Seal mud retains the real objects of the ancients with printing mud，It is used for sealing Yan Jianye's document、Mud blocks of valuable utensils, etc.。The text information of the seal is saved on its mark，The purpose is to verify and apply，Prevent private demolition and change，There is a confidential and anti -pseudo function，Carrying officer、Geography、Book Carving、History, culture, language and other information。The mud is unearthed with the tomb or archeological excavation，The era and region are more clear，Research value with high historical culture and language and words。So far, there are many unearthed quantities of Qin and Han dynasties，Due to Han Chengqin system，Unique research value of Qinfeng Mud text attracted much attention。Since the late Qing Dynasty，The study of Qinfeng Mud text has experienced three stages。

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In the second year of Qing Daoguang (1822)，Sichuan Shanmin accidentally dug more than 100 sealing mud，Except for part damage，Most of them by Liu Xihai、Gong Zizhen、Favorites of Yan Peixuan and others。1842，Wu Rongguang compiled the 6 sealing mud into "The Golden Stone of the Qing Dynasty"，Briefly describe its discovery in the preface，This is the earliest record of sealing mud。囿 囿 limit，This 6 sealing mud is mistaken for "Hanshin Fanzi"。Later，Liu Xihai According to "Hou Han · Bai Guanzhi", "The Main Royal Paper Pen Ink and Shangshu Finance uses things and seal mud"，The name "Seal the Mud"。Late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China，Research on mud is mainly concentrated in three aspects。

First，Compilation of mud materials and text records。Following Wu Rongguang's "The Golden Stone of the Qing Dynasty"，Liu bet365 live casino games Ye's "Tieyun Tibetan Sealing Mud" volume，Includes more than 100 sealing pins。Both books are assembly materials，​​constantly identifying forgery，No interpretation。Chen Jieqi "Ten Cop of Mountain House Seal"、Wu Shifen and Chen Jieqi "Sealing Mud Test"、Luo Zhenyu's "Qilu Seal Mud Collection"、Wu Chongye's "Continuous Sealing Mud Examination" (draft)、Chen Baochen "Chengqiu Pavilion Collection Ancient Sealing Mud"、Zhou Mingtai's "Continued Mud Examination" and "Renewal of Mud Examination", etc.，Also collected some mud materials。other，Wu Dazhen's "Speaking of the Ancient Bud"、Ding Buddha's "Speaking of Ancient Annius"、Strong Lucky "Speaking of the Ancients and Three Supplements", etc.，All recorded a certain amount of ancient seal sealed mud characters。Luo Fuyi edited "Ancient Seal Text" recorded the ancient seal sealing mud character 629 characters，Appendix 600，It is a summary of the research results of the ancient seal sealing mud in this period。

2，Clarifying the function of mud sealing and the method of prosecution。Liu Xun to Liu Xihai、The collection of the collection of Gong Zizhen and Shanxi Yanjiaxuan and others were summarized，It is pointed out that the function of sealing mud is "the ancients of the ancients and the mud of the buds and the seal"。Wang Guowei's "Simple Inspection Department Test" further pointed out，Ancient Books 牍 梜、Two types of sac，Reporting 牍 牍 牍 牍 牍 牍 牍 牍，Bond the rope "，"The board used for the seal，Examination "，take the lead in detailed research out of the mud sealing system，This is a pioneering result in the study of mud。

third，Carrying off the muddy officer、Geography and History Research。Wu Shifen and Chen Jieqi "Sealing Mud Test" not only collects the mud patch，Description shape、Reading text，and the history involved、Officer、Geography and other issues to study，Bet365 lotto review The first use of the example of the history of the text of the mud text。Luo Zhenyu's "Qilu Seal Mud Collection"、Wu Chongye's "Continuous Passion Test", etc., refer to its style of writing。

