Limited bet365 bonus code indiana collections with other domestic museums、The scarcity of high-quality products is in sharp contrast，The Palace Museum not only has a rich collection of artifacts due to the collections of royal families over the past dynasties、Many quality products，And there are many amazing works。As early as the Qianlong period，The number has reached thousands，After that, some parts were moved to Taiwan, my country、Part of it was lost overseas，There are still a large number of collections retained in the Forbidden City，In addition, they have been allocated by the government since 1949、Private donation、A large number of bronzes acquired in the museum and discovered by archeology，The Palace Museum has more than 15,000 pieces of bronzes from past dynasties。Among them，About 10,000 pieces of bet365 bonus code indiana wares from the Pre-Qin period，It is the museum with the largest collection of bronzes in China，And the era sequence completer class is complete。These Shang and Zhou bronzes are not only exquisite in shape、Beautifully decorated、Exquisite casting，And the large number of inscription records provides us with an excellent opportunity for dialogue between ancient and modern times，Has extremely high art、Cultural and even historical value。

The splendid bet365 bonus code indiana Age

Currently，The earliest bet365 bonus code indiana ware in my country appeared in the Majiayao Culture period in 3000 BC，But the quantity is very small，There are only knives in the utensil category，Therefore, most scholars tend to regard the Erlitou Culture period as the beginning of the bet365 bonus code indiana Age in China。The bet365 bonus code indiana wares of this period were not only rich in types，A ritual vessel appears，And bet365 bonus code indiana smelting technology and scale have developed to a certain extent，bet365 bonus code indiana has played an important role in material culture (and even political life)，So it is appropriate to say that this period has entered the threshold of the bet365 bonus code indiana Age。

The divine power of Yin and Shang Dynasties is diffused，In order to adapt to its complicated sacrificial needs，A large number of bet365 bonus code indiana vessels were used as ritual vessels，A large number of ritual vessels were used as sacrificial vessels，The bronzes of this period were mostly exquisitely cast、Wide variety、solemn shape，The decoration is even more intricate and gorgeous。As early as the Erligang Cultural Period of the Shang Dynasty，The phenomenon of inscriptions engraved on very few bet365 bonus code indiana vessels has appeared，But in general，Only some vessels have a clan inscription。The custom of engraving inscriptions on bet365 bonus code indiana vessels，It became popular around the second phase of Yinxu after the late Wuding period，But the content is simple and the number of words is small，Most of the inscriptions do not exceed 30 words，Occasionally, four or five cross-shaped vessels are seen，Three pieces such as those collected by the Palace MuseumThe 卣 is a rare and important weapon with inscriptions bet365 bonus code indiana late Shang Dynasty, among which the four sacrificesThe bet365 bonus code indiana is 45 characters long.

Shang and Zhou Dingge，Then Duke Zhou’s “ritual making and music making” influenced the trend of Chinese civilization for thousands of years。The bronzes of this period have changed the combination of wine and wine in the Yin and Shang Dynasties，A food utensil set using tripod and gui as its replacement。Use shape，There is not much difference between the period before the middle bet365 bonus code indiana Western Zhou Dynasty and the late period bet365 bonus code indiana Yin and Shang Dynasties，There are only new features in some aspects，If the square seat Gui appears、Four-eared Gui、A set of three chimes and other new shapes。In addition，There are also curled body Kui patterns、Phoenix pattern with long tail, high crown and long body and tail，The latter is often decorated on important parts of utensils，For example, the National Palace Museum has a collection of turtles，This vessel is exquisitely decorated and ancient。

The inscriptions of the Western Zhou Dynasty are very different from those of the Yin and Shang Dynasties，Even in the early Western Zhou Dynasty, long inscriptions with hundreds of words were not uncommon，He Zun, a vessel from the time of King Rucheng, has a 122-word inscription，The inscription on the large pot and cauldron made during the reign of King Kang is even longer, 291 words，The content of the inscription involves sacrifice、Conquest、Rewards, etc.。To the middle and late Western Zhou Dynasty，A large number of formal ordination bet365 bonus code indiana inscriptions appeared，And some new shapes have appeared，Ruyi、盨、匜 etc.，The biggest change in decoration is the traditional Taotie pattern、Kui pattern quilt geometric pattern、Stealing curved pattern、replaced by heavy ring pattern。But the essence of "Utensils are used to hide rituals" has not been shaken at all，Even stronger and stronger。The inscriptions of this period began to be arranged in a regular manner，There is even a phenomenon of filling in the boxes，The font is rigorous and precise，Skilled and elegant calligraphy。The main important artifacts of this period collected by the Palace Museum includeZhong, Songding tripod, Guo Shulu bell and bet365 bonus code indiana utensils.

