■ Dragon and Tiger Zun Author/Figure Figure

China and Europe with similar area，East and West East and West, respectively，and bred their own bronze civilizations in the bronze days。The former laid the foundation of East Asian civilization，The latter becomes the direct source of Western civilization。，Taoism is not contradictory。"" comparative analysis of bronze civilizations of the two places，It is an important subject to grasp the ancient civilization of the East and the West and the diversity of human civilization。

　　Bet365 lotto review

Around 2000 BC，Gansu Qijia、Xichengyi、Siba and Shaanxi Shi、Shanxi Tao Temple、A certain number of bronze products appeared in Wangchenggang and Xinzhai, Henan Province。This shows that the threshold for the Bronze Age in northern China and Central Plains。After about 500 years，The southern region centered on the middle reaches of the Yangtze River enters the Bronze Age under the influence of the Central Plains bronze civilization。So far，Central Plains、North、Southern Bronze Civilization Third Line parallel pattern basically formed，and continue until the end of the bronze era。

Northern China Bronze Civilization with bronze weapons、Tool、Decoration，There is no essential difference between the category and casting process and the casting process，An important part of the bronze civilization belonging to the Asian and European grassland。Central Plains has formed a bronze civilization with containers as the core，This civilization form is not seen in bronze civilization outside China。Southern bronze civilization is similar to the Central Plains region，Just in the combination of bronze wares、shape、Details such as decoration and buried situations have some characteristics，The secondary type of the bronze civilization belonging to the Central Plains。The exchange of bronze civilization in the three places mainly occurs in the Central Plains and the North、Between Central Plains and South，and the communication between the north and the south, especially the direct communication is less。

Around 3000 BC，European Bronze Age opened from Southeast Europe，In the following 1500 years，The threshold of the Bronze Age has been entered throughout the European era。Bronze civilization in most parts of Europe has certain similarities，Bronze weapons bet365 best casino games are popular、Tools and decorations。but，European geographical unit is broken，Complex and diverse natural environment，The bronze civilization in the territory also shows different regional characteristics (Jane Mcingtosh: "Exploring the prehistoric European civilization"，Liu Yangang and other translations，Business Press 2010)。

South Europe is deeply influenced by the bronze civilization of the Crescent of the East Coast of the Mediterranean，Early earlier time to enter the Bronze Age，Portrait is more developed。Eastern Europe, especially the southern region, is not later than southern Europe，Bronze wares present a clear grassland style，Weapons are very developed。Under the influence of bronze civilization in South Europe and Eastern Europe，Central European and Western European Entering Bronze Age is also earlier，There are more agricultural tools in the texture of bronze，Frequent ashes、wine cans and other bronze wares。Western European coast and Iberian Peninsula under the influence of bronze civilization in South Europe and inland European Europe，Combined with your own cultural tradition，formed a carp tongue sword、Wing -shaped Ax、Bronze Civilization, which features bronze wares such as Bachelor Sword。Northern Europe away from the core area of ​​bronze civilization，Add copper tin resource deficiency，Lay time to enter the bronze era，Although its bronze civilization is deeply affected by Eastern Europe、Central Europe、Influence of Western European Bronze Civilization，but also created a tree -shaped ax、Sun Car and other distinctive bronze wares。

Mountains and rivers in China，Adding latitude and climate restrictions，Northern and south differences that cause Chinese culture are greater than things differences，Bronze civilization also presents this feature。Since the Central Plains bronze civilization is always stronger，Northern Bronze Civilization is basically limited in the Great Wall and north of the region，and southern bronze civilization is basically distributed in Qinling -South Huaihe，Make Chinese bronze civilization present a relatively stable three -line parallel pattern。The pattern of European bronze civilization is more complicated，The power of promoting the change of European bronze civilization pattern mainly comes from Southern European Mediterranean bronze civilization and Eastern European grass -original bronze civilization。These two civilizations, one south, one north，A long -term impact on continental Europe，Plus the impact of the grassland crowd on the southern Bet365 lotto review European region and the successive rise of ancient Greece and Rome，make the European bronze civilization pattern that was originally diversified more complicated and more varied。

