Limited Bronze Collection with other domestic museums、The scarcity of boutique is in sharp contrast is，The collection of the Palace Museum is not only rich in the collection of the royal family、Many boutiques，And there is no shortage of shocking work。As early as the Qianlong period，The number has reached thousands of pieces，After that, I have moved to the region of Taiwan in my country.、Loss of overseas，There are still a large number of collections retained in the Forbidden City，plus the government allocated by the government since 1949、Private donation、A large number of bronze wares acquired and archeological found in the museum，More than 15,000 copper wares in the Palace Museum now Tibetan。Where，About 10,000 copper wares in the pre -Qin period，It is the museum with the largest number of bronzes in China，And the sequence of the times is complete。These Shang and Zhou bronze wares are not only exquisite in shape、Drimbage rich、Casting delicate，and a large number of inscription records is a great opportunity for us to provide ancient and modern dialogue，Has high art、Cultural and even historical value。

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Current，The earliest bronze ware in my country appeared in the Majiayao Cultural Period of 3000 BC，But the number is very small，Instrumental class also only has a knife，Therefore, most scholars tend to use the cultural period of Ertou as the beginning of the Chinese bronze era。The copper wares of this period are not only rich in instruments，Gifts，and bronze smelting technology and scale have developed to a certain degree，Copper has played an important role in material culture (even political life)，So the threshold of the bronze era during this period is suitable。

Yin Shang god rights permeate，It is required to adapt to its complicated sacrifice，A large amount of bronze containers are used as a gift，A large number of gifts are used as a sacrifice，Multi -casting refined bronze in this period、There are many types、Together with shape，The decoration is even more gorgeous。As early as the Erligang Cultural Period of the Shang Dynasty，The phenomenon of casting Bet365 app download inscriptions on a very few bronze wares has appeared，But in general，There is a word clan inscription on only individual instruments。The atmosphere of the inscription on the bronze ware，About the second phase of Yinxu after the late Wuding period，But the content of simple content is less，Most of the number of inscription characters does not exceed 30 words，Occasionally a 40th Fifty Words，Three pieces of collected from the Palace MuseumIts 卣 is a rare heavy weapon for the inscriptions in the later period of the Shang Dynasty, of which four sacrificeIts inscription is 45 words.

Shang and Zhou Dingge，After that, Zhou Gong's "making ceremony" has affected the direction of Chinese civilization for thousands of years。The bronze wares of this period have changed the combination of the Juejue of Yin Shang's heavy wine，Instead of the combination of the food device with Dingbing as the combination。In terms of shape，There is no difference between the late Western Zhou Dynasty and the late Yin Shang，Only new features appeared in some aspects，、Four Ear 簋、Three -piece set of new instruments。other，There is also a rolling body tattoo、Phoenix pattern with long tail high crown and long -body tail，The latter is often decorated on the important part of the utensil，If the Palace Museum Tibetan，This device is exquisitely decorated with high ancient ancient。

The inscriptions in the Western Zhou Dynasty were very different from Yin Shang，Even in the early days of the Western Zhou Dynasty, it is not uncommon，Rucheng King He Zun has 122 words，Kang Wang Shi Shi Ge Ding inscription is as long as 291 words，The content of the inscription involves sacrifice、Expedition、reward, etc.。to the middle and late Western Zhou Dynasty，There are a large number of formalized registered golden texts，and some new shapes of the device，such as 簠、盨、匜，The biggest change on the decoration is the traditional 饕 pattern、夔、stealing patterns、Replacement of heavy ring lines。But the essence of "instrument with Tibetan" has not been shaken at all，Even more enhanced。The inscription book of this period starts to arrange regularly，There is even a phenomenon in the grid，Rigidity to the font to，Calligraphy is familiar and elegant。This period of this period of collections collected by the Palace Museum is mainly availableZhong, Song Ding, Uncle Journey and other wares.

