The origin of the business family is an important area in the research of commercial history，There have been divergent opinions，Among them, Shangyuan Oriental said the most famous and popular。After the intervention of modern archeology，Different from the exploration of the origin of the business tribe gradually concentrated in Oriental Shangqiu and Zhangshui II of Zhangshui，And Dongfang said facing the increasingly shaking dilemma。Getting rid of the dilemma of breakthroughs is not only the problem faced by the East，and it is an important opportunity for deepening the origin of the business family。

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Oriental Theory is quite influential in many theories of Shangyuan，Its core content is that the Shangqiu area of ​​the Shang Dynasty originated from the south of Jishui。This says a number of descriptions from the first -time king of Shangsheng Pioneer，Main basis for three: one，"Book of Songs · Shang Song": "Destiny Xuan Bird，Settlement and Business "，This is the source of the business family。Its two，"Zuo Zhuan · Xianggong Nine Years": "Tao Don's fire is 阏 伯 伯 丘，Phasee Earth Reason "，"Yin Benji": "Equipment is sealed in Shang，Tang Shiju "，This is involved in the land of the early Shang people and the name of Shang Xiangong。Its three，"Mandarin · Lu Lang": "Merchant Mo Shun and Zuzu"，"Zuo Zhuan · Zhaogong Seventeen Years" connects Shao Yan with Xuan Toba again，This indicates that the ancestor of the Shang Dynasty is related to the Oriental Treasure。

The above three items are the main literature foundation in Shangyuan Oriental，The regional range is the east with Shangqiu as the core，Its ethnic attributes are preferred with Dongyi tribe。These contents also have evidence in many related ancient documents，or，Shang Yuan Dongfang said that he has been inherited and continued in the handed down literature。where，Shangxian public name and related residence are the core content，and Shangqiu is the most important link。

Shangqiu is related to the initial Shang Yuanzu and the king of the country.，Therefore, it is an important clue to trace the source of business。"World Ben": "Live Fan，Zhaomingju，Xiangtu Migration Shangqiu。"Xunzi": "Equity King，Sheng Zhaoming，Living in the Lomite，Move in Shang。"The place where the early Shang Dynasty lived in the early days，Involved in "Shang", "Fan", "Stone Stone", "Shangqiu", etc.。Du Yu's "Spring and Autumn Explanation" test: "Song、Business、Shangqiu，Three places，Liang Guo Puyang County also，Or thinking that bet365 live casino games Zhangshui Host Yin Ruins are Shangqiu，Non -also。"This is a great impact，Several initiatives that can be used as Shangyuan Oriental。"Historical Records · Yin Benji" is justified "Including the Earth": "，That is Shangqiu，Land sealed by Yun Yi。""，The Shangqiu, who lives in the same soil, is the conclusion in the Song Dynasty instead of Zhangshui Nanyi.，The saying that "Water Sutra Note" said "Wei Di Puyang is the Mo Bo Xiangtu Shang Qiu".。As for the soup，"Historical Records" quoted Huang Fuyi and said: "Liang Guogu's cooked (Shangqiu Yucheng) is southern，。"" From this，Shangqiu is linked to Tang again，Body Children to Tang 14th，The first and two -pioneering public and the phase of the soil have lived in Shangqiu，Shangqiu therefore became an important geographical node that Shangyuan Oriental said。

