There is a Qing Dynasty，Emperor calls officials every day，To handle government affairs、Get information。This is mainly there are several types: (1) Seeing the Minister of Military Aircraft，Assist the emperor to deal with the memorial; (2)、Waiting for the waiter on the day of the day; (3) Beijing official、Officials from other provinces get new appointments，Played by thanks，Request the emperor to call;、Deputy Capital and other officials after the office expires，Seeing the emperor in Beijing; (5) Officials Ding Saying expired or after healing，Request to see the emperor; (6) The emperor due to military affairs、Headman and other important matters summoned officials; (7) officials were called by the emperor after being guaranteed;。where，It is very important to call the new official to call the new official。Starting from the late Kangxi dynasty，Fighting Daxing，The original early dynasty -Royal Men listening to politics is increasingly decreasing。In Yongzheng、Qianlong Dynasty，Gradually formed the officials of all ministries and departments of Beijing (including college scholars、Shangshu、Sales Lang, etc.) Rotating things、The early dynasty system seen by the military aircraft，Its core content is to deal with the memorial，and become the main content of the high -level government affairs operation of the Qing Dynasty。The emperor will also summon the newly -appointed Beijing official、Officials from other provinces talk，This approach continues until the end of the Qing Dynasty。

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After receiving the latest appointment notice released by the Qing court，Officials will play Xie En，and ask the emperor to call it。For officials from other provinces，The program is quite boring，Especially Zhifu、Vice General and other cultural and military officials did not play right，They will ask the provincial governor、The governor is played by the governor，After being approved by the emperor，。This routine program Bet365 app download is sometimes interrupted，For example, officials are sick、When the transaction cannot be pumped,，They can only extend the vision，The emperor often graces。After the officials of the foreign province arrived at the Beijing Division，If it is a civilian officer in the inspection above、Deputy Capital and General Military Officer，You also need to present the "meal" with official titles and names to the play office。Relatively speaking，Beijing officials are much easier，Once you know the official change，They will submit Xie Enzheng and the meal to the Playing Department，Ready to accept the emperor's call on the second day。The Emperor of the Qing Dynasty is known for his diligence，Batch the memorial after getting up，After breakfast, start calling a courtier。Emperor Qianlong (6:00) began to call，Emperor Daoguang Zai Yin Zheng Zheng (4:45)，Emperor Xianfeng often carved at Chen (7:00)，After the pro -government of Emperor Guangxu，The call time is in Yinzheng (4:00)。So，The Ministry of Ministry of the Ministry of Turkish Correction、Sales，and the newly -called new Beijing official、Officials from other provinces must be prepared to get up early。The place where the emperor summons officials is mainly the Ganqing Palace、Yangxin Temple、Xiyuan Qinzheng Hall、Yuanmingyuan、Summer Palace and other places，Officials who are preparing to meet need to rush to the corresponding position before the emperor calls。

The emperor will leave a meal of the meal when you break the meals，Then it is called by the inner servant。Eunuch leads the new officials after entering the hall，Exit immediately。At this time，There are only two monarchs and ministers in the hall，This is called "alone pair"。When the emperor asked the minister to ask the minister various matters，The courtiers must kneel all the way。To prevent the discourse information of the monarch and minister's dialogue，The management of the Qing Dynasty was very strict。Eight years of Jiaqing (1803)，When Emperor Jiaqing summoned officials in Yulan Church in Qingyi Garden，There are eunuchs walking across the door，Not only should the eunuchs Bet365 app download be responsible for the 30 big boards，The eunuch Wu Tiancheng and others were also punished。After the dialogue of the monarch and minister，Emperor sometimes calls again the next day，The courtiers must be prepared。Six years of Xianfeng (1856)，Zhang Jixin supplements Gansu administration envoy，Get five times after coming to Beijing。Xianfeng, August 20, 7th to the 2nd of September，New Governor of Sichuan Wang Qingyun accepted eight calls。Call or not，It is determined by the emperor。If the courtier plays itself, please return，It is easy to cause the emperor dissatisfaction。43 years of Qianlong (1778)，Yang Daye, the chief soldier of Yanzhen Town, Hunan Town, after the end of the game，Please return immediately。Emperor Qianlong is very angry，So on the grounds of loss，Leave him in office。Only after the emperor was summoned，Officials from other provinces can leave Beijing。After taking office，Generally, you need to play Xie En again，and state the harvest of farmland along the way。

