Ancient literature has passed through thousands of years of circulation，Due to the process of copying and engraving, etc.，It is inevitable that text error brief occurs、Glyph error and other phenomena。The "Step Day (Day) bed" in the Analects of Confucius，is a typical example of errors caused by similar glyphs，Dang the error of "Zai Yu Painting (Painting) Sleep"。

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Zai Yu (before 522 — before 458，Word me，also known as slaughter me) is one of Confucius' high feet，"The Analects of Confucius · Public Metallurgical" contains: "Slaughter the day sleep。Zi said: ‘Kuki cannot be carved，The wall of the dung soil cannot be，Yu Yu and He Xun! ‘“ The Analects of Confucius Collection ”、Song Ren Ren Guang "Book Syrian Guide"、Zhu Xi "Analects Note" in the Southern Song Dynasty、Qing Ren Cheng Shude's "Analects of Confucius" and other past sparse sparse，Until the nearby Yang Bojun's "The Analects of Confucius" and Wang Li's "Ancient Chinese" mostly believe that:，caused great dissatisfaction of Confucius，So Confucius severely reprimanded him for no interest，It is said that he is not like carving、The wall of the dung soil is not enough to paint，No material，It is difficult to make it。Ancient and modern scholars under the premise of "slaughtering day bed"，Specific explanations have different opinions: first，"Day Sleep" is daySay，lying in bed during the day。(Cheng Shude: "The Analects of Confucius" quotes "The Analects of Confucius"，"bed" should be """ "lying for illness) 2，"Day Sleep" stays in the bedroom during the day。(Cheng Shude: "The Analects of Confucius" quotes "Wilderness Series": sleepor，Dormitory also，Daily home，Night Home，Stretching Yu Yuku，Old Master's Master) Third，"Day Sleeping" lives in the original room during the funeral，Not Fit in Law。(Chen Changning: "New Ton of" Sleeping the Day "，"Qilu Studies" 1994, No. 2) 4，"Day Sleep" is to sleep at noon，(Du Guichen。(Du Guichen、Du Bin: "New Solution of" Sleeping Day "，"Confucius Research", No. 1, 2001; Cheng Biying: "" Sleeping the Day "诂"，"Journal of Ningxia University" 2010 No. 3) 5，"Day Sleeping" is Day Royal Theory，Refers to the same room in the same room in men and women。(Cheng Shude: "The Analects of Confucius" quotes "Seven Classics"; Zhao Jianwei: "" Stretching the Day of the Day "and Ancient Taboo，"Traditional Culture and Modernization" 1999, No. 3)

but，This seems to have been concluded，People will generally feel unbelievable。Slaughtering is one of the four philosophy of the four subjects of Kongmen，Can speak good debate，In the words of the speech department, it is still in front of Zigong，I traveled from Confucius Week。When traveling to death，Frequently dispatched by Confucius，Make Yu Qi and Chu Kingdom，Siege siege。Dist of the Ninth Year (458) of Lulu Bailong (458)，Later generations chase Qihou、Linzi Gong、Qi Guogong。Ming Jiajing Bet365 lotto review Nine years (1530)，From the "sage" to worship the Confucian Temple。In short，Jai Yu is a high foot that Confucius himself is extremely recognized，Learning and virtue is higher than ordinary scholars，How to sleep in class during the day? Even if it is slaughtered in class, a little，It can’t be regarded as a disobedience，At most, it is said to be sleepy or lazy，or the body is sick or overworked，Confucius will not criticize slaughter as this look。Further say，Confucius himself also has the experience of "daytime bed"，For example, "Confucius is poor, Chen、Between Cai，Quinoa is not poured，No grain on the seven days，Day sleep。Yan Hui Summy，，Several cooked，Confucius see Yan Hui Hui to eat in the middle and eat it "。Confucius see Yan Hui Hui to eat in the middle and eat it "，"Sleeping Day" cannot be a good reason for Confucius to scold and slaughter。

