"German and Settles" as one of the important ideas of ancient governance of the country in my country，It is advocated that the people should take care of education and education，and to a certain extent recognize the punishment effectiveness of punishment，De、Li、method、The implementation of punishment is therefore presenting a differential pattern dominated by "moral rule"。The humanistic care and rational spirit revealed by this idea，Not only provided mirrorbook revelation for national governance，And becoming a unique experience and deep background of Chinese traditional political culture。

　　Bet365 lotto review

The rulers of the early week of the week have learned the lessons of Yin Shang's destruction，Start paying attention to the relationship between the rise and fall of the regime and the back of the people's hearts，Then the concept of destiny that was previously shrouded in the god rights，Make the "Mingde Shen" governance thoughts that contain the consciousness of "people" gradually develop。In their opinion，Destiny is not eternal，Its care or abandonment depends on whether the words and deeds of the ruler can meet the essence of "virtue"，"De" is connected with human opinion and public opinion。From this，The legitimacy of the State Zhaojian Stocking is largely established on the people，It has public rational evaluation characteristics。"Huang Tian has no kinry，Weide is supplemented "and" what the people want，Tian must be obey "and so on，Although from the pseudo -ancient text "Shang Shu"，But it can still be regarded as a proper recovery of the political guidelines of the early Zhou Dynasty。

From the people -oriented、The original intention of the benevolent politics，The ruler of the beginning of the week believes，No matter the prisoner or the release of innocent，The purpose is to use morality people、persuaded people to be good，Therefore, torture must be scrutinized again，To be appropriate。Of course，The "Yuan Evil Big" for "Filial Filial Bet365 lotto review Picks" must also be "punished without pardon"，never tolerate。Visible，"Mingde" is the fundamental，"Be careful" is a measure of government governance，The latter as the former is a valuable criterion，Coordinated governance functions。This relationship positioning，It also established the tone for the historical interaction between the two parties。

　　The theoretical improvement of the Confucian Confucianism

The pre -Qin sons, especially Confucian，I carried forward the thoughts of Zhou people's "honor and protecting the people"。Confucius clearly proposed "for politics and virtue"，Horizon: "Tao Zhi Guan，Qi Zhizhi，The people are free and shameless;，Qi Zhi Li，Shame and grid。"means that if the administration of criminal law is adopted，Then the people are just passive and free of punishment;，They can truly understand the shame and pleasing heart。Confucius except against "killing without teaching"，The "moral politics" it advocates also includes the meaning of "rich people" and "benefit the people because of the people's benefits"。He once arrived at the Patriotic King，See the prosperity of the population，It expresses the point of view of the first to teach by the rich。At the same time，His way of saying the way of the Ming Dynasty "must criminal ginseng"，The so -called "lenient with Ji Meng，Meng Ji Kuan，politics is to "。

If "benevolence" and "ritual" are regarded as the double -sided dimension of Confucius' political thoughts，Mencius and Xunzi are further excavated in these two directions.。Mencius adheres to the "sex good" position，For the main cultivation of moral consciousness that inspires people's hearts，Point out that the good heart is here，There are four ends，Extension and promotion，Suida "Wang Tao"。From what he saw，The key to governance is not "with force fake kernels"，and in "Ethical Ren"，For Li Yan You should be committed to enlightening enlightenment，Therefore, "Reliever is not as deep as benevolence,，Good politics is not as good as the people of good education "。Unburned is，Mencius is based on the "people" feelings，also clearly declared "people are expensive，Jun is light "，Jun is light "，Awarded the rule of overthrowing the Tyrant of abuse。