Late Qing Dynasty，After the curtain listening to politics，The situation has changed。In Tongzhi Emperor、Before the pro -government of Emperor Guangxu，The Queen Mother of the Two House participated in the summoning minister。where，Cixi played a leading role in the process of calling，Ci'an rarely speaks。After the coupon of the Wuying，Emperor Guangxu lost real rights。When he summoned officials，Cixi will also be present。Therefore，Emperor Guangxu can only ask something irrelevant，Most of the time is trained by Cixi to the Minister。

　Emperor's inspection, grace and obtaining information

The emperor summoned the new official，The first role is to investigate them，Test whether its knowledge reserves and administrative capabilities can be competent for new jobs，and give some governance instructions。Because Beijing officials are generally relocated between the ministries，The question asked by the emperor will be around him、The upcoming Yamen Expand。In the second year of Guangxu (1876)，The right servant of the Ministry of Criminal Affairs Weng Tong and the appointed by the Qing court as the right servant。Weng Tonghe when receiving Bet365 app download the call，First answer his work in the Ministry of Criminal，Then explain his understanding of the affairs of the Ministry of Households。Officials from other provinces are usually transferred to another province，Dialogue between monarchs and ministers is related to these two provinces。Daoguang 29 years (1849)，Sichuan according to the inspection ambassador to Zhang Jixin to grant Guizhou administration envoy。When Emperor Daoguang was summoned for the first time，Ask Sichuan's law and order situation。two days later，During the third call，Emperor Daoguang is Guizhou Qianliang、How to handle the relationship with the governor of the province to train him。After the call is over，If the emperor thinks that the official is mediocre and incompetent，It is difficult to compete for this position，Re -adjust; for some old and old officials，Even let them return to home。In the first year of Daoguang，New Hubei governor Yang Yantian has been summoned many times，Emperor Daoguang believes that he "is still flat，Examine its talents，It seems to be an endless heavy responsibility "。Due to the lack of people replace，Emperor Daoguang barely allowed him to take office，At the same time, Chen Ruolin, Governor of Huguang, supervise him，Report the situation at any time。After receiving multiple pieces of memorials from Chen Ruolin，Emperor Daoguang can rest assured to Yang Yantian。Some officials who have performed well in the pair of playback，will get the imperial poem、Lotus bag and other rewards。

Emperor Qianlong believed that the calling official was to return to the "Chen Chen's Attachment"，Cover them，So as to consolidate the relationship between the monarch and minister。Generally speaking，The emperor will ask officials' family life，Care for the ministers。The first year of Xianfeng，Zhan Shifu Zhan Shi Wang Qingyun was asked about family affairs when playing right，He said with emotion, "The micro with the wife of the room，Who is the minister，Who is the minister，Smok with a good luck "。Errison suffered by the courtiers，The emperor will also take the initiative to express comfort，The bet365 Play online games ministers are all grateful for this。

Information is the basis of decision -making，The emperor will broaden their information channels by calling new officials。Diverse content of the dialogue between the monarch and minister，Including officials from various places、People Ding Qianliang、Water conservancy water affected。Zhang Jixin accepted the call in the sixth and nine years of Xianfeng，Just at the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Uprising，Emperor Xianfeng asked him to report the situation where the Minister of Leaders in Zhili and Jiangsu，Ru Sheng Bao、The character and strategy of monk Gelinqin and others。Late Qing Dynasty，More and more communication between China and foreign countries，The emperor also learned about the evolution of foreign exchanges from officials who handled diplomatic affairs、Changes in the international situation。