For this question，As early as the Eastern Han Dynasty Wang Chong's "On the Heng · Ask Confucius"，It has already initiated the clue: "The evil of the daytime bed also，Little Evil also; dead wood dung，Objective things，Big Evil also。blame for small evil，Anneng convade people? Make me bad sex，Rugging wood dung，It is not advisable to enter the door of Confucius，Preface to the four subjects; make sex good，Confucius Evil，Evil is too much，Over also。‘people’ s not benevolent，The illness is already very，chaos also。’Confucius Slause，It can be described as a lot! Make people who are foolish involved in prison for sin，Official order for crime of lipping，Must be wronged and blame，Will you blame himself? Make me stupid，Comrade comrades with sinfulness;，Knowing Confucius responsible person，Several micro -self -reform。Umnanity，Rumors for it，In the words of his words, he has changed yourself。Self -reform is not the weight of the words，No more with Zai Yu。"Spring and Autumn" meaning，Mai Mao's Good，Dowdance of the evil。褒，Taking a huge derogatory fiber，Watch the meaning of "Spring and Autumn"，Ken is it? no，The slaughter is not affected;，Then Confucius' words abandoned。The Word of the Holy Man and the Vice of the text，Speaking at the mouth，F standing from the strategy，Actually one also，Actually one also。Confucius "Spring and Autumn"，Do not degrade small。Its non -slaughtering also，Big evil，Text violations，How is it? "In general，One，"Day Sleep" is too much after all，Use great evil responsibility to be smaller，Punishment is too properly，difficult to convince。Its two，Jai Yu is Kongmenjia disciple，Confucius itself is also recognized，Such rebuke，Some excessive。Its three，As a stupid man committed a little crime，The government grabs the kill head，He will be uncomfortable，Don't take orally。Jai Yu passed，too，Confucius will not be so harsh for him。Four，Confucius rebuked to slaughter，Principles of the praise of Confucius' "Spring and Autumn" violations，Steamed Yu will not accept，Confucius rebuke is equivalent to white saying。

The questioning of Wang Chong caused later scholars to re -consider the "slaughtering bet365 best casino games day bed"，The earliest release of the newly released for the "day bed" is Emperor Liang Wu, Xiao Yan。According to Tang Li Kuangzhang's "Time History" volume "Day bedtime" entries: "The Analects of Confucius" ‘slaughter day sleep’。Zheng Sinongyun: ‘bed，lying interest also。’Liang Wudi reads as‘ bedroom bed ’，Day -based ‘gossip’ anti，And Yun Dang is ‘painting’ character，Speaking of its painting and bedroom also。So Master sighs ‘Kuki cannot be carved，The wall of the dung soil cannot be 圬 (杇) '。。Rare knows its reasons today，Xianxian thinks that the training of Korean public healing also。"From this we can know，Xiao Yan did not agree with Han Confucianism and Zheng Zhong's "sleeping" as a verb "lying"，Think that "bed" is the term "bedroom bed"，He also gives the word "Day" against the phonetic note，Anti -gossip，Read "Painting"，and say that this is a typo，Its words are used as "painting"。

After Xiao Yan，Sui Dynasty Hou Bai、Tang Dynasty Han Yu and other scholars also interpreted from this perspective as "Zai Yu Painting and bed"。According to the Song and Yuan people Zhou Mi's "Qi Dongye" Volume 18 "Day Sleep" records: "Although，Sleeping day sleep，Master has the words of rotten wood dung。Try to see Hou Bai's "The Analects of Confucius"，The word ‘day’ is used as ‘painting’ character，Gai Fuzi Evil Qi Qi Qi Qi，It is a word of rotten wood dung wall。Ran Hou Bai，Sui Ren，Good funny，Taste "Qiyan Record"，It must be played。and Guan Changli "Solution"，Yiyun ‘Day bedroom’ is used as ‘painting bed’，Errors of Words also。Zai Yu，Four Divisions and Ten Philosophy，Ann of the day of sleep，fake or interest，It has not reached deep。"Qingren Niuyu" 觚 Renewal "Volume 1" Day "note，Recent Wen Gu's Ge Xuan said: "Sleeping to the day of bed，‘Day’ is also used as ‘painting’，Sound words，Said the painting in the bed also。"Li": ‘vassal painting。’today uses the princes for scholars，It is to carve the rotten wood and the soil wall also，Luxury and 僭 矣，Old Master's Delievable。Don’t，Zai Yu is the sage of the four subjects，How about sleeping on the day when he sleeps? "Qingren Zhou Lianggong's" Book Shadow "Volume Sanyun，Qiao Wenyi said: "There are more fish in the book。Post -Study Scriptures，So I dare not argue。As chapter of ‘day bed”，Xianjun said ‘day’，Reading 'Painting'。bedroom，bed temple also; painter，Draw the bed temple also。Drawing of the princes，Doctor Yidan，Shi Yan with white。Spring and autumn chaos becomes windy，Slaughtering Xi and Drawing his bed，Out Siwa。‘Titan Terry Turkey’，So it is cheap;，So it is very lost。Don’t，One -day bed and ear，Is the sin? "in addition，Qing people Li Lianzheng's "Good Cloud Tower First Collection"、Cao Zhisheng's "Four Books 摭"、Liu Baonan's "Analects of Justice" and other saying，Think that "slaughtering the day" is the error of "slaughtering and painting"。