After being unearthed in Yinxubi，The unearthed literature promotes the new progress of Shangyuan Oriental，The exploration content is mainly concentrated in the verification of the public name and the place of the place where Shangxian and the place of place.。Wang Guowei first achieved outstanding results in this regard，and the main advocate of Shangyuan Oriental。Since then，Many scholars joined the ranks of supporting Shangyuan Oriental.，But there are many controversy and difference in the research on related specific issues。Chen Mengjia has concluded: The first seventh generation of Shangjia Gao Zuzu，It is not easy to distinguish with the gods，belonging to the era of myths and legends。Reviews on the home of Shangxiangong's house，There are also a lot of differences，But the "business" and "亳" in Budi generally believe that the "business" and "亳" in the current Shangqiu are near today。So，Shangqiu is the geographical core hub of the East。Regional range of the East，The Fan of the Kingdom Victoria Examination is in Tengzhou City, Shandong Province，The east of the phase soil is under Dongyue。From this，The range of the east is extended to the foot of Taishan。This says that many scholars agree and develop，But there is a large location difference in terms of specific grasp: the western person is like Tianchang 5，I think 阏、The Shangqiu of the Phasee is in Zhangshui Basin，Qifan and Tang Yan are both in the water basin，This is actually partially partially talked to Zhangshui, Shangyuan Hanoi;，extend the range of Shangyuan Oriental to the Shandong Peninsula。

In short，Shang Yuan Dongfang said that there is a more prominent advantage in the handed down literature，But the verification of the past has always been in disputes and ambiguity，In addition, there are many literature evidence that talks to the East。bet365 live casino games The literature and evidence chain of Shangyuan Oriental said is not impeccable，or，The advantage of the literature on this statement is not absolute。These problems reflect some kind of instability in East，After intervention in archeology, facing a shaking crisis。

　　Archaeological intervention shakes Shangyuan Oriental said

After the Yin Ruins began to be excavated in 1928，Archaeologists start to pursue the source of Yinxu culture。Li Ji proposed the concepts such as "first Yin", "first business" and "original business"。1936，The goal of Li Jingzhang's archeology to east Henan is to find the predecessor and source of Yinxu culture。But the relics that really belong to Yinxu culture，The discovery of the Zhengzhou Mall site in the 1950s。Take this as an opportunity，Archaeological exploration of Shangyuan Culture has entered a new stage。

1980，Zhang Guangzhi's "Commercial Civilization" and Zou Heng's "Summer, Commercial and Zhou Archaeological Paper Collection" almost published at the same time。On the origin of the business of the business,，Two archeological works represent two different doctrines: Oriental Shangqiu said to say with Hanoi Zhanghe。Zhang Guangzhi thinks，The representative element of Yin Shang culture is the exquisite heavily used by the nobles and the relics reflecting the ritual or art category，These elements are all from Dawenkou — Longshan Culture — Yueshi Culture，Therefore, the businessman originated from the East。Zou Heng is mainly based on the typical daily pottery of Yin and Shang culture，Through the upward source of this type of culture，That is, the Zhanghe -shaped culture centered on the Zhanghe River Basin of Hanoi in the south of the Taihang Shandong,，Practice its Xian Shang culture used by Shangxian Office，Therefore, the businessman originated in the area of ​​Hanoi，and Tangjuzhi is Zhengzhou Mall。

In order to find more archeological evidence support，Two The author focuses on the focus of field archeology in East Henan and southwestern Luna。1986，According to the latest archeological excavation information in Heze, Shandong Province，Zou Heng reiterated his argument，It is pointed out that the Luxi area of ​​Henan East Henan is a distribution area for Yue Shi culture，Then the possibility of merchants originated from the East。1997，Zhang Guang's harvest based on Shangqiu，Insist on thinking that the businessman is from Dongyi，Shangqiu is the hometown of the businessman，A branch of the first business culture is Yue Shi culture，But at the same time, some of the original arguments were partially corrected: the businessmen and nobles who mainly used heavy weapons may come from the East，Merchants and civilians who mainly use daily pottery may come bet365 live casino games from the Zhanghe River Basin，This type of daily pottery culture cannot be used as a representative of the Yin Shang Dynasty。The foundation of Zhang Guang's direct introduction is roughly: business people have the two structures of nobles and civilians，Only nobles have the representativeness of the business dynasty and businessmen，or，The essence of the origin of the business family is only the source of the nobility rulers。But this inference needs to face some unavoidable issues，For example, does the composition of a businessman also have a dual structure? Whether the business staff are nobles，Are foreign people a civilian? Is the businessman and noble people who have generally used heavy tools before the founding of the People's Republic of China?。