Spring and Autumn Period，"Tianzi Wei，Princes; Great Ceremony，Princes Threat "。In such a historical background of a ritual collapse，With the gradual decline of Zhou Wang's status，The bronze wares of each vassal country also presents obvious regional characteristics，Chu、Qin、Qi、Lu、Wu、Bronze wares in Yue and other places present a unique regional development trajectory，Even some of the small countries that have not been seen in the past、Xue、Fei、Huang、Deng，The bronze ware is also prosperous in scale。To the Warring States Period，Bronze wares start to get rid of the restraint of the divine rights，Instead of developing to the direction of daily life utensils。And with the increasingly fierce war of mergers，Ge in the weapon、The number of spears and swords also increases significantly。The decoration of the bronze ware tends to be pattern，Even some depictions of attack war、Hunting、Rites and Music、Realistic images of Sangzhi。Generally speaking，Spring and Autumn Festival sacrifice，The Name of the Duoler Workers of the Warring States Period，Laresstone。

Enter the late Warring States Period，With the extensive use of iron wares，The once gorgeous bronze era also began to end slowly，Bronze wares from the pre -Qin era's ritual to daily life。Of course，The end of the bronze era does not mean the disappearance of bronze wares，Just in the long time after that，Bronze wares have faded the mysterious coat，Start with the form of daily life or artworks, there is a literati and clever。

Time -long copper research 

The research on the bronze wares can be traced back to the Han Dynasty，The prevalence of the Han Dynasty due to the prevalence of Yuewei 学，The excavation of the bronze ware was once considered a symbol of "Xiangrui"，Even the Emperor Hanwu's "Dingfen Water" changed the annual number to "Yuan Ding"。According to "Historical Records of Xiaowu Benji"，Emperor Hanwu had collected a bronze ware，Li Shaojun said: "This device Qi Xiong Gong for ten years Chen Yubai sleeps。"Emperor Xuan of the Han Dynasty，Meiyang, Shaanxi has unearthed a "corpse minister"，Zhang Anxuan reads the inscription immediately。To the Eastern Han，Xu Shen's book "Speaking Words"，It also uses the inscription data of the Bet365 lotto review copper ware to explain the origin of the text。Despite this，Research on this period is more accidental opportunities、sporadic attempt，Not formed a momentary atmosphere。

The real study of bronze wares should begin in the Song Dynasty (Yue Zhenzong)，and this is directly related to the rise of Jinshi in the Song Dynasty。The Jinshi scholars in the Song Dynasty not only collected a large number of unearthed bronze wares with an extremely diligent academic attitude，Also record it into a book，For example, "Archeological Map", "Bogu Lumin", "Bing Dingyi Wells Consciousness Post", "Xiaotang Collection Ancient Records", etc.。other，The Song people not only identified hundreds of words for us，and the name of many bronze wares began in the Song people，such as bell、Ding、鬲、甗、Dun、簋、簠、pot、Zun、卣、Jue and other numerous。As for the research results of the Song people，Wang Guowei has given a high evaluation: "Know the learning of the ancient artifacts of the Song Dynasty，It is sparse，It is not too late for its consciousness。”

After the Song Dynasty，Yuan Ming two generations are in a low state in the study of bronze wares，This situation is until Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty、The Jiaqing period can only be reversed。The Qing government strongly respects "Park Xue"，So more and more scholars will focus on the study of the evidence。Qianjia period and after a long time，Scholars are proud of being proficient in Jinshi and Primary School，Taking the inspection of the inscriptions of the ancient weapon is the most academic。During the Qianlong period，Zeng Qinding edited the Royal Collection "Xiqing Gu Jian", "Ningshou Jian Gu", "Xiqing Continuing A", "The Editor of the West Qing Dynasty" four bronze information books。and with the prosperity of elementary school，Scholars start to compile related research theories，For example, "Said the Ancients", "Ancient Books Pickup", "Ancient Emperor Yu Lun"，Some of them still have new opinions today。

In the early years of the Republic of China, it was affected by Western Xue East，"Luo (Zhenyu)、Wang (Guo Wei) Learning "has set off a new round of utensil research climax。The times they are in the old and new academic alternation，It also coincides with major archeological discoveries such as Yinxu, Anyang，Coupled with Europe bet365 Play online games at that time、Japanese sinologists and archaeologists frequently interact，Therefore, in terms of academic thoughts and research methods, they all walked at the front end of the academic community at that time，Related studies include "Dreaming Cottage Ji Jin Tu", "Double Swords and Jijin List", "Wu Yingdian Yi Instrument List", etc.。Because the archeology was introduced in China as an emerging discipline at that time，Many insights now seem to be questionable。