Not only ancient scholars have this knowledge，Modern scholars such as Yang Zhiyi、Fang Jianchang、Zeng Bet365 app download Min、Wang Shangwen、Li Fengneng and others，There is also a perspective on this point of view。Limited to space，This is not cited。

　　"Zai Yu Painting and bed" is more in line with actual

I think，"Painting" is mistaken for the word "day"，Very likely。First，"Painting" (painting "(painting) and" day "(day" (day), the traditional way of writing is very similar，There is only a vertical difference。Two glyphs in ancient texts are also very similar，In Xiaoyan。In Xiaoyan，Two characters are also a difference。Touring back to the upward，The text of Jane in the Warring States Period is the same。For example, in Chujianzhong，Although there are some differences，but the same structure。In "Sleeping Tiger Qin Jian"，Two characters are also very close。In "Chinese University of Hong Kong"，The glyphs of the two characters are exactly the same，It is easily confused as one。This means，From the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods to drop，Because the glyphs of the two characters are very approximate or even the same，There is a possibility that "painting (painting)" is "painting (painting)" in each time。Next，Ancient words because of the near -form and misunderstandings，There are mostly available。The so -called Lufu Emperor Tiger、Ma Yanhai，It is quite uncommon in ancient documents。There are "Day (Day)" in the ancient books as "painting (painting)"。For example, "Shangjun Book · Gengfa": "Filial Pacific Painting，Gongsun、Ganlong、Du Qing three doctoral doctors。"" Ping Painting "theory，No reason。The Qing Dynasty's "Vanilla Renewal Book" believes that it should be changed to "Filial Pacific Day"，That is, "Qin Xiao Fair, Fair Days"，Discuss national events with the doctors。This is based on，More credible。"Ping Day"，Naita at noon，After the retreat。"Warring States Policy · Zhao Ce": "Wu Ling Wang Ping is idle，Fei Yi Shi Sit "，Can be proof。Therefore, "flat painting" is the error of "flat day"。Similarly，There are also "painting (painting)" in the ancient books as "day (day)"。such as "Mencius Gongsun Chou": "Mencius goes Qi，September in the day。"Day" is the error of "painting"。According to Qingren Niuyu's "The Renewal of the Remnant" Volume 1 "Day" note: "Tanyuan Pass" cloud: Mencius goes to stay in the day。"Day" as "painting"，Sound。According to "Historical Records · Tian Shan Zhuan": Wenhua Yiyi Wang Yixian。Liu Xi Note: Painting，Qi southwest of Qi。Hou Han Geng Ye discuss Zhangbu，Entering the painting，Sui to attack Linzi Jianzhi。This is evidence。Since "painting" here can be mistaken for "day"，So the "Day" in "The Analects of Confucius"，Naturally, it may also come from "painting" errors。

More importantly，"Sleeping the day" to make Confucius get angry，There is an incredible office。and "Stretch Yu Painting"，Because of the "Li" that Confucius is very concerned about，Confucius scolded and slaughtered，It is reasonable。

Ancient etiquette levels are fully reflected in all aspects of clothing, food, housing and transportation，Especially in the pre -Qin period of the prosperity of the etiquette system。Just in terms of residential Bet365 lotto review buildings，The level of the ceremony system is not only manifested as the size and shape difference of the living buildings of different strata，and decorative modification materials should be done strictly in accordance with the level regulations，Otherwise, it will be a foul。