As of the current archaeological evidence show，In the Zhanghe type culture and Yueshi culture of Henan in Hanoi，No so -called noble heavyweight culture has not been found.。If this is based on the basis of demonstrating the source，Both Hanoi and East Henan lack sufficient foundation。And Zhang Guangzhi has always respected the heavy weapon and ritual relics contained in the Longshan culture around Taishan，Now in Longshan -Erlitou culture in the hinterland of Central Plains，It is no longer the unique feature of Oriental culture。These heavy tools can directly affect the formation of Yin Shang culture nearby，If you follow the heavy inheritance traceability，Direct source of Yin Shang culture is the Erlitou culture。At the level of civilian daily pottery culture，There is obvious inheritance contact between Zhanghe type culture and Yin Shang culture，But there is a lack of connection between Yueshi Culture and Yin Shang culture in Henan。So，The Zhanghe River Basin has at least the pioneer of Yin and Shang civilian culture，and the daily pottery of Yueshi Culture in the East Henan region is different from the difference between Yin Shang。Very obvious，Whether it is a heavy weapon or a daily pottery，At present, it seems that the lack of support for Yin and Shang culture comes from the basis for East Henan，Then it also shakes the saying of businessmen from the East，Shang Yuan Dongfang said facing challenges and dilemma。

　Update and rebuilding by Shangyuan Oriental

Current，The essence of Shangyuan Dongfang said that the essence of the dilemma is that the lack of archeological evidence about the trace of businessmen。If you want to get rid of this dilemma，Need to study theory、Document research and archeological exploration conduct a number of breakthroughs and updates，To reconstruct the source of the Oriental said。

One，The weak link in the theoretical theory，The most prominent is the Shang family、Shang Guomin、Corresponding problems Bet365 app download between business culture。Shang Guomin is a crowd complex, including the Shang Dynasty，The proportion and internal composition of the business people are a complex problem。The source of business culture and the source of businessmen are not completely overlapped as one，It is not appropriate to simply equate the source of culture with the source of the crowd。Archaeological culture and ministries should not be simply corresponding，A archaeological culture may be used by multiple tribes at the same time，and a certain family may use different cultures in different periods or different regions。

Its two，Although many handed down literature tend to be Shangyuan Oriental Story，But it is not a conclusive case in Dongyi，"Zuo Zhuan" Xianggong nine years、Zhaogong's first year, etc., ordered the ancestor of the business to the West。Liang Yuzhong, a scholar of the Qing Dynasty, also tended to discuss from the West，But Fu Sinian、Xu Xusheng and others believe that the business is from the East Plain。So，Literature combing and interpretation needs to pay attention to systemicity and integrity，The result of inference should pay attention to multiple possibilities。Records of comprehensive literature and rhetoric can be known，The Ministry of Commerce has long maintained the custom of migration and movement，The path of the origin of the business people may not be a one -way route，but a complicated tortuous circuitous route。The migration trajectory is likely to be: the distant ancestor originally originated from Fenchuan, Hedong，Yuanzu to near Zuxing Sheng and moved to Heji Plain，and a certain degree of integration with the east neighboring Yi people，until Xiaogong was destroyed in Yiluo, Henan。So，Shang Yuan Dongfang said that you need to re -position the vertical direction，Because it only reflects the historical process of a certain stage of the early business people。

Its three，There is still a lot of room for expansion in the archeological excavation of Shangqiu，If you can find a businessman trace and heavy weapon，It will be the best evidence of Shangqiu in Shangqiu。If you find human remains，Through ancient DNA、锶 Hematology analysis and other technologies，Touring the source of business with human beings，will be more direct and accurate。

