Archaeological excavation of the grottoes bet365 mobile betting northern area of ​​Mogao Grottoes
September 01, 2023 09:46 Source: "bet365 mobile betting Social Sciences Journal" Issue 2726, September 1, 2023 Author:

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The Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes were excavated on a cliff about 1,700 meters long at the eastern foot of Mingsha Mountain,Divided into southern area and northern area according to the distribution of caves。In the southern area about 1,000 meters long,A collection of 487 caves out of the original 492 caves。On a cliff with a total length of more than 700 meters in the North District,Hundreds of caves shaped like honeycombs were also dug,The densest place can reach four or five floors。Since most of the caves in the North District do not have murals and statues (for a long time, there were only five numbered caves, bet365 mobile betting 461-465),It has never attracted enough attention。

In order to clarify the nature and connotation of the caves in the northern area of ​​Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes,June 1988 to November 1995,Mr. Peng Jinzhang led the archaeological professionals from the Dunhuang Academy to clean and excavate the grottoes in the northern area of ​​the Mogao Grottoes one by one,Determine the number of caves,243 new numbered caves,It was discovered that the caves in the North District have the following six types。(1) Monk’s room and bet365 mobile betting dedicated to the daily life of monks or common people who live in Mogao Grottoes,65 found in total,Rubei bet365 mobile betting 211、North 159 bet365 mobile betting,It is characterized by a kang,Youzao,There are traces of fire。(2) For monks to meditate、Zen bet365 mobile betting for chanting sutras,Can be divided into two types of single-room Zen caves and multi-room Zen caves,Both have Zen beds,No stove,Traces of useless fire。A total of 68 single-room Zen caves,Rubei bet365 mobile betting 138,There is only a small Zen room for one person。A total of 10 multi-room Zen caves,Rubei bet365 mobile betting 113,With front room、Middle room, back room and 1-5 side rooms。The middle room is slightly larger,No Zen Bed,Probably a place for Buddhist collective activities,All other rooms have Zen beds,Some even have a small platform connected to the Zen bed。(3) A combination of a monk’s room bet365 mobile betting and a Zen bet365 mobile betting that has both the functions of daily life and meditation practice,9 in total,Rubei 127,The living part of this kind of bet365 mobile betting has a kang,Youzao,There are traces of fire;The Zen practice part is a small Zen bet365 mobile betting that only accommodates one person,Traces of useless fire。(4) Used to bury monks、A bet365 mobile betting for lay disciples and other Buddhists,23 in total,Rubei bet365 mobile betting 222。The burial ceremony involves a single person being buried with his or her body upright、Multiple people buried together、Second burial、Sitting and burial、Cremation、Coffin burial, etc.。(5) For Buddhists to observe images、Buddhist bet365 mobile betting for pilgrims and other Buddhist activities。This type of bet365 mobile betting in the North District except the 5 caves that have been numbered in the past (Caves 461-465),2 more discovered,That is, North bet365 mobile betting 175 and North bet365 mobile betting 77,It is characterized by murals or painted sculptures。(6) A bet365 mobile betting used for storing items, that is, a warehouse bet365 mobile betting,There are 2,That is, North 187 and North 192 bet365 mobile betting,There are storage tanks made of adobe。There are also 5 caves of unknown nature including North 183 bet365 mobile betting and North 129 bet365 mobile betting、North 130 bet365 mobile betting、North 230 bet365 mobile betting has a total of 3 unfinished caves and 56 caves whose shape and nature are unclear due to damage。