For example, "Spring and Autumn" Zhuang Gong twenty years: "Autumn，Danyu Palace。"" Biography of the Ram "breaks:" Danzheng Palace，Non -ritual。"Gu Liang Chuan" explained specific ritual requirements: "Danzong Palace。Li，Emperor、Princely Land，Grandma Cang，Shi 黈。Dan Ying，Non -ritual。"The color of the pillar of the emperor's palace should be red，The princes are black，Doctor is green，Shi is yellow。Color level ranking from high to low，Red、Black、cyan、Yellow。

Visible Spring and Autumn Period，Strictly require people to live or decorate the house in accordance with their status.。Cai Cai on the decoration of the "sleeping temple"，There are also specific rules: "The princes draw and bed，Doctor Yidan，Shi Yan with white。"" "The houses of the princes can be carved with beams and paintings，Doctor's bedroom can be decorated with red，Shi (ordinary noble) 庶 (civilian) has a low status，Generally only use white gray to apply wall。

Another，About the decoration level of the palace building，Also seen in ancient literature and comments。"Book of Rites · Ming Hall": "The temple decoration of the emperor。"Eria · Shi Gong": "Wall is called 垩。"Zhou Li · Earth Officer": "Bai Shengzhi。"Zheng Note:" It means to decorate the wall to make it。"Bai Sheng"，Zheng Note: "蜃，Gray。Shengzhiyou also，Taking the ash wall，So decorated as a palace room。"The Book of Rites" repeatedly recorded: "Juxu Room。"Kong Yingda Shu:" New coating on the wall to make white，Decoration for a little bit。"So say" House -based follow -up level，庶 people are not allowed，It is also the white house that is also。"" White House，庶 屋。"" (Zhou Lianggong "Book Shadow" Volume 3)

Zai Yu at this time as a student who has no official position，It should be at the first level of "Shi Ji"，I can only live in "White House"，Instead of painting color on the walls and pillars of the house。and slaughter the rashly，Yue Li "Painting and bed"。Confucius visual ceremony system as life，Naturally, it will be dissatisfied with it and rebuke。

"Painting" during the Spring and Autumn Period，It seems that it has become a social style。Therefore, the custom of "painting and bed"，Multi -carrying ancient books。"Zuo Zhuan" Xianggong's thirty -first year: "。"Liu Xiang" New Preface · Miscellaneous Five "report:" The house carving text is written in the dragon。"The latter is the famous" Ye Gong Hao Dragon "story，It reflects the "spring and autumn chaos becomes windy，Stretching Xi Xi and Drawing his sleep "。(Zhou Lianggong "Book Shadow" Volume 3)

Besides，If it is "Sleeping Day"，So it is also irrelevant to "dead wood" and "wall of fecal soil"。"Painting" can be related to the meaning of "carving wood" and "painting wall"。Just as Liu Baonan's case in the Confucianism and Justice: "Spring and Autumn，Doctor Shuduki，Therefore, the bet365 live casino games civilian victory and the wisdom die，颂 文。It is slaughtered to paint and sleeps，It is also its ratio，Master is not carved and cannot be carved，It is referring to it。"Confucius said," The rotten wood cannot be carved also，The wall of the dung (垩) soil (coating) cannot be "，It is the truth about the truth about the house where the house where he lived。Zai Yu's "White House"，The beams used by the Liang Ji cannot be golden silk nanmu，General rotten wood does not use carving decoration，On the wall of white ash，I can't commit painting for painting，That's it。This is more related to the specifications of grade etiquette than slaughtering "daytime bed"，Can more cause a strong reaction of Confucius。So，This is more actual。

More，Another place where Confucius criticized slaughter in the Analects，Also because of the question from Zai Yu，Destiny of the ancient ritual system。"The Analects of Confucius · Yang goods": "Stretch me to ask:‘ three years of funeral，I have been for a long time。A gentleman is not a gift for three years，Gift will be bad;，Le will be broken。Old Valley neither，New Valley is promoted，Drilling the fire，Period can be stunned。‘‘ Foody rice，Yi Fujin，Yu Nu'an? ’Say:‘ An。’‘ Women ’s safety，Funeral of the Gentleman，Food is not willing，Smelly，Unstable residence，Therefore, not also。Today Nu'an，is it! ‘Slaughter me。Zi said: ‘Yu Zhi! Three years of Zisheng，Then avoid parents' arms。Funeral of three years of husband，The mourning of the world also。Yu Ye，With three years of love for his parents? ‘” From this we can know，Zai Yu is not a student who blindly follows the teacher and superstitious ancient rituals like Yan Yuan，Instead, a person who has his own opinion and is willing to express。"The Analects of Confucius · Eight": "Ai Gong asked me to slaughter me，Jai me to say: ‘Xiahou family with pine，Yin people with cypress，Zhou people with chestnut，Said: Make the people shudder。，said: ‘do n’t say what happens，Sui Never，Not blame in the past。'""，He dares to break through the norms of the ritual system and bluntly。

