Mexico has a long history of urban development，As early as 1492, Columbus opened a new route，Local Indians already have their own city。colonial period，In order to maintain its colonial rule in Mexico、Strengthen the colonial plunder of Mexico and build it、Rebound some cities。but，Mexico cities during this period are mainly administrative management centers of Spanish colonial rule，instead of the real economic center that is accompanied by industrialization。After more than ten years of independent war (1810-1821)，Mexico finally got rid of the colonial rule of Spain，Win ethnic independence。But，Due to the negative impact of colonial rule for more than 300 years，The victory of the Mexican Independence War did not immediately drive the rapid development of the city。Until 1876 Pollyio Dias as the president，This situation can only be changed。Dias is the longest president in Mexican history，During his administration (1876-1911)，Mexico's urban development speed is not the fastest，But it is the starting stage of the country's urbanization，Occupying an important position in the long history of urban development。

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Before Dias ruling，Mexico's urban development can be roughly divided into two stages: the period of ancient Indian civilization and 1492-1876。

First，Mexican cities during the period of ancient Indian civilization。Before the "discovery" of the new continent in Columbus，Cities have appeared in mainland America。Before Aztec Civilization，The Talkerki settled in today's Mexican Plateau，Tura City 90 kilometers north of Mexico City。to the 12th century，Tura City has 85,000 residents，Occasionally 17 square kilometers。The tall pyramids in the city and the stone giants on their Taiwan base still stand tall to this day，The symbol of becoming Tolog civil civilization。

From the 11th century，Aztecs move south from the north of Mexico Plateau。early 14th century，They reach the shore of Lake Tesco in the Mexican Basin，and settle down。1325，They established a city on the island in Lake Tesco，That is, the later Aztek capital Tonkittland。When the Spanish colonists invade，The city is quite prosperous，The number bet365 best casino games of residents reaches 100,000 -300,000。As the most population in the world at that time、One of the most prosperous cities，Vortic Tittland built on the islands in the lake，Connected through the embankment，Wide streets、Garden is all over。Plaster，Gorgeous and spectacular。Successful urban market supply，Water rich，And some people are responsible for cleaning and hygiene，Main streets at night lights bright。"The Discovery and Conquest of Mexico" described in the book，The prosperity of Tonickittland exceeds the Constantinople (Istanbul, the largest city in Turkey) in the same period and any city in Italy。

Ancient Indian cities have a dense population、Rural hinterland with developed agriculture，To ensure the food supply of urban residents。These cities are politics、Center of religion and trade，An important part of becoming an Indian civilization and an outstanding symbol。

Second，1492-1876 Mexico City。colonial period，The establishment of Mexico town mainly has two forms。First, the Spanish colonists rebuilt the Indian city they occupied，Make it use it for it。For example，Spanish colonists converted Tonacitelan，That is today's Mexico City。Second, Spanish colonists are based on politics、Economic and social needs，Select the right place to build a new city，Large square as the centers of citizen politics and religious living becomes a symbol of authority。

The rise of Mexican cities during the colonial period is the product of Spanish colonial plunder，The city is where the city is an important business center in the west，It is also a fortress that maintains the order of colonial rule。City independent between cities、It does not affect each other。End of the colonial，Spanish Bourbon royal family has adopted methods such as scattered urban rights and colonial development，Make areas outside the central city also develop a certain degree。

Mexico has been fighting after more than ten years of bathing，Winning the victory of the Independence War in 1821。But，The harsh effects of hundreds of years of colonial rule are difficult to be completely eliminated in a short time。In half a century after independence，Mexico has been in political turmoil for a long time、Economic stagnation situation，Failure to provide a good environment for urban development。Until 1876 Dias was in power，Mexico's urbanization in the modern sense officially started。

　　A variety of factors promote urbanization process

In 1876, Dias came to power to end the chaos in more than 50 years after Mexico's independence，Political stability has created good conditions for economic development。The prosperity of the export economy，Mexican industrialization process is started，Urbanization also starts。Specifically，During this period, Mexican urban development accelerates mainly includes the following aspects。

