As early as 1959，Finley asserted，Slavery was a fundamental factor in ancient Greek civilization，and noted，In ancient Greece，The city-state with the highest degree of civil freedom，It is also the city-state with the most developed chattel slavery，Rukaios、Athens, etc.。He further pointed out in his later published monograph "Ancient Slavery and Modern Ideology"，The most important symbol of the ancient Greek and Roman world as a slave society，bet365 voucher became the main workers in large-scale production。This is exactly the same as the view of the Marxist ancient historian de Saint-Croix，The latter thinks，In ancient Greece，Land is the most important social wealth，The rich mainly rely on slave labor to obtain surplus value。Because large landowners are generally the richest people，It is equivalent to saying that bet365 voucher are the main labor force in large-scale production。

Before them，Jones argued，Under Athenian democracy，There are only a few truly rich people，Some so-called rich people，The family wealth may not exceed one talent，Some may only cost 20-30 minnas，Can only maintain a relatively decent life。The so-called rich man whose wealth exceeds 15 talents，There are only about 300 people in Athens，Only about 1% of the total number of citizens.5%。If you undertake charity donation，Those families whose wealth is less than 1 talent，Pressure is quite high。And according to his estimation，There were about 20,000 bet365 voucher in Athens in the 4th century BC，Most of them are concentrated in the homes of rich people。Most Athenians are small owners with moderate wealth，Do not own bet365 voucher，Not directly related to slavery。Although Jones’s estimate is not entirely reasonable，It is generally believed that there were far more than 20,000 bet365 voucher in Athens at that time，But most scholars agree that the majority of Athenian citizens probably did not own bet365 voucher。Starr also tried to argue，From the Euphrates to Northern England，The most important labor force in ancient societies in various places，They are all free small producers。Then，Does this mean that the poor, who constitute the majority of citizens, really have nothing to do with slavery，Athenian democracy is only the democracy of small producers？

I’m afraid the truth is not that simple。In Aristophanes’ comedy The Assembly of Women，When the character Blefenlos is worried，Once women are in power，Who will cultivate the land for them in the future，The protagonist Palapasagora blurted out: "Let the bet365 voucher go，You only need to care about one thing every day: when the sun sets，Just dress up，Go and have a drink with friends。”Before this，Palapathagora also mentioned，After women take power，Society will enter equality between men and women、An ideal era where everyone is equal，Not only will everyone have enough food and clothing，And there will be no "some people are bet365 voucher in groups，Other people have no bet365 voucher” situation。It seems that in the mind of this comedy writer，If the rulers in an ideal society do not have to work，That’s because all the labor is done by bet365 voucher。Of course，Aristophanes was a comedy writer，How credible is his material，Doubtful，And his influence on Athenian public opinion is not obvious，Because it was during the time when he lashed out at Cleon，The Athenians often elected the latter as general。

In comparison，Aristotle’s testimony carries more weight。He attaches great importance to empirical facts，better reflects the general view of the Greeks。When discussing the origin of the city-state system in "Politics"，He talked about politicians first、Monarch、The difference between parents and owners。Any country must be a combination of rulers and ruled。Rulers are those who can strategize，The ruled are those who work with their bodies，The latter are born bet365 voucher。This sentence can’t help but remind people of the distinction between people in Roman law: mortals are not free people，Just a slave。The special features of city-states，The reason is that it is a group of citizens with enough numbers to achieve self-sufficiency。Since citizens cannot be rulers at the same time，Generally, the method of taking turns is adopted，Let citizens take turns as rulers and ruled。And in the family，Women are different from bet365 voucher，Because a woman is her husband’s partner，Two people run a family together，Need to give necessary respect to your wife。bet365 voucher are different，They are savages by nature，Husbands or parents are the masters in front of them，Can exercise autocratic power。If there are no bet365 voucher in a poor family，Cows replace the role of bet365 voucher。

Historians’ records may be more realistic，Especially when these records are from an objective perspective、When the hands of Thucydides are known for their reliability。The historian mentioned，After Athens launched the Sicilian expedition in 415 BC，The Spartans sent troops to the fortress of Decalea in northern Attica。During this period，Athens lost livestock and many other properties，Including 20,000 escaped bet365 voucher。He specifically talked about，Most of these people are skilled craftsmen。We have reason to doubt the number "twenty thousand"，Because it was unlikely for the Spartans and their allies at that time，It is even less likely that Thucydides himself would set up checkpoints at the border to register all escaped bet365 voucher，And then know exactly how many bet365 voucher escaped from Athens at that time。But Thucydides compared the flight of bet365 voucher to other sufferings suffered by the Athenians at that time: the inability to cultivate the land、Loss of a large number of livestock、All supplies can only be shipped from Euboea and are equal to each other，This shows the great impact of this incident on Athens，It also shows that there were far more than 20,000 bet365 voucher in Athens at that time，Also the great value of slave labor to the Athenian economy。

