Current，The "emotional performance" theory proposed by German historian Gild Altov still lacks a comprehensive understanding of the "emotional performance" theory proposed by German historians。In fact，This theory has received extensive attention from the international history community in recent years，Peter Berke even uses "performance steering" to evaluate it，This new research trend deserves close attention。

　　The rise of the theory of emotional performance

1955，British philosopher John Austin's theory of speech behavior。Affected by this，American sociologist Owen Gofman first clearly emphasized the concept of "performance" in 1959，It is pointed out that when people communicate with others are actually "Put on A Show"。Anthropologist Caiffeid Gelz accepted this view，He studied the spectacular scenes of the Bali people in "Nicara: 1980) (1980)、The obsession of the grand ceremony and public drama，It is believed that the social system of Bali itself is like a drama performance after another，The complicated and luxurious ritual performance establishes a political authority mode with "display nature"。"Theater State" said that it has attracted strong attention from the academic community，It also made Gelz's own reputation。Feminist Theorist Judittter Bartler even talked about "Gender Troubles: Undvertes of Feminism and identity" (1999).。

History's attention to the concept of "performance" was mostly combined with ritual research。such as，American historian Richard Waterman's "Scripts of Power: Myth and Ritual of Russian Crown -Master" (Part、The following volume，1995-2000)，Research on how the Russian monarchs in the past have created myths and transforming and introducing Westernized rituals，To strengthen the legitimacy of your own rule。

In recent years，With the rise of emotional Bet365 app download history，German historian Geld Altov proposed the "Emotional Performance" theory。Altov is a medieval historian at the University of Minster，Its main research field is the medieval national machine、Conflict and reconciliation phenomenon in the Middle Ages。Altov is a diligent and multi -produced historian，Its main representative works include "Orto III" (1996)、"Middle Ages' Political Rules: Communication in Peace and Conflict" (1997)、"Friendship and Political Order" (1999，Drive Julian Hasseldin editor "Friendship in the Medieval Europe"、"Home、Friends and followers: Politics and Social Bonds of Europe (2004) and "Rules and Ceremony in Medieval Power Games: A German Perspective" (2020), etc.。Altov's "Emotional Performance" theory，greatly expanded the research field of European medieval history，It has an important impact on the emerging field of emotional history。

　　The main research and views of Altov

Altov regards emotion as dramatic、Relic performance，originated from his attention to the two research topics。First, German historians 'debate on the origin and meaning of modern countries; second, writers' works on many specific emotions in medieval poetry，For example, tears、Love、Sad、Happy, etc.。These two problems finally gathered in the medieval court: the content centered on the king -centered content corresponds to the place formed by the country，Politics of aristocracy、Social activities are the center of literary creation。When Altov starts to seriously think about emotional performance problems，German historians generally believe that there is no country in the Middle Ages、No mature administrative system、No sovereign theory、Lack of the concept of citizens。As Stewart Avery and others later, the conclusions obtained in the early Middle Ages (2006)，The medieval "country" mentioned by historians，It's just a germination of a modern country。Because there is no monopoly power entity，The most important thing in medieval society is bet365 best casino games personal relationships and practice: loyalty、Protection、Honor、Good and evil。Altov obviously is not satisfied with the view of most German historians。He noticed at the same time，When writers find emotion in court poetry，They discuss it as a serious topic。So，He published "Angry in the early Middle Ages Research Magazine in 1996、Tears、Depression: The article "Emotion" in the medieval public communication，Proposal to know the country's machine，It should be along the guidance of writer，To study the emotion expressed by the ruler，Use this to re -evaluate the Middle Ages' rule。

Altov thinks，Seemingly arbitrary and impulsive emotional explosion，Actually follow people's familiar game rules。Middle Ages communication is usually not performed in writing or verbal language，Instead of acting through emotional exposure，For example，Kneeling with piously、Bow when praying、Gels in the meeting and the ceremony of the way，Altov proposes to re -interpret the outbreak of emotion as a statement of a political attitude。The emotional performance of the ruler in public，is a ritual to convey information to the audience，And this "signal" prevents misunderstandings and accidents，Provide guidelines for public interaction。In a society that has not yet formed a country，In the case of everyone with weapons，This "signal" provides the security measures that each person urgently needs。Altov clearly advocates in the article，From the perspective of emotional performance，Use another quite complicated political system to replace the "national" research of the Middle Ages。

For example，Altov inspected the emotional conflict between Bishop Bishward Bishop Bishop and Gandeim's nun in 1000 AD。When Bishop Bainward violates the wishes of the Great Bishop，Persist in wishing for sanctification for the new church of Gandeham，The nuns who support the bishop protest about this。According to the biography of Bainward，When doing a mass，Nuns throwing offerings Bet365 app download angrily，With incredible anger，and make a brutal curse to the bishop。Bishop of Bainward is deeply shocked，He continues to host the Mass with tears。Altov pointed out，Throwing items、Curse and Cry is not an impulsive behavior，On the contrary，They are the sign of the disagreement to openly express objections。Monuments are expressing protests，The bishop's behavior is "part of the stage performance carefully planned to achieve the effect。His imitation of Christ proves that he is like a real pastor "。This research case tells us，Just as the members of the band must play according to the requirements of the command，Anyone must perform his own emotions as expected by society。Here Bishop Bonward and Monument，Must be so or not。

