Currently，Domestic academic circles still lack a comprehensive understanding of the "bet365 tennis bet performance" theory proposed by German historian Gerd Altov。In fact，This theory has received widespread attention from the international historical community in recent years，Peter Burke even used the "performative turn" to evaluate it，This new research trend deserves close attention。

　　The rise of bet365 tennis bet performance theory

　1955，British philosopher John Austin proposed the speech act theory。Affected by bet365 tennis bet，American sociologist Erving Goffman first clearly emphasized the concept of "performance" in his book "The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life" in 1959，Point out that when people interact with others they actually “put on a show”。Anthropologist Clifford Geertz accepted bet365 tennis bet view，He studied the Balinese appreciation of spectacle in Niagara: The Nineteenth-Century Balinese Theater State (1980)、Fascination with grand ceremonies and public drama，Considers that Bali’s social system itself is like one drama after another，Complex and luxurious ritual performances establish a political authority model with a "demonstrative nature"。The theory of “theatre state” has attracted strong attention from academic circles，It also made Geertz himself famous。Feminist theorist Judit Butler even talks about people "performing" their gender in her book Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (1999)。

The historical attention to the concept of "bet365 tennis bet" was initially mostly combined with the study of ritual。For example，"Scripts of Power: Myths and Ritual of the Russian Monarchy" by American historian Richard Waterman (Part 1、Volume 2，1995—2000），Study of how Russian monarchs through the ages created myths and transformed and introduced Westernized rituals，To strengthen the legitimacy of one’s own rule。

In recent years，With the rise of bet365 tennis bet history，German historian Gerd Altov proposed the theory of "bet365 tennis bet performance"。Althov is a medieval historian at the University of Münster，His main research field is the state apparatus of the Middle Ages、Conflict and reconciliation phenomena in the Middle Ages, etc.。Altov is a diligent and prolific historian，His main masterpieces include "Otto III" (1996)、"Political Rules in the Middle Ages: Communication in Peace and Conflict" (1997)、"Friendship and Political Order" (1999，In "Friendship in Medieval Europe" edited by Julian Haseldine)、《Family、Friends and Followers: Political and Social Ties in Early Medieval Europe" (2004) and "Rules and Ritual in Medieval Power Games: A German Perspective" (2020), etc.。Althov’s “bet365 tennis bet performance” theory，Greatly expanded the research horizons of European medieval history，Has an important influence on the emerging field of emotion history。

　　Althov’s main bet365 tennis bet and views

Altov regards bet365 tennis bet display as dramatization、Ritualized performance，Derived from his focus on two research topics。The first is the debate among German historians on the origin and significance of the modern state；The second is the works of literary scholars on many specific emotions in medieval poetry，Like tears、Love、Sadness、Happiness, etc.。These two issues finally converged in the medieval court: the content centered on the king corresponds to the place where the state was formed，The politics of aristocratic organizations、Social activities are the center of literary creation。When Altov began to think seriously about bet365 tennis bet performance，German historians generally believe that there was no state in the Middle Ages、No mature administrative system、There is no theory of sovereignty、Also lacks the concept of citizenship。As Stuart Alley and others later concluded in The State in the Early Medieval Times (2006)，Medieval “states” mentioned by historians，It’s just the germ of a modern state。Since there is no entity with monopoly power，The most important thing in medieval society was personal relationships and their practice: loyalty、Protect、Honor、Likes and Dislikes。Althov is obviously not satisfied with this view of most German historians。He also noticed，When writers discovered emotion in court poetry，They discussed it as a serious topic。So，He published "Anger" in the journal "Early Medieval Studies" in 1996.、Tears、Repression: "Emotion" in Medieval Public Communication" article，Proposing to understand the state machinery of the Middle Ages，We should follow the guidance of writers，To study the emotions expressed by rulers，Re-evaluate medieval governance。

Altov thinks，Seemingly arbitrary and impulsive bet365 tennis bet outbursts，Actually follows the well-known rules of the game。Communication in the Middle Ages was generally not through written text or spoken language，But through emotionally explicit behavior，For example，Kneel down religiously、Bow when praying、Meet and greet and farewell ceremony, etc.，Altov proposes reinterpreting bet365 tennis bet outbursts as a statement of political attitude。The bet365 tennis bet performances of rulers in public，It is a ritual to convey information to the audience，And this "signal" prevents misunderstandings and accidents，Provide guidance for public interaction。In a society that has not yet formed a state，When everyone must carry weapons，This “signal” provides the safety measure everyone desperately needs。Althov clearly stated in the article，From the perspective of bet365 tennis bet performance，Replacing Medieval "State" Studies with Another, Rather Complex Political System。

For example，Althov examines the bet365 tennis bet conflict between Bishop Bernward of Hildesheim and the nuns of Gandersem in 1000 AD。When Bishop Bernward went against the Archbishop’s wishes，Insisting on the consecration of the new church in Gandersem，Nuns supporting the archbishop protested。According to Bernward’s biographer，During Mass，The nuns threw sacrifices angrily，With incredible rage，And issued a savage curse to the bishop。Bishop Bernward was deeply shocked，He continued to celebrate the Mass with tears streaming down his face。Althov pointed out，Throwing items、Cursing and crying are not impulsive behaviors，Opposite，They are gestures that openly express dissent。The nuns are protesting，And the bishop’s actions were “part of a stage show carefully planned for effect。His imitation of Christ proves that he resembles a true priest”。This research case tells us，Just like the members of the band must play according to the conductor's requirements，Everyone must perform their emotions according to what society expects。Bishop Bernward and nun here，Is this the case。