After the founding of New China，Field archeological excavation provides an unprecedented important research information for the study of bronze wares，A large number of discussing the sprung up after the rain。Here，Not only domestic scholars，More overseas scholars participate in discussions。This discipline presents a vigorous vitality，Especially with modern archeology、Anthropology、Application of Ancient Chinese characters and other disciplines，The focus of scholars' attention is no longer a simple text test，Instead, start paying attention to the relationship with the strata、Like the combination of utensils，Some scholars have begun to use modern technology against bronze casting technology、Differential research and other issues conduct special research。

Unparalleled Forbidden City bronze ware 

At present, there are no more than 6,000 pieces in the pre -Qin Dynasty bronze wares，and the Palace Museum has hidden nearly 1600 pieces，The first of the museum，and most of them are handed down boutiques，The sequence of the times is complete、Complete。However, compared with such a rich bronze collection，Related research is not optimistic。

1749，Qianlong recorded the pair of bronze displayed by the palace with the bronze wares stored in the inner government，These bronze wares are mostly unearthed from the Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty。Because the royal personally compiled and edited，Therefore, the revival of bronze wares has played a great promotion role，But because of the low identification level at that time，Therefore, there are many pseudoster in the book。According to Rong Geng's research，Among them, there are about two -tenths three of the total number of pseudoster，No Ming pseudo more，And the printed image is more comparable standard，Re shrinking inscription，Multi -distortion，The test interpretation also bet365 Play online games has the place where there are many dresses，Later scholars also mentioned the bronze wares of the Palace Museum in their discussion。But it's a pity that it is，Late until today，Although there are records such as "The Bronze Museum of the Forbidden City" and "The Bronze Map Code of the Forbidden City"，However, there is no special discussion to systematically organize and analyze it。

In fact, there are many people and weeks in the Palace Museum，Has high research value。such asIts three 卣，Not only long inscriptions in the inscriptions of the Shang Dynasty，and still a set of standard devices，It describes the reward of the Di Xin period、Sacrifice and other content，For us to understand the political geographical structure of the business and the sacrifice system of the businessman。other，Like a ministerDing、逦 Ding, etc. are the heavyware of the Shang Dynasty。Cheng Zhouzing is an extremely difficult inscription instrument in the early Western Zhou Dynasty，Lu Houzun is an important bronze ware that records the activities of the descendants of Zhougong at the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty，Division of Division provided us with important historical materials for us to understand the early Western Zhou Dynasty's military, especially soldiers, especially soldiers,。Rongye in this period、Ear Zun、Book Tiger，recorded Wang and Hou Rong、Ear、Tiger's reward，This is of great significance for us to understand the early Western Zhou Dynasty's military and political significance。Tongxuan in the middle of the Western Zhou Dynasty、Master 虘簋、Bean closed 簋 records Wang's life to the nobles，Geberry recorded the land exchange at that time。Yang in the late Western Zhou Dynasty、簋、Xiao Ke Ding、Mei Ao、Shi 簋 簋、Song Ding、Dading、Shi Keji、Bi 盨,Uncle Journey、Disk、Multi -piece such as the father's bell recorded the Wang's reward of the nobles，Have important historical value。It is worth mentioning is，Master 虘簋、Dading、Song Ding、Bi 盨,Disk these five are rare four elements (year、month、Moon phase、Day) Copper，And the four elements we are currently seen are not more than 40 pieces，Its meaning is self -evident。

Nengyuan 镈 is a heavy device in the late spring and autumn，There is still one in this "Forbidden City" in Taipei，So far is the only two of the bet365 live casino games Vietnamese handeders，It's just that the inscription has not been well released。other，PavilionZhong, YuChildren's Clock, Prince XuClock、Followed by hooks, all the famous bronze instruments in this period。As for the Shao Sword、Liang Bo Ge、Qin Zi Qi Qing、Daliang Create 镦，It is also a famous handed down weapon with the characteristics of the times during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods。

The above -mentioned device，It is inevitable to hang a leak，In the future, the Shang and Zhou Dynasties of the Palace Museum have a bronze，History should be used、Archeology、Literature、Ancient Chinese characters、Research methods for multidisciplinary cross -disciplinary process such as bronze smelting process，From the interpretation merchant Zhou You Ming bronze ware as the starting point，In -depth explanation of legal lawsuits during the Shang and Week period、Reviewing Book of Life、clan form、Golden Creediac and other related issues，and use this as the base point，Re -understand the world pattern at that time、Political mechanism、A series of major topics such as the Chinese nation community。

(Author is an associate researcher at the Institute of History of the Shandong Academy of Social Sciences)