From Altov's view，Analysis of the public's mood and sorrow，Also suitable for the theory of "Emotional Performance"。When the Emperor Ortho III wants to reconcile with the Roman rebels，He said to the rebels, "Aren't you my Romans? For you，I left my motherland and loved ones; for your love for you，I rejected my Saxon people and all the Germans，I completely rejected my own bloodline。"His listeners were moved to shed tears。These tears are not an impulsive outbreak，but the signal of reconciliation。Even some historical materials are exaggerated，Even if the writer does "make up some things"，These stories are not completely vain。If these stories do not tell "absolute truth"，Not the historical facts of hard states，These narratives must also have a authentic side。This means，Historians can use these narratives to interpret the emotional standards at that time，This extended another important task of emotional historians，That is how to change the emotional standards of different eras，and deep historical reasons that cause these changes。

　　The meaning of the theory of emotional performance and its influence 

"Emotional Performance" theory enriched the research content of medieval history，Not only does some new historical materials enter the researcher’s vision，Bet365 lotto review and can form a new understanding from the perspective of emotional performance，Breaking some of the fixed opinions in previous research and even prejudice。Historical materials in the Middle Ages advocate that the rulers should show broad and gentleness，The narrative of the "public events" that the opponents kneel down on the feet of the ruler and begged for forgiveness，None is not the virtue of the rulers。Although anger has never been praised by the moral family，But the anger of the rulers almost constitutes the conventional component of the Kingdom of the Middle Ages and local governance。In the past research, the anger of the ruler attributed the anger of the rulers to the characteristics of the times of the Middle Ages，This is an era with a rough emotional expression，People in the Middle Ages are not good at controlling their emotions，Therefore, this anger is the emotional expression mode of the times。

，Altov has other insights。He said，Even the most ideal rule，It also needs "forced and fear"，The anger of the rulers of the Middle Ages is undoubtedly an emotional performance to achieve this effect，Not the emotional impulse of the rulers。The emotional sign of the ruler's body，I am conveying their will to the subjects。Because of this，Middle Ages' moral families found the theoretical basis for the anger of the kings，That is, the "legitimate" anger of the king is regarded as a kind of justice。These emotional performances are the "rituals" that achieves the effect of governing。Altov's Emotional Performance Theory，Research with some medieval rituals in the same period in the same period is well combined。

Altov uses "performance" to explain the rational significance of emotional display，Usually political significance，This affects many historians，Especially scholars studying medieval history。such as，This theory is particularly helpful for scholars in the so -called Burgundy "theater country"。The Burgundy Principality only lasted for more than a century (1364-1482)，It was founded by the Duke of the French bet365 Play online games royal family。The chaos of the British -French Centennial War，established an independent government from north to south，It includes traditional、Customs and regions with different relationships。The Dukes maintain their country together，Including entry、Outbound、Travel、War、Create peace、Marriage、Banquet、Entertainment, etc.，In these rituals，Emotional performance is an important part of it。such as，Klaus Oschema studied the situation of the Burgundy's Dating Alliance，As an example of the emotional "stage performance"，To show that the body of the Middle Ages is a political tool。In a large number of text historical materials existing in the Burgundy Principality，The most impressive thing is the love and friendship mentioned in the document，and the use of conscious use of political protagonists。

Historians have not limited the theory of emotional performance to medieval history。Classicists studied the way of expressing emotions in speeches in Greece and Roman。Emotional performance research in modern history is also a lot。such as，Doris Clesh in "Emotional Theater: Aesthetic and Politics in the Louis XIV era" (2006)，Study on the emotions expressed in the Louis XIV court，The harvest is quite abundant。Although Herinha、The traditional point of view of Elias et al.，The court is a place for emotional depression，But Klehsh is called "Happy Society"，and examine many aspects of "Happy" one by one: performance、Feast、Gardening and Entertainment。The palace of Louis XIV is filled with a "court -style emotion"，This is a kind of passion aesthetics，It is also the political structural characteristics of the absolute monarchy country。

According to the point of view of the academic community，Human emotions are acquired by the day after tomorrow，So emotion is like the training in the memory of the actor and the action。When people express an emotion，They are playing a role。This role may include gesture、bet365 Play online games shout、Tears、blush、Open eyes，Speak some words in a specific way。This character will not feel false，or at least not necessarily.。Performance theory does not deny，People in the Middle Ages may feel the emotion they perform，Do not deny that they may pretend to have such emotions。The focus of this theory is，The rules obeyed when performing emotions in front of others should be the convention，That is, performers and audiences recognize these criteria for emotional expression and their value，The impact of emotional performance in communication and interaction is an important content of research。That is to say，When historians talk about emotional performances，Their focus is on the rules and historical significance behind the emotional language and gestures used by people。

　(The author is a professor at the School of History and Culture of Shandong University)