According to Altov，Analysis of public emotions，The same applies to the "bet365 tennis bet performance" theory。When Emperor Otto III wanted to reconcile with the Roman rebels，He said to the rebels: "Aren't you my Romans？For you，I left my homeland and relatives；For my love for you，I reject my Saxons and all Germans，Complete rejection of my own lineage。” His audience was moved to tears。These tears are not impulsive outbursts，But a signal of reconciliation。Even if some historical data are exaggerated，Even if the writer did “make something up”，These stories are not completely false。If these stories do not tell the "absolute truth"，Not a hard-hitting historical fact，Then these narratives must have some authenticity。This means，Historians can use these narratives to decipher the bet365 tennis bet standards of the time，This leads to another important task of bet365 tennis bet historians，That is, studying how bet365 tennis bet standards change in different eras，And the deep historical reasons leading to these changes。

　　The significance and influence of bet365 tennis bet performance theory

The theory of "bet365 tennis bet performance" enriches the research content of medieval history，Not only brings some new historical materials into the eyes of researchers，And can form new understanding from the perspective of bet365 tennis bet performance，Break some stereotypes or even prejudices in previous research。Medieval sources advocate that rulers should show leniency and gentleness，Narrative of a “public incident” in which opponents fell at the feet of the ruler and begged for forgiveness，Everything is showing the virtue of the ruler。Although anger has never been approved by moralists，But the anger of rulers formed an almost regular part of medieval kingdom and local governance。Previous research attributed the anger of rulers to the characteristics of the medieval era，This is an era where bet365 tennis bet expression is relatively rough，Medieval people were not good at controlling their emotions，So this kind of anger is due to the bet365 tennis bet expression mode of the times。

To this，Althov has another insight。He said，Even the most idealistic rule，Also requires "compulsion and fear"，The anger of medieval rulers was undoubtedly an bet365 tennis bet performance to achieve this effect，Not the ruler’s personal bet365 tennis bet impulse。bet365 tennis bet gestures of the ruler's body，It is conveying its will to the subjects。Because of this，Medieval moralists found rationale for the anger of kings，That is, the king's "justified" anger is regarded as a kind of justice。These bet365 tennis bet performances are "rituals" to achieve dominance。Althov’s bet365 tennis bet Performance Theory，Integrate well with some ongoing studies of medieval rituals from the same period。

Altov uses "performance" to explain the rational meaning of bet365 tennis bet display，Usually political meaning，This influenced many historians，Especially for scholars who study medieval history。For example，This theory is particularly helpful to scholars studying the so-called Burgundian “theater state”。The Duchy of Burgundy lasted only more than a century (1364-1482)，It was founded by the dukes who are descendants of the French royal family。They took advantage of the chaos of the Hundred Years War between England and France，Established an independent government system from north to south，Its territory includes traditions、Regions with very different customs and affiliations。The dukes held their country together through various rituals，Includes entry、Outbound、Travel、War、Making Peace、Marriage、Banquet、Entertainment, etc.，In these rituals，bet365 tennis bet performance is an important part。For example，Klaus Oschema studied the friendship and alliances of the Principality of Burgundy，Think of it as an example of bet365 tennis bet “staging”，This illustrates that the body of medieval rulers was a political tool。In the vast textual history of the Duchy of Burgundy，The most impressive thing is the love and friendship mentioned in the document，And the conscious use of the bodies of political protagonists。

Historians have not limited the theory of bet365 tennis bet performance to medieval history。Classicists studied the way emotions were expressed in Greek and Roman speech。There are also many studies on bet365 tennis bet performance in modern history。For example，Doris Koresh in The Theater of Emotion: Aesthetics and Politics in the Age of Louis XIV (2006)，Study of emotions expressed in the court of Louis XIV，Great harvest。Although Huizinga、The traditional view of Elias et al.，The palace is a place of bet365 tennis bet repression，But Koresh calls it a "happy society"，and examines the many aspects of experiencing “happiness” one by one: Performance、Feast、Gardening and Recreation。The court of Louis XIV was filled with a ubiquitous "courtly emotion"，This is a kind of passionate aesthetics，It is also a political structural feature of an absolute monarchy。

According to the popular view in the academic community，Human emotions are learned，Then emotions are like the training and movements in an actor’s memory。When people express an emotion，They are playing a role。This role may include gestures、Shouting、Tears、Blush、Open eyes，Say something in a specific way。This character will not feel false，Or at least not necessarily。Performance theory does not deny，Medieval people might have felt the emotions they performed，Nor deny that they may pretend to have such emotions。The key point of this theory is，The rules to be followed when performing emotions in front of others should be conventional，That is, both the performer and the audience recognize the principles and value of these bet365 tennis bet expressions，The impact of bet365 tennis bet performance in communication interaction is an important content of research。In other words，When historians talk about bet365 tennis bet performances，Their focus is on the rules and historical significance behind the bet365 tennis bet language and gestures people use。

　(The author is a professor at the School of bet365 tennis bet and Culture, Shandong University)