Spring and Autumn Period，"天子微，Princes tyrannize；Dajiqiang，Threats from princes”。In such a historical context of the collapse of rituals and the collapse of music，As the status of King Zhou declined，The bet365 bonus code indiana wares of various vassal states also show obvious regional characteristics，Chu、Qin、Qi、Lu、Wu、bet365 bonus code indiana wares from Yue and other places show a unique regional development trajectory，Even some small countries that were unknown in the past, such as Jiji、Xue、Fee、黄、Deng，bet365 bonus code indiana has also prospered on a large scale。To the Warring States Period，bet365 bonus code indiana began to break away from the shackles of ritual and divine authority，Turn towards the development of daily necessities。And as the merger war becomes increasingly fierce，Ge among weapons、The number of spears and swords has also increased significantly。The decoration of bet365 bonus code indiana wares tends to be patterned，There are even some depictions of battles、Hunting、Rites and Music、Realistic image of Sang Zhi。Generally speaking，There are many sacrifices in the Spring and Autumn Period，Warring States Duowule work name，Rarely long inscriptions。

Entering the middle and late Warring States Period，With the widespread use of iron tools，The once brilliant bet365 bonus code indiana Age has also begun to slowly come to an end，bet365 bonus code indiana wares moved from ritual vessels in the pre-Qin era to daily life。Of course，The end of the bet365 bonus code indiana Age does not mean the disappearance of bet365 bonus code indiana vessels，Only for a long time afterwards，bet365 bonus code indiana has lost its mysterious cloak，Beginning to remain among literati and poets in the form of daily necessities or works of art。

Time-honored research on bet365 bonus code indiana wares

The research on bronzes can be traced back to the Han Dynasty，Due to the popularity of prophecy in the Han Dynasty，The discovery of bet365 bonus code indiana vessels was once considered a symbol of "auspiciousness"，There was even an incident where Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty changed the reign name to "Yuan Ding" "because of the Ding Fen water"。According to "Historical Records·The Benji of Xiaowu"，Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty once collected a piece of bronzeware，Li Shaojun said: "This instrument was kept in the cypress bed in the tenth year of Duke Huan of Qi Dynasty。"During the reign of Emperor Xuan of the Han Dynasty，A "Corpse Tripod" was unearthed in Meiyang, Shaanxi Province，Zhang Chang immediately read out the inscription。To Eastern Han Dynasty，The book "Shuowen Jiezi" written by Xu Shen，Also used inscription data on bet365 bonus code indiana vessels to explain the origin of writing。Nevertheless，The research during this period was more accidental、Sporadic attempts，Not yet a trend。

The real research on bronzes should begin in the Song Dynasty (about the time of Zhenzong)，This is directly related to the rise of epigraphy in the Song Dynasty。The epigraphers of the Song Dynasty not only collected a large number of unearthed bronzes，Also recorded it in a book，Such as "Archaeological Maps", "Bogu Illustrated Records", "Recognition Notes on Bells, Tripods and Yi Wares of the Past Dynasties", "Xiaotang Collection of Ancient Records", etc.。In addition，Song people not only identified hundreds of characters of bet365 bonus code indiana inscriptions for us，And the naming of many bronzes also started from the Song Dynasty，Ruzhong、ding、鬲、甗、Dun、簋、簠、pot、Zun、卣、There are too many to mention。As for the research results of Song people，Wang Guowei once gave a high evaluation: "Knowing the study of ancient artifacts in the Song Dynasty，Although it is sparse，His knowledge is out of reach。”

After the Song Dynasty，The Yuan and Ming dynasties were in a low state in terms of bet365 bonus code indiana research，This situation lasted until Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty、It was only during the Jiaqing period that things were reversed。The Qing government strongly promoted "Plain Learning"，So more and more scholars are focusing their energy on textual criticism。During the Qianjia period and for a long time afterward，Scholar Xian is proud to be proficient in epigraphy and primary school，Taking research on ancient inscriptions as the best in scholarship。Qianlong period，Zeng Qin ordered the royal collection to compile four bet365 bonus code indiana information books: "Xiqing Ancient Mirror", "Ningshou Jiangu", "Xiqing Xujian Part A" and "Xiqing Xujian Part B"。With the increasing popularity of primary schools，Scholars began to write related research papers，Such as "Shuowen Gu Zhi Supplement", "Ancient Book Supplement", "Gu Zhi Yu Lun"，Some of these views are still new today。

Influenced by the spread of Western learning to the east in the early years bet365 bonus code indiana Republic of China，"Luo (Zhenyu)、Wang Guowei’s Study” has set off a new round of upsurge in artifact research。The era they live in is the transition between old and new academic circles，It also coincides with major archaeological discoveries such as the Yin Ruins in Anyang，In addition to Europe at that time、Japanese sinologists and archaeologists have frequent exchanges，So he was at the forefront bet365 bonus code indiana academic community at that time in terms of academic thoughts and research methods，Relevant studies include "Auspicious Gold Pictures of Mengxi Thatched Cottage", "Auspicious Gold Pictures of Double Swords", "Illustrated Pictures of Yi Utensils of Wuying Palace", etc.。Because archeology was introduced into the country as a new discipline at that time，Many opinions now seem to be questionable。