First，Stable political situation provides a good environment for urban development。After Dias is in power，Take a series of measures to stabilize the political situation。a、Banner to maintain the Constitution of 1857，Protect the various forces of Liberals。2、Some retaining policy and decree of the former government，Strive for the support of the old forces still holding a wait -and -see attitude。3、Allow the church to accumulate wealth，Restore the abolished church and female monastery，Active agreement with the church with mutual understanding and support。4、Continue to use the army to weaken the local separatist forces，Stop split and turmoil，Strengthen the power of the central government，Maintenance of the country unity。

Next，Population growth becomes the main driving force of Mexico's urbanization。According to British historian William Arthur Hamsnett Research，1821-1876，Mexican's population has increased from about 6.3 million to 9 million; Dias is in power，increased from 9 million to 15.2 million。With a large number of farmers poured into the city to find employment opportunities，Mexico City、Montere and Guadalahara and other major cities have increased significantly，The proportion of urban population in the total population has increased significantly。

again，A large inflow of foreign capital has promoted the development of Mexico's economy and cities。According to the well -known "scientist" member of the "scientist" during the administration of Dias，Dias During the Political Period，There are 1.2 billion peso for improving national and social material conditions，Among them, foreign capital is 953 million，accounting for 80%of the total investment。Most of these foreign capital flows into the export department of agriculture and mining，promoted coffee、Chia seeds、Banana、Planting of tropical crops such as tobacco，and Silver Mine、The mining of resources such as copper ore and oil。The development of bet365 live casino games the mining industry makes Sheeramoda, Koala, northern Mexico、Bato Pelas in Qiwawa, Blao in St. Rosali, and Xia Galiferia become the new mining center。The prosperity of the agricultural export economy has led to the construction of the port and the railway，Promoting the construction of urban infrastructure。The prosperity of the export economy has made the status of Mexico City further consolidate。

Last，The construction of the railway breaks the area of ​​the region、The condition of the cutting，Both the Mainland and remote areas are developed，National commercial cities are increasing。Before Dias ruling，American capitalists intend to build railways in Mexico in order to plunder resources，Britain is also anxious to expand investment in the Mexican railway department。The road repair plan proposed by the Dias government meets the needs of international capital expansion，Get strong support from foreign capital。1877-1892，New Railway 12161 kilometers in Mexico。until 1910，The total length of the Mexican railway has reached 19280 kilometers。It can be said，Two -thirds of the total length of the Mexican railway are built during the Dias period。El Pasau、Laotho、Tuolin and other places，and the main mining area、Important ports on the capital and the East and West Coast are connected，It constitutes the national main traffic line，Promoting the urbanization process of Mexico。

　　The appearance of the city has changed dramatically

Dias During the Political Period，Further expansion of traditional cities in Mexico，Emerging cities gradually rise。where，Capital Mexico City surpassed other cities，Become a huge city with the best city。The continuous inflow of commercial profits，The appearance of the city has changed dramatically。Extension in the suburbs of urban urban、The rise of new buildings and the emergence of various entertainment venues，Show the booming scene of Mexican city development during this period。

From the perspective of the number of cities，1878，Mexico has 46 small cities with the size of 15,000 to 50,000 mouths、5 people's mouth size in medium cities with 50,000 to 100,000，Only the population of Mexico City in the capital is more than 100,000。By when Dias stepped down in 1911，The total number of cities in Mexico has increased to about 500。

As far as the city size is concerned，Take Mexico City as an example，1803-1884，Mexico City's population increased from 138,000 to 300,000，increased to Bet365 lotto review 345,000 in 1900，continued to increase to 471,000 in 1910，increased by 28%in 10 years。At the same time，Mexico City has also expanded from 8 square kilometers in 1858 to 40 square kilometers in 1910。