The reason why Confucius criticized slaughter，It is probably not because of the "daytime bed"，It is most likely because of the "painting bed" that violates the ritual system。Actually，Confucius is not concerned about painting and color，Instead, the level gift system associated with it。

　The "painting" before the Han Dynasty has been "daytime bed"

For "slaughtering and daughter -in -law" and being criticized by Confucius，The Han Dynasty literature also has indirect records and alien influence。For example, "Hanshu Gongyu Biography" has "wall paint instead of，Wood Motimo without engraving "，Simple alert to fashion with the ancients。Yan Shigu Note: "The word and the same。Carving，Painting。"Gongyu was a famous scientist during the Western Han Dynasty，"Hear with the Ming Jing Jie"，Cooked Classics such as "Spring and Autumn" and "The Analects of Confucius"。"Gongyu Biography" records that it has repeatedly cited the words of the Analects of Confucius，From "The Analects of Confucius · Ji", "Music Festivals bet365 best casino games and Music" and "The Analects of Confucius", "Gentle Water"，It has also been used in "The Analects of Confucius · Wei Linggong" "" Noise to Guide to Teacher "。"Wall coatings instead of 琱 (painting) here，Wood Motimo without engraving "，It is also the "dead wood cannot be carved with the evaluation of Confucius' evaluation，The wall of the fecal soil cannot be used "，It can be shown that at this time the "Analects" is the "painting bed" instead of "daytime bed"。I am unique，Taking this as an allusion，And Yangxiong, who is later than Gongyu。According to "Hanshu · Yangxiong Biography": "Non -Mu Mo but not carving，Wall paint instead of painting。"This is exactly the sentence in Yangxiong's" Ganquan Fu "，It is used to regulate the palace to observe luxury Thailand，It is also secretly using the "The Analects" "Painting" allusions。

This can be seen，"Painting and bed" is not the theory of Han Confucianism，Instead, some "The Analects of Confucius" at the time were still "painting" instead of "daytime bed"。and "Biography of Historical Records of Zhongni Disciples" talk about Zai Yu，But it has been made "Sleeping Day"。It can be speculated，"Painting" is mistaken for "Day"，Before the Han Dynasty，Qin Dynasty or the Warring States Period is possible。But some versions of the Han Dynasty still retain the record of "painting and bed"，Therefore, the contradictions recorded in "Historical Records" and "Hanshu" appeared。

August 1948，The famous painter Huang Binhong gave a lecture on the history of ancient Chinese painting in Shanghai，His judgment on "Zai Yu Painting" clearly and clear，It can explain the problem: "Confucius in the Spring and Autumn Period，The Analects recorded ‘slaughter the day bed”，In fact, it is the error of ‘painting and bed”。‘day’ and ‘painting’ are confused，It is mistaken by the Song people。(Mr. Huang said ‘Song’ s people ’，I don’t know what the basis is。Refers to ‘Day Sleep’ Zhu Xi，It is not known -quotes) ‘slaughtering painting sleep’，It is to draw pictures in his bedroom on the four walls of his bedroom，But because of the dilapidated house，Not very suitable，Confucius see，It is considered to be ‘crazy wood cannot be carved，The walls of the dung soil are not dirty (杇) also '，I advise him not to paint the picture in such unbearable places。If you still follow the ‘Day bedon’ explanation，Step in the disciple of Kongmen disciples，Why is it so unsuitable? Or just sleep in just one afternoon，Why does the old master immediately reprimand it as ‘rotten wood’、‘dung soil’? It's too reasonable。"(Huang Binhong:" The Minxue of Chinese Painting -Explaining Words in Shanghai Fine Arts Tea on August 15 "，"Art News" "Art Style" Issue 33，August 22, 1948)

(Author Unit: School of History of Nankai University)