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A large number of precious cultural relics were unearthed from bet365 mobile betting Grottoes,Mainly Persian silver coins,“Five Baht” Copper Coin,Tang Dynasty "Kaiyuan Tongbao" copper coin,Song Dynasty "Xiangfu Tongbao", "Huangsong Tongbao", "Jiayou Tongbao" and other copper coins,Xixia "Tiansheng Yuanbao", "Qianyou Yuanbao" and other iron coins,Gold foil ornaments,Copper Ornaments,Copper spoon,Iron buckle,Iron Arrow,Iron scissors,Iron cone,Iron Knife,Iron drill,Iron cauldron,Stone pestle,Stone mortar,Ceramic pot,Ceramic basin,Pottery lamp,Pottery Mold,Tile,Tiao Brick,Slab tile,Dong tile,Porcelain bowl,Porcelain plate,lacquer plate、Wood plastic knife,Wooden chopsticks,Wooden carved and painted figurines,Wooden Buddha statue,Wood type,Wooden seal,Wooden slips and wooden slips,Woodblock printing plate,Embroidery,Embroidered purse,Jin、Silk、Silk、Wool fabric fragments,Cloth shoes,Leather bag,Ox Horn Cup,Bone Dice,Sapphire Vajra,Tsa Tsa (molded clay Buddha or pagoda),Remaining pieces of colored plastic,Fragments of mural,Silk flag,Paper flags,Paper painting,Paper cutting,Chinese、Tibetan、Xixia、Uighur、Buddhist scriptures and clothing written or printed in Mongolian or other languages、Sign up、Residence accounts and other social documents,Wait。Persian silver coins among them、Xixia Iron Coin、Xixia Porcelain、Preface to "San Cai Za Zi" in Xixia Dictionary "The Pearl in the Palm of Fan Han",Xixia Wenmu Seal、48 pieces of Uighur wooden type、Tibetan Buddhist scriptures written in gold and silver、The Uighur Buddhist scriptures written in gold and gold are of high academic value。

It’s worth noting,A Persian silver coin was unearthed from the North District Grottoes (North 222:1)。According to research, this silver coin belongs to PEROZ, the fifth king of the Sasanian Dynasty of Persia.,459-484 years) period casting。The appearance of this Persian silver coin in Dunhuang may have something to do with the Sogdian merchants who traveled on the Silk Road in the Tang Dynasty。The North District Grottoes also unearthed a Nestorian bronze cross buried after the 12th century (North 105:2) and 2 pages of 4 pages of Syriac Bible hymns from the Yuan Dynasty (B53:14)。Some Tang Dynasty (618-907) documents and paintings about Nestorianism, the Nestorian sect of Christianity, were also found in the Dunhuang Scripture bet365 mobile betting,For example, the Dunhuang version of "The Three Powers of Nestorianism in the Great Qin Dynasty" (P.3847) is a hymn,Translated from Syriac according to research,This sutra is followed by the "Zun Sutra" and the inscriptions on the sutra,Records the introduction of Nestorian classics into China in the ninth year of Tang Zhenguan (635),Is important information for the study of early Christianity in China。In addition, there are also Nestorian documents such as "Preface to the Mishi Sutra", "Daqin Nestorian Xuanyuan Classic", "Zhixuan Anle Jing" and so on。The British Museum has a 9th century Silk Painting Nestorian figure from the Dunhuang Scripture bet365 mobile betting (Stein Painting 48.Ch.xlix.001),On the crown、Under the collar on the chest、The scepter held has a cross on its head,Dunhuang Ancient Tibetan Manuscript P.t.1182 also has a cross painted on the back。In the late 13th century, the Italian Marco Polo recorded in his travels to the East: "The journey in this desert was completed in thirty days,Arrived in a city,The name is Shazhou...most of the residents are idolaters,However, there are also some Nestorian Christians,And there are Muslims。”The Christian cultural relics unearthed from the North District Grottoes show that Marco Polo’s record that there were still a few Christian believers in Dunhuang in the 13th century has certain credibility。

Cultural Relics Publishing House published the first volume of "Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes bet365 mobile betting Area Grottoes" in July 2000,In July 2004, the second and third volumes of "Dunhuang Mogao Caves bet365 mobile betting Area Grottoes" were published。This is the final result of the compilation of archaeological excavation data of the grottoes in the northern area of ​​Mogao Grottoes。

Editor: Zhang Jing
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