　　External features

■ Introali bronze horse portrait author/Figure

Instrumental aspects，The bronze in China Central Plains and the South is mainly container，With a musical instrument、Weapon、The tool is supplemented。The bronze container during the Xiashang period is based on the wine device，Two weeks with food utensils as the core，The former is mainly Jue、斝、觚、Zun、Dun、pot、罍，The latter is mainly Ding、鬲、簋、Beans、簠、Dun。Bronze instruments mainly have bells、铙、Clock、镈。A common Ge、spear、Halberd、钺、Sword、镞。The tools mainly have cutting knives、Ax、锛、chisel、Saw、needle。Bronze wares in northern China are closer to the Asian European grassland bronze wares，Popular weapons、Tools and decorations，and less containers。Bronze in Europe, although there are regional differences，But all common weapons、Tools and decorations，Especially popular ax and swords; bronze wares mainly have ax、horizontal ax、Vertical Ax、Short sword、Long sword、spear、Dagger、machete、镞、锄、sickle、Sword cut、锛、chisel、Hook、cone、needle、Point、earrings、Necklace、Bracelet、card decoration、Stand head、Horse、Mirror、Animals，less container and instruments。

Decoration on the decoration，Chinese bronze wares attach great importance to the decoration of the surface of the utensil，Bronze with exquisite decoration is not countless，Many bronze wares have three layers of full flowers。For example, the famous four sheep Fang Zun、Dragon Tiger Zun、dish Fang 罍、Lotus Crane Fang Pot、Zeng Hou Yi Zun Pan and a lot of wrong gold and silver bronze wares (Zhang Changping: "Chinese and Western Bronze and World Bronze Civilization"，"China Social Sciences" August 10, 2012, 6th edition)。As far as the subject matter is concerned，The most popular beast face pattern in Chinese bronze wares、Dragon pattern、Phoenix Bird Pattern、stealing patterns、ring with pattern、螭、虺, etc., basically belong to fantasy or abstract animal patterns，Raise the character image of the character portrait in the late spring and autumn of the spring and autumn。European bronze with decorations in Europe is relatively small，The theme of the decoration is mostly produced、Life、bet365 best casino games Sacrifice、Drawing of scenes such as war or myth。For example, mirrors and dressing boxes of Greek classical period、Six -leg Copper Pot in the Itrus period、Decoration on bronze wares such as the Celtics，Most of the characters，It has strong realism，Different from Chinese bronze ornaments。

In terms of inscription，According to statistics，At present, there have been more than 20,000 pieces of bronze in the Shang and Zhou dynasties that have been reported.，and continue to increase every year，Many of them have more than 100 words of long inscription bronze，Drop various historical facts，Has high historical value，Mao Gongding with 499 words、Records the sharpness of the Zhou people from the merchants、He Zun in the inscription "House Zezin"、History wall disk containing Zhou Wang and the family world。and the inscriptions of the European Bronze Age and the early Iron Age were mainly discovered in the Greek Peninsula and the Asian Peninsula after the 8th century BC，Most of the inscriptions are engraved on stone or pottery，The content is mainly sacrifice、League of Treatment, etc.，If Apollo portraits、Her Kodamas can、Ellis and Heraier League, etc. (Zhang Qiang translated: "Ancient Greek Inscriptions"，Zhonghua Book Company 2018 edition)。Compared to China，There are not many bronzes with inscriptions in Europe，Single inscriptions have less words，The content is not very rich，The value of historical materials is relatively inferior。other，Most of the Chinese bronze inscriptions are cast inscriptions，and the vast majority of European bronze inscriptions are engraved inscriptions。

Founding，Bronze Weapons、The casting of solid appliances such as tools is relatively simple，As long as the gap between the two external models is injected into the copper solution, it can be completed，No internal mold。Bronze weapons in China and Europe、Tools and other solid utensils are basically cast by this method。The casting of the container is much more complicated，There are two main ways: one is to cast copper pieces first，Then connect to a container by forging，European bronze containers are mainly cast in this method; one is a more complex composite technology，​​Need to flip out the internal model，Then evenly cut the inner mode to remove a layer or replace it with a smaller internal mold，There is a uniform gap between the inner mold and the outer fan to pour the copper liquid，Need to be superb composite model casting technology，Most bronze containers bet365 live casino games in China use this casting method。other，European portrait, especially in South Europe、Animals and other more complicated bronze wares are mainly cast into a loss of waxing method，And the academic community has not obtained a consistent opinion on whether the Chinese bronze era has used in the Chinese bronze era。