Bet365 lotto review Different from Mencius，Xunzi focuses on interpreting the "evil" side of human nature。He said，Life is desire，Never be unattainable for desire，So you need to "Ming Li Yi to Hua Hui，Fa law is being ruled by the rule，heavy punishment for ban is forbidden "。His emphasizes the significant role of acquired education on maintaining political order，Therefore, it is claimed to be "the scripture of the rule，Li and Sentence "。This，The status of punishment in national governance is virtually lifted，The concept of traditional Confucian "morality" is also exactly the invention，Only got more theory to the meaning of practice。other，Xunzi still talked about "Not rich and can not support the people's sentiments，No teaching can not be raised "。He is the same as Mencius，All show special concern to the livelihood of the people。

More，Since traditional politics, the public opinion support that is connected with "destiny" is considered as the root cause of rule，Naturally with certain public attributes。So，"The World is the Gong" with the concept of "setting in one" and emerged。It is issued by "Li Jun as the people"，Emphasized that national power must be based on preserving the common interests of the people，Can't be privately occupied by family names，rich expansion of the connotation of "Dezhi"。

　　Relaxation in the early Western Han Dynasty

Hua Chengzhi, of course, shows the political wisdom of the ancients，But in the face of the spring and autumn and the Warring States Period, the ritual collapse and joy、The turbulent situation of the vassal hegemony，Confucianism, which focuses on advocating the influence, cannot take out an effective governance scheme that is cut when it is cut。And the legalist uses the wealth of the country and strong soldiers、Taking the crime of rewarding and punishment、Booking the Private Blind by Ligong，Following the needs of the centralized governance of centralized centralization，Therefore, you can be anxious here、The era of competing in the strength of strength is shining。But，After the unity, the Qin Dynasty ignored the potential lasting power of De Run's heart，Excessive advocating severe punishment，Delieva violence，Sui II bet365 live casino games died。The painful experience of the Qin Dynasty's Xingxing Xingxing Re -triggering the ruling class in the early Han Dynasty，Promote the concept of "moralization of morality" as the political concept。

Lu Jia once showed to Han Gaozu Xiao that the world can "get it right away" but cannot be "ruled immediately"，and "New Language" read out the success of the ancient and modern country's luck and failure，Li Chen "rule morality as the top，Benevolence "。Er，Jia Yi pointed out that Qin Zheng was lost in "Righteousness and Righteousness，Different offensive and defensive potential "，clarify that "Li" can get the people in the state，Living in the core position of national governance。As for the relationship between etiquette and law，His analysis: "The ceremony is forbidden to be before the next，And the French is banned ... The Taoist is a moralist，Moral religion and people are happy;，The law is extremely and the folk style is sorrow。"on one side，Jia Yi acknowledges that the power of the law is easy to punish the evil and the goodness，It should be supplemented by the ritual righteousness and benevolence、Table in the table; on the other hand，He also reiterated that moral religion prevention has never happened、Stop evil is not cute，Although the force is slightly reaching the heart，In the long run, it will undoubtedly determine the direction of national politics。Han Ying followed the meaning of Xunzi's "Long Li Heavy Law"，Give "Dezhi" to more practical content。He also adheres to the view of Confucius' "taught first and then taught"，indicates that the people are like Royal Horse，Ruofe's "Two" traction，Drive by the "spur" of torture，Eventually, "Employment and labor and the people suffer more"。Under the premise of not abolishing the criminal law，The way of virtue education in the early period of the Western Han Dynasty，Make full preparation for the final performance of the idea of ​​"Germany and Dena"。

　　"German Settled Affairs" thought mature and set

To meet the needs of the social and economic recovery development and strengthen monarchy，Dong Zhongshu is based on the concept of "moral politics" of the pre -Qin Confucianism，Combining other sons doctrine，Plan a whole set of governance bet365 live casino games ideas designed to build a "unified" political order，"German Destiny" is the main representative of them。