Comprehensive current archeological information，Archaeological Culture of Shanggong Presses in Shangqiu，Rough in the vertical direction with Shang Pione Gongjia as the boundary，Divided into two stages: the early stage is Longshan stage，The culture of the East Henan and the Zhanghe River Basin is roughly integrated; the later period is Yue Shi stage，East Yu East is mainly Yue Shi culture，But the Bet365 lotto review western confrontation coexistence coexistence of Erlitou culture，Local location and even Zhanghe -type culture。Corresponding to this complex cultural structure and situation，The East Yuxi of the Shang Pione Period is active in Luxi，、There are many branches under the framework of the two major ethnic systems of Xia，For example, there is Yu's、There is still so on。Small forces moved to the commercial ministry in them，It is probably the "Shang Shang"。In such a complicated culture and tribe,，How to identify the traces of business culture and business people，It is undoubtedly a very complicated question，The root of the dilemma of Shangyuan Dongfang lies in this。To solve these problems，You need to update the theory and perspective。New information found in Lu Taigang site in Qixian County, Henan Province in recent years，Perhaps it provides a prompt of directionality。

In the cultural site of the Yueshi Cultural Site, Lu Taigang, Qi County，Found a group of simpler Zhanghe -type cultural daily pottery，This place is probably the residents of the Zhanghe River Basin in the Yueshi Cultural Area。In a small amount of tombs in Zhanghe -type cultural cemetery in Nancheng, China，Mixed Buried Customs of Yueshi Culture，Analysis of atlasis of isotope also shows that there is a certain percentage of immigrant individuals in the crowd of the area。Single on the surface，The discovery of the two places seems to be the saying about Shangyuan Oriental and Hanoi Zhangshui: Zhanghe Basin uses daily pottery civilians，East to the noble areas of the use of heavy tools near Shangqiu; and the residents of Dongyi region, which is the source of heavy weapons，Run to the civilian area of ​​the Zhangshui Basin to use the daily pottery's civilian area。Based on this，Shang Yuan Dongfang said that "the businessman and nobles who use heavy weapons are from the East、Merchants and civilians using daily pottery are difficult to establish。Similarly，Shangyuan Hanoi Zhangshui said that the so -called "Yu East Yueshi Culture is not the first business culture, there is no trace of businessman traces" is not tight enough。But，If you update the perspective of observation and exploration，Its objective situation may be this: a certain branch of the Shang family moved to the Yueshi Cultural District, which once moved in the Dongfang Shangqiu area，A branch of Dongyi, which belongs to Yue Shi culture, also actively participated in the richness of the business culture and the development of the business family，In the process of forming and expanding the early business people, some elements of the Oriental Yi people。In other words，Within a certain extent specific range，Shang Yuan bet365 best casino games Dongfang said that it can be established，and Shangyuan Hanoi Zhangshui said there are some deficiencies。So，Discovery of Lu Taigang site in Qixian County, Henan Province and the Nancheng Cemetery of the South City Cemetery of Ci County, Hebei Province，Dohaies said to reverse the Shangyuan Oriental、Unlock the contradictions and confrontation between Dongfang theory and Hanoi Zhangshui，and in terms of theoretical renewal and theory reconstruction，All provide a directional opportunity。But，To build a perfect、New Shangyuan Oriental Story，Undoubtedly more support for archeological evidence。

Current，Compared with Zhangshui of Shangyuan Hanoi，Shang Yuan Dongfang said that there are more advantages in the handed down literature，But in terms of archeology, it is relatively weak。New archaeological discovery provides opportunities for the breakout and reconstruction of Shangyuan Oriental，At the same time, it is also the opportunity to correct and update in Zhangshui of Hanoi。Update and reconstruction，It does not mean that it completely overthrow another saying。In fact，Two said that it has its own unique reasonableness in literature and archeology。Breakthrough of future archeology will be the key to solving the problem of business source，Any doctrine is just the technology and approach in the exploration process，In the end, it will definitely return to the same way。

(Author is a researcher at Hebei Provincial Cultural Relics and Archeology Research Institute、Deputy Director of the two weeks of the two weeks of the Chinese Archaeological Society)