After the founding of New China，Field archaeological excavations provide unprecedented important research data for the study of bronzes，A large number of treatises have sprung up one after another。Here，Not only domestic scholars，A large number of overseas scholars participated in the discussion。This subject shows a vigorous vitality，Especially with modern archeology、Anthropology、The application of paleography and other disciplines，The focus of scholars is no longer on simple textual research，Instead, start paying attention to the relationship with the strata、The combination of objects is related to each other，Some scholars have begun to use modern technology to improve the bet365 bonus code indiana casting process、Carry out special research on issues such as identification and protection。

Unparalleled bet365 bonus code indiana Bronzeware

It is estimated that there are no more than 6,000 pre-Qin bronzes with inscriptions found，The Palace Museum now has nearly 1,600 pieces in its collection，Secondly ranked first among museums，Most of them are masterpieces handed down from generation to generation，The era sequence is complete、Complete range of appliances。However, compared with such a rich collection of bronzes，Relevant bet365 bonus code indiana is not optimistic。

1749，Qianlong recorded the bronzes displayed in the palace and stored in the inner palace into a book，Most of these bronzes were unearthed during the Yuan, Ming and early Qing dynasties。Because it was compiled and edited by the royal family，Therefore, it played a greater role in promoting the revival of bet365 bonus code indiana research，But because the identification level was low at the time，There are many forgeries in the book。According to Rong Geng’s research，Among them, there are counterfeit inscriptions accounting for about 20-30% of the total，More unmarked counterfeiters，And most of the printed images have no proportional standards，The inscription shrinks，Multiple distortion，There are many flaws in the textual research，Later scholars also mentioned many bronzes in the Palace Museum in their works。But unfortunately，As late as today，Although there are catalogs such as the "Forbidden City bet365 bonus code indiana Museum" and the "Forbidden City bet365 bonus code indiana Collection" that have been handed down to the world，But there is no special work to systematically organize and analyze it。

In fact, the Palace Museum has many important items with inscriptions from the Shang and Zhou dynasties，Has extremely high bet365 bonus code indiana value。such as三卣，There are not only long inscriptions that are rare in Shang Dynasty inscriptions，And it is also a set of standards，It records the rewards during the Emperor Xin period、Sacrifice and other contents，It is of great significance to our understanding bet365 bonus code indiana political and geographical structure bet365 bonus code indiana late Shang Dynasty and the merchants’ sacrificial system。In addition，Like a ministerding、Tripods and other important weapons of the Shang Dynasty。Chengzhou bell is an extremely rare musical instrument with inscriptions in the early Western Zhou Dynasty，Luhou Zun is an important bet365 bonus code indiana vessel recording the activities of the descendants of Duke Zhou in the early Zhou Dynasty，Shilv Dingze provides important historical materials for us to understand the military in the early Western Zhou Dynasty, especially the soldiers’ resistance to war。Ronggui in this period、Ear Zun、Zhushuhao，records the honors of the king and the marquis respectively、ear、Tiger’s reward，This is of great significance to our understanding of the military and politics of the early Western Zhou Dynasty。Tonggui in the middle of the Western Zhou Dynasty、Master Gui、Douguan Gui Ze records the king’s appointment of nobles，Gebo Gui recorded the land exchange at that time。Yanggui in the late Western Zhou Dynasty、Jiangui、Xiao Keding、Mei Ao Guigai、Shi Yougui、Songding、Big tripod、Shi Keyu、Bi Yu,Uncle Guo Luzhong、Disk、Shifu bell and other artifacts record the king’s reward and appointment ceremony for nobles，has important historical value。bet365 bonus code indiana worth mentioning，Master Gui、Big tripod、Songding、Bi bet365 bonus code indiana,These five pieces are rare four elements (year、month、Moon Phase、日) Complete Bronzeware，bet365 bonus code indiana are no more than forty vessels with all four elements that we have seen so far，The meaning is self-evident。

The Neng Yuan Bo is an important weapon bet365 bonus code indiana late Spring and Autumn Period，There is another piece of this piece bet365 bonus code indiana "Forbidden City" in Taipei，So far, they are the only two pieces of Yue handed down artifacts，It’s just that the inscription has not been well interpreted yet。In addition，Collection ownerZhong, bet365 bonus code indiana JueChild Zhong, Prince bet365 bonus code indianaclock、Secondly, Goucheng and others are famous bet365 bonus code indiana musical instruments in this period。As for Shaoya Sword、Liang Boge、Qin Ziqing、Daliang makes martingale, etc.，They are also famous weapons handed down from the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period with clear characteristics of the times。

All the weapons mentioned above，It is inevitable that one person will lose ten thousand，Future review of the Shang and Zhou dynasty bronzes with inscriptions collected by the Palace Museum，Applied History、Archaeology、Library、Paleography、Multi-disciplinary research methods such as bet365 bonus code indiana smelting and casting technology，Starting from the interpretation of Shang and Zhou Youming bronzes，In-depth explanation of legal proceedings during the Shang and Zhou dynasties、Reward and appointment、Clan form、bet365 bonus code indiana inscriptions and calendars and other related issues，And use this as the basis，Reunderstand the world structure at that time、Political mechanism、A series of major issues such as the community of the Chinese nation。

(The author bet365 bonus code indiana associate researcher at the Institute of History, Shandong Academy of Social Sciences)