。When talking about how to increase income in Athens，The first way he thought of，The bet365 voucher are purchased by the state，Distributed to 10 tribes respectively，Let bet365 voucher explore silver mines。As long as a tribe of bet365 voucher can find something，The whole country will benefit。If there are extra bet365 voucher，Can also be rented out by the state to earn rent。To refute those of insufficient funds in the Athenian state，It is impossible to spend so much money to buy bet365 voucher in large quantities，Xenophon suggested，When funds are insufficient，You can purchase 1,200 bet365 voucher first，Use the rent earned from them to buy more bet365 voucher，In 5-6 years like this，The number of bet365 voucher will reach about 6,000，The annual rental income will then reach 60 talents。Even if 40 talents of it are spent normally，The remaining 20 talents can still be used to purchase more bet365 voucher。This cycle continues，The number of bet365 voucher will reach 10,000 in a few years。The 10,000 bet365 voucher were rented out at that time，The state receives an income of 100 talents per year。

The above materials indicate，Athens in the Classical Era，Almost everyone takes slavery for granted。This mentality itself，It is enough to show that slavery was quite common at that time。In historical reality，bet365 voucher are distributed in all areas of social production，From family to farm，From mine to fleet，From city market to battlefield，bet365 voucher are found almost everywhere。Even the so-called police of the Athenian state，Also served by 300 Scythian bet365 voucher。The impression that classical writers give us，It is indeed consistent with the mainstream opinion of Western scholars: bet365 voucher are mainly concentrated in the homes of the rich。3 examples given by Xenophon: Nicias、Hipponikos and Philemones rented 1000 persons each、600 and 300 bet365 voucher，It is certain that they are all wealthy people in Athens，In the poor family, it may be as Aristotle said，Only farm cattle as bet365 voucher。

However，Ordinary people and poor people do not directly own bet365 voucher，It does not mean that they really have nothing to do with slavery，Not to mention that they did not benefit from slave labor。On the one hand，Plato once said，All citizens unite，Co-supervised bet365 voucher，So whether these people realize it or not，They all join wealthy citizens，Constitutes the city-state citizen community in Aristotle’s mind。Compare with groups excluded from the ranks of citizens, such as aliens and bet365 voucher，Citizens are undoubtedly in a privileged position。As for the number of bet365 voucher，There must be big differences in different periods。The era of Pericles in the mid-to-late 5th century BC was the period with the largest number of bet365 voucher。It’s just that scholars’ estimates differ，The highest number is believed to be 200,000，Roughly the same as the total number of free people，The lowest is between 50,000 and 60,000 people，About one-quarter to one-sixth of the total population of Athens。Even the lowest estimate，There is more than one slave per citizen。To 4th century BC，The number of bet365 voucher in Athens may have declined。But as Finley pointed out in criticizing Jones，Even then there were only 20,000 bet365 voucher in Athens，Because there were only 20,000 citizens in Athens at that time，There is still one slave per citizen。

On the other hand，Public donation system in Athens，Let the rich bear relatively more obligations。On the surface，The rich assumed obligations such as investment。For example，Drama competition，Rich people fund writers and actors；When the country is in financial crisis during the war，The rich must bear the temporary war tax；Rich man serves as captain of trireme battleship，We also need to fund the maintenance of warships。In some city-states，For example, Athens before 483 BC，States sometimes distribute income directly to citizens。These income，or mine from country，Or from land leased by the state，Those who work in the mines，Quite a few are bet365 voucher。Some city-states directly organize certain projects，Some projects are financed by wealthy people。Required fees，Income generated at least in part by free bet365 voucher。So，Even the poorest citizens，Also benefited from slave labor in one way or another。

Overall view，Athenian citizens benefited from slavery to varying degrees，And accordingly enjoy their "freedom"。In ancient Greek，The original meaning of freedom is a status relative to bet365 voucher。“Freeman means a person who is independent from others，A slave means that he belongs to someone else。Freedom and slavery are a set of relative concepts，If you are not aware of this opposition，cannot understand it。”The ancient Greeks invented freedom，Also created slavery。In this sense，Athenian democracy was based on slavery。

　(bet365 voucher article is a phased result of the National Social Science Fund general project "Research on the Origin and Characteristics of Civilizations in the Ancient World" (21STA023)

(The author is a professor at the School of History, Capital Normal University)