　Qinfeng Mud text research at the beginning of the first prosperous

1949-1995 archeological excavation sealing mud，Most of them are mud in the Han Dynasty，and Qin Feng clay less，Related research is also mostly archeological、Painting and Calligraphy、Historical culture and other aspects，and language。Some scholars began to pay attention to the unique research value of the text of Qin Yin (sealing mud)，Related Research Early prosperity，It is mainly reflected in three aspects。

First，Research and Division of Studies Promotion。Luo Fuyi、Wang Rencong、Qiu Xi Gui、Ye Qifeng、Tang Yuhui、Zhao Chao and others have published related theories，Promoting the ancient seal sealing mud interrogation、Installation and Qin Yin (Sealed Mud) Shape characteristics and other studies。Luo Fuyi "Qin, Han, North and Northern Dynasties official seal" was proposed for the first time，Differential Qin with characteristics such as field character and chisel printing、Han Yin (seal mud)，guiding significance for subsequent research。

2，Font characteristics and text test interpretation studies have made certain progress。Because the text of the mud is the same or similar as the seal print part，Researchers usually seal the seal、Seal mud or other inscription materials together，such as Huang Binhong、Chen Zhi、Sha Menghai、Luo Fuyi、Zhu Dexi、Li Xueqin、Qiu Xi Gui、Yu Hao Liang、Huang Shengzhang、Cao Jinyan、​​Zhao Chao、Wang Hui、Wu Zhenwu、Lin Suqing、He Linyi、Tang Yuhui、Shi Xie Jie、髙 Ming、Wang Rencong、Xu Zaiguo、Li Jiahao and other scholars have published related theories，Get some progress。Where，Sha Menghai "Talking about Qin Yin"、Wang Hui "Qin Yin's Explanation", etc., began to pay attention to the unique research bet365 live casino games value of Qin Yin (sealing mud) text。

third，In terms of material recording，Comprehensive works appear。Before 1994，Liaoning、Shandong、Shaanxi、Jiangsu、Hubei and other provinces excavated the situation and their research results，Most published in archeological journals or archeological excavations，relatively scattered。1994，Shanghai Bookstore Publishing House published the "Ancient Polytes Integration" edited by Sun Weizu，An important tool book for the study of Qin Feng clay text。The book contains most of the information of mud in the 1990s with most of the predecessors，2642 pieces，Many of them are Qin Feng mud。

　Qinfeng mud text research becomes prosperous

From the summer of 1995，Thousands of Qinfeng Mud was found near Xiangjiaxiang Lane of the northern suburbs of Xi'an。The introduction of this material，It marks that the text of the Qin Feng mud is truly separated from the research of the ancient seal，Become a special research field，Related results are endless。

First，In terms of information。Sun Xunzu、Zhou Xiaolu、Lu Dongzhi、Pang Rui、Ni Zhijun、Fu Jiayi、Luo Xiaohong、Ren Long、Yang Guangtai and other theories have published theory，Announced materials，Carry out research。2000，Zhou Xiaolu、The editor of Lu Dong "Qin Feng Mud Collection"，Collection of most of the mud data unearthed and disappeared before 1997 and the previous types of records、Newspapers、Discovery report，and all the mud information hidden in Zhenqinzhai, Macau，But there are still individual information lost。Since then，Ancient Taowen Museum、Wen Yatang、Shanghai Museum、Japanese Yigu Academy and other institutions，Liu Qingzhu、Li Yufang、Zhou Xiaolu、Fu Jiayi、Sun Xunzu、Ma Ji、Chen Xiaolijie, etc.，Some Qinfeng Mud information has been announced one after another。2007，Fu Jiayi's "Qin Feng Mudi Examination" includes bet365 best casino games more than 1,600 Qin Feng mud，It is an important information about the Qinfeng Mud material of Qinfeng Mud in Qin Family Lane after "Qin Feng Ni Ji"。2018，Xiling Yinshe published the "China Sealing Mud Department" edited by Ren Hongyu and others，Among them, 5485 pieces of Qin Yin sealing mud porn。2020，Liu Rui's "Qin Feng Mud Collection" includes 9218 Qin Feng Mud、2350 species。