Divide it with urban functions，Mexico cities during this period can be divided into four categories。The first category is business -bureaucratic city，Taking Mexico City as the main representative。The second category is business -industry -bureaucratic city，This kind of city is of great significance for industrial functions，Represented by Monterey。The third category is commercial -mining city，Most of these cities are distributed in Mexican oilfield production areas and copper、tin、The plateau area of ​​the silver and gold ore，Its rise and fall depends directly depending on the world market's demand for products in the region，On behalf of the city, there is GuaAwrto、Tasco、San Louis Politi。The fourth type is a commercial city，This cities are the most common，As large as important port cities such as Veraston，Small towns that are small to the railway line，Since business is its only important function，Its prosperity and development depends on the operation of the city network controlled by business -bureaucratic cities，In some cases, it also depends on foreign markets and their needs。

From the perspective of the tangible changes in the city，At the end of the 19th century，With commercial profits, gather to cities，Mexican upper -level elite house selection、Appearance and lifestyle also changed significantly。In Mexico City，The rich people are increasingly inclined to choose a area extending to the south along the reform avenue as residential land。In Gwadarahara，The rich expand westward，Enter the newly formed suburban residential area。other，The closed house style of the colonial period is no longer favored，replaced by France、architectural styles in Italy and Britain。Migration with people to urban suburbs，The space requirements for entertainment activities have gradually increased。Golf ball、Rugby、Polo and Tennis and other sports to become a favorite event at that time。Leisure and entertainment venues in cities are becoming more and more common，Theater、Cinema、Restaurant、Club and cafes have emerged in large quantities，The usual place to become the rich people's time，City social life is increasingly prosperous。

　　Urbanization acceleration has a profound impact

Dias has been in power for more than 30 years，Mexican cities enter the accelerated development period。but but，Urban development under foreign investment is deceived，Many 痼 diseases in the process of urbanization in Mexico are originally from this。At the same time，With economic development and urban expansion，A new middle class in the city appears，They became the main driving force of the 1910 revolution。

Dias During the Political Period，Mexican cities have achieved great development。The centralization system helps the state to strengthen the control and planning of the city，Promoting the orderly development of the city。Agriculture、The development of mining and manufacturing has promoted the prosperity of urban industry and commerce，A large population poured into the city。Highway、Railway、Construction of infrastructure such as ports and telecommunications，Improving the city、traffic contact between cities and rural areas。The appearance of the city has also been significantly improved and beautified。Although the Revolution in 1910 temporarily interrupted Mexico's economic and urban development process，Dan Dias's booming during the administration of the city laid the foundation for the continuous advancement of the urbanization process later。

At the same time，The urbanization process of Mexico during the period of Dias also caused the wealth of the rich and the poor、Urban Poverty、Environmental pollution and other problems。Foreign capital is the main driving force of Mexico's economic development during this period，Essentially a tool for foreign exploitation and plundering in advanced capitalist countries，The main purpose is to serve your own interests。Mexican urban development driven by this kind of deformity industrialization has congenital defects。Rich resources、Exit economy prosperity、Foreign capital investment is developing rapidly，and other regions fall into stagnation。This has led to uneven development in Mexico、The differentiation of the rich and poor。With urban population growth and rural immigrants influx into the city，Urban poverty issues are increasingly prominent，Social problems such as rising crime rates have begun to appear。The process of urbanization also brings the agglomeration and industrial development of the urban population，Added urban environmental pressure。These problems Bet365 app download became the long -term difficulties faced by Mexico urbanization for a long time。

The urban development of Mexico during the period of Dias promoted the formation of progressive social groups，Objectively promoting the outbreak of the 1910 revolution。late 19th century，With the increase in the population of Mexican cities，A new middle class of the city begins to appear。Although they cannot squeeze into the upper society，but at the degree of education、Income level and ideological concepts are different from the majority of physical workers，Therefore, the difficulty of the upper group headed by Dias to make political control greatly increases。Leading Francisco Madro，It is the typical representative of this group。These new political and social forces have changed the class structure and political structure of the old city，They overthrew the Dias regime by launching the revolution，Establish a new bourgeois regime。

　　(Author is assistant researcher at the Institute of World History of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)