First，Dong Zhongshu according to the principle of complement each other in the yin and yang，The lord and body nature of "virtue" in political operation through "Tiandao"。He believes: "Yang is virtue，Yin is punishment;。"at the same time，"Supplement of the prisoner's virtue，The help of Yin Zhe Yang "，Just like the four -seasons reincarnation party becomes one year old，Punishment Zuota for governance，Indeed with the celebration "different things and the same merit，The reason why the kings are becoming virtue "。Next，Dong Zhongshu to achieve the "unified" political goals，Not only does it advocate "the monarchy" to declare the supreme authority of the emperor in the world，Repeated use of the saying of "heaven and human induction".，Practice the behavior of the monarch。He believes that the monarch Feng Tian's life，Self -body body smoothly yin and yang position，"The system of establishing humbleness，Wait for the difference between the expensive and low "。And the truth is realized by the people's hearts，Therefore, the monarchy is the people，"Its virtue is enough to be peaceful people，Tianyu; its evil is enough to harm the people，Sky Section "。The doctrine in the middle，Not only the increasingly strengthened monarch Zhangben for Zhang Yang，Also follow -up of the Civil Rail of the Heavenly Ties, make adjustments and improvement of this government。again，To promote the "big unification" ideal order led by "morality"，He pays special attention to the necessity of establishing a unified understanding through national intervention in the field of ideology，Promoting "Push Confucius，黜 黜 Baijia "。Since then，Confucianism that reflects the meaning of human morality is established as an official orthodox ideology，profoundly shaped the spiritual character of traditional political culture。He also introduced Confucian etiquette into a criminal case，The law is regulated by the ritual and righteousness。Although these measures are conducive to the development of punishment and love，But it is also combined with Bet365 lotto review the "human governance" system that advocates the governance of the sages，More solidified Social level order。

　　Affects Chinese history evolution

Elapied by Dong Zhongshu，The principles of the German prisoner and supplement are not abandoned.。The national governance of later generations has relatively diluted the theological color of the inner，More pay attention to the ethical characteristics and operation ability of the "king" politics derived from the real and civilian conditions。Since the "Hanshu · Criminal Law" summarizes: "Mingren Edie Rang，Wang Dao's original。Love to respect but undefeated，Debuway and stand for a long time，So System Ceremony to respect，Penalty to Mingwei。"After the since then, those who have been in the past, despite the consideration of improving the effectiveness of the rule，time or bias punishment，Ranmin is the Bangbenben、The "Dezhi" thought of the world is the main position of the main position of traditional political culture。"Tang Law Shu" opened its name: "Germany is the foundation of politics and religion，Penalties are used by politics and religion，It is also necessary for Xiaoyang to fall in the autumn and the autumn and those who have must be。"" to Song Dynasty，Zhu Xi also said: "Politician，。Prisoner，African method。Deli is the basis for governance，And the foundation of virtue and courtesy。"The deduction of the morality relationship from the main aid to the use，It also just confirms this historical process。

To sum up，The traditional Chinese national governance thought under the leadership of "Dezhi" started from the beginning of the beginning of the week，China Economic Pioneer Confucianism and Promotion，Corporate restructuring in the early Western Han Dynasty，The finally accompanied by the introduction of "German and Settles" and basically set it，Show the endogenous logic of historical evolution。This concept of governing the country has always been carried out around the relationship between the government and the public，In addition to preaching the ethical value of the legitimacy of rule，It also shows a strong practical guidance meaning for protecting the interests of people's livelihood and maintaining Bet365 app download the stability of the country。"German Destiny Auxiliary" takes the diameter to optimize the effectiveness of governance，Maintenance level order。Even if the emperor system has reached a certain kind of 媾 and，But the public responsibility and consciousness of the world's spirit of the pre -Qin "people" spirit，Still constitutes a certain restriction on monarchy dictatorship。Structural tension that was born from this，Converted into the internal cultural mechanism of traditional Chinese political operation，A far -reaching impact on social evolution in the future。

(This article is the Study of the History of the Governance of Chinese Social Science Fund China History Research Institute of the National Social Science Fund China History Research Institute of China History Research Institute (22VLS006) phased achievement)

(Author Unit: Institute of History Theoretical Institute of History of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)