore, the author of "Yi bet365 coupon code Shu·Preface" calls "Huangmen" bet365 coupon code Gong's "motto of the auxiliary master"，Pan Zhen uses "French style" to explain the word "ge"，Just like the French style of bet365 coupon code Gong’s speech、Conforming warning properties。

Look again at the "motto" in "Xiao Kaiwu"。This article mainly tells about King Wu’s vigilance against the Yin Shang Dynasty day and night but unable to find the right method，The weekly announcement is based on the "Three Poles"、Four Examinations、Five Elements、Qishun、Nine Ages" and other content based on numbers，Wang Wu said at the end of the chapter, "I heard about it in the past，The Code of Practice。Not time，No motto，The sun is rising and the balance is insufficient”，Evaluate "mottos" and "training codes" of "Zhonggui" at the same time，It can be seen that "motto" also has a regular French nature，Can correct the shortcomings of King Wu。There are also "Gennaiyan" and "Yuweige" in "Dakaiwu"，This is the "four relatives" proposed by King Wu against Duke bet365 coupon code、五和、Seven losses、Nine causes、Ten Pornography" and other content based on numbers，The "Geyue" in "Baodian" is also the "four bows" proposed by King Wu to Duke bet365 coupon code、Nine Virtues，There are ten traitors in people，There are ten scattered plans，Three Faithful Words" and other content based on numbers。

It can be seen from this，The content of what bet365 coupon code Gong said about taking numbers as disciplines is closely related to the word "ge"。Taking numbers as discipline，It is a highly condensed experience and lessons in governance and other aspects through numbers、A form of generalization，It is available for reference、Imitate，Mostly French in nature。For example, "Shang Shu·Hong Fan", which records the "nine categories" (nine categories of matters) in governing the country, uses "Fan" as a famous article (pseudo-Confucian biography、Confucius and Shu both taught "Hong Fan" as "Dafa")，Explain that the number-based content such as "Nine Domains" has the nature of laws。Another example is the saying that there are "three short distances" in measuring talents、Three are not close、The "Yi bet365 coupon code Shu·Quan Fa" written by "Three Incompetent Animals" is famous for its "Fa"，Also embodies the nature of laws based on numbers。Then，Many of the above-mentioned contents based on numbers proposed by Duke bet365 coupon code to King Wu are also of a legal nature，King Wu responded with sentences with the character "ge" such as "motto", "ge nai (er)yan", "yiaweige" and so on，It is an affirmation of the function of the program of counting numbers as the discipline of bet365 coupon code Gong。Therefore，Train the "ge" in the "mottos", "ge nai (er) words" and "yewige" in the "Book of Yizhou" as "fa" and "fashi"，It’s logical。

If so，“Motto” can be French speaking，"Ge Nai (Er) Yan" means that your words are French style，"Laiweige" means that your words are the law，Such an interpretation follows the word order，There is no hindrance in bringing back the original text of "Yi bet365 coupon code Shu"。Vice versa，If "ge" is trained as "perfect" or "good"，It is neither enough to show that King Wu affirmed bet365 coupon code Gong’s remarks、Adopt attitude，It is not enough to show the French style of bet365 coupon code Gong's words、Alert function。

Want it，Duke bet365 coupon code is the founder of the ritual and music civilization of the Western bet365 coupon code Dynasty，If we say that what he "made rituals and music" formed is a solidified legal code，Then his important political speech is a vivid expression of the spirit of ritual and music、Extension，Both of them are referenced by bet365 coupon code people、The “golden rule” of imitation。Based on the words of bet365 coupon code Gong in the Western bet365 coupon code Dynasty、The French style of two dynasties、Alert function，And during the Spring and Autumn Period, bet365 coupon code Gong's remarks were widely circulated and regarded as a guideline by ministers and officials of various countries，Until Confucius compiled the book，And through calligraphy and teaching, the words of Duke bet365 coupon code became the ideal pursued by Confucian scholars、Guidelines for shaping personality，In the Warring States Period, Duke bet365 coupon code’s remarks became a public cultural resource for scholars to write books，The above-mentioned words of Duke bet365 coupon code came about、Published、The historical process of assembly，Influenced the compilers of "Yi bet365 coupon code Shu" in the Warring States Period to use the word "ge" with the meaning of "law"，The French style to highlight the words of Duke bet365 coupon code、Alert function。This is the important reason why "Yi bet365 coupon code Shu" calls the words of bet365 coupon code Gong "motto"，This is also the origin of the word "motto"。

(This article is a phased result of the 65th batch of the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation's general-funded project "Special Research on Pre-Qin Cultural and Sports Issues from a Cautionary Perspective" (2019M652764)

(The author is a distinguished researcher at the School of History and Culture, South China Normal University)