　The choice of the official position of the new official

For officials who are far away from the provinces of the Beijing Master，It is a very rare glory for being summoned by the emperor alone。Most officials will try their best to present the best side to the emperor，Including clean clothes、Careful playing right，Avoid negligence，As a result of influence。In the first year of Yongzheng (1723)，Yang Tianzong is promoted to the general soldier in Linyuan Town, Yunnan，Seeing by Emperor Yongzheng。He is old and strong、Extraordinary atmosphere，Talking when playing again，As a result, it is rewarded。

Not all officials are satisfied with new positions，But they will not play directly to refuse，Instead, I will try to express my thoughts in the right。Some officials usually use their mother's age、It is not convenient to bring your relatives to office，Eupure to the emperor。The Qing Dynasty attaches importance to filial piety，If the situation is true，The emperor usually re -adjusts personnel。The first year of Yongzheng，Lan Lan Guard Li Jingtai Make up Yunnan Dali Bidding Right Camp Right Camp Chinese Army。When he was receiving the call，means "Slavey mother is 76 years old，Yunnan Wanli Long distance，Unless you can't go "，I won the grace of Emperor Yongzheng，Then Bet365 app download adjust the defense of the Chinese army in Jiaozhou Camp, Shandong。

　　There are many disadvantages to call the system

There are some deficiencies when calling the new official system，and accompanied by changes in the world，These shortcomings are getting more and more serious。

First，The effect of calling the new officials is very close to the emperor's ability。Different emperors' abilities are different，Emperor Kangxi、Emperor Yongzheng、Emperor Qianlong is smart and strong，Emperor Daoguang and Emperor Xianfeng are obviously not as good as。Daoguang Emperor likes to show off，and the courage to reform in the development of the Qing Dynasty，Only small repair。Based on this，The officials of the Qing Dynasty handled the transaction based on the order issued by Emperor Daoguang，It is difficult to properly solve the problems existing in society。Emperor Xianfeng is too light，Serious lack of knowledge of the dynasty and the knowledge of the world，When summoning the courtier，Often ask some very trivial questions。At this time，The courtier needs to kneel all the way，It is inevitable to have resentment。Dao Xian years，China is facing internal and external problems，From the process of calling new officials, you can see that the Qing government is difficult to cope with complex current situation。

Next，The professional trend of employment of the Ministry of Qing Dynasty has led to a great reduction in the role of calling new officials。Beijing officials can move between different ministries，However, in the late Qing Dynasty，In order to deal with specialized affairs，Need to be promoted in order in this system，Accumulate rich experience。During the New Deal in the late Qing Dynasty，The establishment of 丞 and Senate system is the Ministry of Foreign Affairs、The professionalization of employment of the Ministry of Agriculture and Industry and the Ministry of Agriculture and Industry provides an important guarantee。Officials in these ministries can from the member Wairlang、Lang Zhong is promoted to the Senate、丞，Even becoming Shangshu、Safe Lang and other supervisors。In this case，The dialogue of the monarch and minister does bet365 best casino games not seem to be practical。From 31st to 33 years of Guangxu，Zou Jialai is promoted to the left of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs，Subsequent re -granting the Foreign Affairs Department Zuo，Zou Jialai is promoted to the left of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs。Zou Jialai's three promotion is in the same yamen，Therefore, Cixi's three questions are extremely similar，All asked him to work in the office of the foreign affairs department and the harvest of his hometown Jiangsu，And his repeated answers are not different。

Last，The call system was severely impacted during the late Qing Dynasty。Due to the fierce changes in the internal affairs、Frequent foreign aggression，Escape from the north of Xianfeng Capital、Emperor Guangxu suffers a house arrest、Cixi and Emperor Guangxu fled in Shaanxi，The emperor can hardly call the new officials smoothly。

(Author Unit: Institute of Qing History Research in Renmin University of China)