2，Instant interrogation aspect。Li Xueqin、Zhou Xiaolu、Lu Dongzhi、Zhang Yizheng、Li Ling、Wang Hui、Liu Rui、History Party Club、Sun Xunzu、Han Chang'an City Working Team of the Institute of Archeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences，All studied Qin Feng Ni Xie Dai Question。Li Ling believes that the time limit of the time limit of the mud material unearthed from Xiangjiaxiang may be the second year of Emperor Hanwen (178 years ago)，Other scholars believe that its era is from the Warring States Period to the Qin Dynasty。

third，Text test interpretation。Qin Feng Mud text fonts regularly，approximate Xiaoyan，The scholars generally interpret when the material was announced。In terms of interpretation of difficult words，Sun Xunzu's "New See Qin Guanyin Sealing Mud Test" opens its end。Later，Wu Zhenzheng、Zhou Xiaolu、Lu Dongzhi、Pang Rui、Zhou Weizhou、Zhao Ping'an、Wang Hui、Tang Chao、Li Kai、Zhou Tianyou、Liu Rui、Ma Ji、Fu Jiayi、Hunan Cultural Relics and Archeology Research Institute, etc.，Examination interpretation of Qin Feng clay text。Where，2021，Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House published "Qin Feng Ni Ji Ji Interpretation" compiled by Liu Rui，The Qinfeng Mud information and results of the Qinfeng mud unearthed for more than a hundred years have been systematically organized，Research on the text of Qinfeng Mud text。

Fourth，Qin Feng mud out of land hope and other aspects of research progress。The exact land for Qinfeng mud in Xiangjiaxiang Lane，Bet365 app download The academic world has not yet formed a unified understanding，There are various opinions such as "Nangong", "Ganquan Palace", "Shin Palace", "Northern Palace" and "West Palace"，Suspecting to test。Use Qin Feng Mud text materials to make some progress in the study of Qin history，For example, Yu Huaqing's Qin and Han eunuch system、Legend of Yuefu system of Zhou Tianyou。Zhou Xiaolu、Lu Dongzhi、Zhang Yizheng、Zhou Weizhou、Wang Wei and others published theory，A certain progress has been made in the geographical research of the official officials of Qin Feng Mud。Where，2014，Wang Wei published "Qinxi Printing Mud Officer Geographical Research" on the basis of a doctoral dissertation，System study Qin Fengnian's official geographical system，Solved some difficult problems in the geographical aspects of the Qin duty。2019，Zhao Ping'an、Li Jing、Shi Xiaoli compiled "Qin and Han seal sealing mud text compilation"，A comprehensive collation of the Qin and Han seals and the clay characters，Includes nearly 4,000 characters。2021，Publishing Corporation of Shaanxi Normal University published the "Department of Qin Feng Ni and Qin Culture Research Book Department"，From text、Archaeological、Painting and calligraphy and other angles，Deepen the study of Qin Feng mud text。

So far，Data from Qinfeng Mud text、Organization and exemption results have accumulated a certain scale，But related research is still decentralized，Urgently need to be integrated。At the same time，Qin Feng Mud text research has also possessed the conditions for development of big data。In the future, Qin Feng mud text research can be analyzed through big data，Study Thunderbolt Mud、The same word aliens、Text layout features, etc.，How to reveal how the sealing text is layout through typesetting、Similar heterogeneous、Play variation and other methods to play bet365 Play online games the function of anti -counterfeiting secrets。other，It can also be combined with comparison of time with time，According to the outlets involved、Glyph characteristic、Vocational Officer Geography, etc.，Subscribe to Qin Feng Mud text，Carry out the interoperability and comparative study of the text and other types of text materials of the Qinfeng mud and other types of text，Summary of the development and evolution of its text shape，Explore its era、Geographical features，Reveal the culture it contains、Customs、History、Geography and other information。

(Author Unit: School of Literature, South China Normal University、Guangdong Education Examination Institute)