　　Inner intentions

■ Itrus Bronze Fish Mergotes Author/Figure Figure

Bronze in China and Europe in the Bronze Age are very important materials。The bronze wares of the Xia and Shang and Zhou dynasties are symbols of the aristocratic status，For example, the use of the nation system and the two -week period of the two weeks of the trial system and the chip clock system。This level of order is far -reaching，The former entered the political field in the form of the title of the title，The latter became a symbol of the state power during the Spring and Autumn Period。other，In terms of archeological data，The center of gravity of the bronze in the Central Plains is "Sacrifice and Rong"，"Sacrifice" before "Rong"，The target of the sacrifice is mainly ancestors，The final destination is generally buried in the tomb。Bronze wares before the Western Zhou Dynasty in the south are mostly buried near the mountains and rivers because of sacrifice natural gods，Two weeks gradually shifted to sacrifice ancestors and eventually buried underground。Bronze wares in the northern region are also mainly found in tombs，Only a small amount of sacrifice relics。

The casting and use of European bronzes mainly revolves around war、Sacrifice、Production and Life，The military atmosphere is relatively strong。The object of the European bronze sacrifice is mainly gods instead of ancestors，For example, most people in South Europe are likes or sacrifices dedicated to God or those related to God。Nordic bronze wares are mostly from lakes、Swamp，Sacrifice is generally considered to be dedicated to the gods。Bronze wares in Central Europe and Western Europe are mostly in the cellar and a small number of high -grade tombs，Most of them are related to the sacrifice of the gods。Bronze wares along the coast of Western European coasts are mainly due to cellar or sacrifice pit，For example, the Heifang Cellar in London, England、Pipbers cellar in Scotland，Bronze wares are mostly tools and weapons，These cellars may be the remains of sacrifice gods。Eastern European bronze wares are mostly from tombs，A small amount of a cellar or sacrifice pit，The atmosphere of the god sacrifice is not strong in other parts Bet365 lotto review of Europe。other，The identity function of the European bronze ware is mainly through the number of burial bronze wares、The degree of volume and exquisiteness，Unlike China in the Shang and Week, China also establishes an additional order -oriented jue with an orderly order、Lie Ding System and Edge System。

　　commonality and differences

Overall，China and European bronze civilization have a certain commonality，For example, the start time of the bronze era in most parts of Europe is close to China，Bronze wares in both places are mainly due to tombs and sacrifice relics，There are weapons in the category、Tool、container、Decoration、Daily utensils, etc.，Among them, weapons、The casting of solid utensils such as tools is mainly used by dual models。other，China and Europe attach great importance to sacrifice and war。

In terms of pattern，China and European bronze civilization also have obvious differences。In terms of pattern，Chinese bronze civilization roughly presents the north、Central Plains、Southern Third Line parallel stability pattern，The pattern of European bronze civilization is more complicated and changing。External features，Chinese bronze civilization is generally container as the core，Bronze wares are mostly made of composite fan，​​The decorations are mostly fantasy or abstract animal patterns; European bronze civilization is used with weapons、Tool、Portrait is the main; bronze casting method mainly has Fan casting method、Forging method and loss of wax，Among them, the container mostly uses forging，Portrait、Animals and other more complicated copper wares are mostly used in waxing method; the decorations mostly express social life or mythical stories in the form of characters，It has strong realism。Connotation，The sacrifice target of Chinese bronze wares is mainly ancestors，Eventually buried in the tomb; the object of the European bronze wares is mainly the god，Most of the sacrifice sacrifice venues，A small part is buried in the tomb。

The reasons for the characteristics of Chinese bronze civilization in China，There are two main: one is the cultural exchange between the two，This long -distance communication that spanned the Asia -Europe continent is indirectly completed through short -distance communication，Mainly occur between the grassland of northern China and the Eastern European grassland。Second, humans in different regions are facing a similar living environment，Sometimes it will make similar cultural choices or cultural adaptation，to create similar material bet365 Play online games culture and even spiritual culture，For example, the domestication of crops and livestock、The production of pottery、Buried dead, etc.。another bronze portrait in Sanxingdui sacrifice pit，Southern Europe, which seems to be popular with portraits、West Asia、There are some associations in Egypt，but actually，Portrait popularity is a universal feature of the deity belief in the strong beliefs，Can't explain that there is a relationship during the period。

The reasons for the differences between China and European bronze civilization，It mainly lies in both ends of the east and west locations of the two places，less cultural exchanges between each other，Add cultural tradition、Different from the natural environment，Differences in the meantime are inevitable，It is the so -called "incurable thing，The feelings of things also "。This is exactly these differences，Only created a colorful human civilization。

　(This article is the Study Research Research on the National Social Science Foundation "Ancient Chinese Bronze Inspection" (19xkg009) phase results)

(Author Unit: School of History and Culture, Shaanxi Normal University)