"Constant" and "odd" are two extremely important concepts that emerged during the development of ancient Chinese culture，They represent two different ways of thinking and aesthetic orientations，And had a profound impact on the development of many ancient literary styles。Most of the time from pre-Qin to Song and Yuan Dynasties，Due to the influence of Confucian mean thinking，“Qi” is always in a subordinate position to “Chang”。In the late Ming Dynasty，This phenomenon is gradually changing: due to the rise of the citizen class、The spread of Wang Xue’s thoughts、The enhancement of scholar’s ​​subjective consciousness，Literati began to consciously fully affirm the "wonderful" side of ancient culture、Vigorously promote。This unconventional cultural trend is not only in late Ming society、Culture、Resounding in every corner of literature，Also on some creative ideas of the Qing Dynasty、Aesthetic concepts play a role in guiding husbands。Therefore，Examine the formation of bet365 offer concepts from a historical perspective、Observe the expression of bet365 offer concepts from a cultural perspective、Explore the influence of Qi in various literatures in the late Ming Dynasty from a literary perspective，This has become an important idea for grasping the development trend of the later period of ancient Chinese literature。

　bet365 offer concepts in the field of late Ming poetry

The transformation of Qi concepts in the late Ming Dynasty began in the field of poetry，The bet365 offer man Li Zhi put forward relevant propositions such as “‘being out of the ordinary but useless’ is called ‘bet365 offer’” and “being inconsistent with the ‘doctrine’ is called ‘bet365 offer’”，What is more personal and innovative is his view of Changqi’s status、Discussion on Changqi Relationship。Overall，Li Zhi advocates abolishing the distinction between the two，Achieving a mutual transformation between the ordinary and the bet365 offer from a more comprehensive perspective，This also achieves the basic equality of Changqi’s status。This way of thinking comes from Buddhism on the one hand，On the other hand, it comes from Yangming Xinxue and Leftist Wang Xue。Because it downplays the orthodoxy behind Chang and Qi、Heretical connotation，Further promote the independent personality of "not taking Confucius' right and wrong as right and wrong"、Character evaluation criteria of “emphasis on ability and lightness on details”，It seems natural。Although Li Zhi is not very outstanding in literary creation，But he has a highly independent personality、The unconventional way of thinking had a profound impact on later literati and literary schools，And its "anti-discriminative thinking" was also used many times in the later discussion of Changqi relationship。From this point of view，Li Zhi is undoubtedly a key figure in the transformation of concepts in the late Ming Dynasty。

The "Three Yuans of Public Security" and Jiang Yingke inherited Li Zhi's concept of Chang Qi to a large extent、Thinking about the Changqi relationship，And further apply it to personality evaluation、In many fields such as literary aesthetics。In personality evaluation，They admire independent religious figures、A heroic man who is practical and practical、A talented literati with both good taste and taste，But its essence，This appreciation comes from the admiration for the independent personality and extraordinary talents of these characters。This forms the basis for their status as bet365 offer figures in the literary world of the late Ming Dynasty，At the same time, through "expressing one's own spirit，Literary discussions such as "unconventional" are clearly different from the retro style that was very popular at the time。The Public Security Party’s innovation and breakthrough in the inherent literary tradition of the late Ming Dynasty，To a large extent, this is due to their "odd" cultural position as the basis，The shake and impact on "constancy"，This literary movement also very typically reflects and represents the unique cultural spirit of the late Ming Dynasty。

The Jingling sect also respects bet365 offer people，But it is different from the public security faction that gives bet365 offer people the true nature of madmen，The bet365 offer people of the Jingling sect have more characteristics of a kind of arrogant person。This appears as a bet365 offer person in Zhongxing、Tan Yuanchun’s writings often have a cold character background、Detailed character traits、Profound moral cultivation and ancient academic pursuit，The living environment of Qi people is also mainly quiet。This profoundly affected the creative concepts and aesthetic methods of the Jingling School，To be specific, it is a rigorous and prudent creative attitude、The writing mentality of meditation、Deep and meticulous aesthetic characteristics、The literary goal of profound knowledge and the way of learning the past by introducing the past to the present。These literary concepts become detailed and concrete through their poetry review work "Shigui"，And had a profound influence on the poetry world in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties。

The Jingling School uses different interpretations of the connotation of bet365 offer people，Although the poetic style of the late Ming Dynasty has achieved a transformation from agility to abyss，It also makes the writing of poetry no longer highly dependent on personal spirituality，But it is gradually integrated and connected with the poetic tradition of the ancients。This shift in the path of seeking wonder gives “strangeness” a deeper cultural connotation，But it also lost the self-importance of late Ming literature、Wild and uninhibited cultural spirit，And Li Zhi、The vivid breath of life given to late Ming poetry by the Gong'an School is gradually fading away。

　　bet365 offer concepts in the field of novels and operas of the late Ming Dynasty

In the field of classical Chinese novels in the late Ming Dynasty，Many books record a large number of mysterious and bet365 offer things，This creates a contradiction and tension with the traditional Confucian concept of "the son does not speak, bet365 offer power confuses the gods"，For this，The emergence and existence of "bet365 offer" among literati in the late Ming Dynasty、The rationality of “odd” speech、The specific classification of "Qi"、The unique functions of "Qi" are described in detail and in a systematic manner。They may regard "bet365 offer" as the result of "constant changes" or "reasonable changes"，We may regard "oddness" as a subjective sensory concept。But anyway，They all believe that "strangeness" is ubiquitous in this world，It is an expression of the vastness of the universe。

In order to demonstrate the rationality of the statement of "bet365 offer"，The people of the late Ming Dynasty provided many innovative explanations for the phrase "the son is silent, has bet365 offer powers and confuses the gods"，This explanation is not an objective exegesis of the "I comment on the Six Classics"，It is a kind of "Six Classics Notes to Me" style of speech permeated with strong subjective intention。Overall，The "strangeness" of classical Chinese novels in the late Ming Dynasty can be divided into strangeness and strangeness、The wonder of wild history、Three categories of natural wonders。In the analysis and comments of different categories of "oddness"，The literati of the late Ming Dynasty discovered the cognitive auxiliary function of "Qi" for Taoism、The exhortation and enlightenment function of "Qi"、The supplementary history function of "Qi"、“bet365 offer” museum function、“bet365 offer” entertainment functions，And the supplementary balancing function of "Qi" to "righteousness"，This forms a complementary symbiotic relationship between "odd" and "normal"。

In the field of vernacular novels，The famous "Four Wonderful Books" of the Ming Dynasty novels appeared。The tortuous journey of "Water Margin" into the "Four Great Books" also reveals rich cultural implications: from Jiajing to the early years of Wanli，People regard "Water Margin" as a "wonderful book"，Actually, it’s more of a joke，Arrived at Li Zhi、Where is Yuan Hongdao，Beginning to compare "Water Margin" with some traditional cultural classics based on the "childlike innocence theory"，This has greatly enhanced the cultural status of "Water Margin"，In a sense, it also became an important way for these literati to shape themselves。Following Li Zhi、The gradual expansion of the influence of the public security faction，Regarding "Water Margin" as a bet365 offer book has gradually transitioned from a "wonderful theory" to a "positive theory" in the minds of literati，This process is accompanied by the rise of folk culture and the increasing development of the carving and publishing industry。It can be said，The establishment of the title of “Four Great Books”，It not only shows the unremitting efforts of the literati in the late Ming Dynasty to build a new cultural system centered on unrefined popular literature，It also shows the process of the increasing status of popular literature in the cultural field。From this perspective，Late Ming literature and culture indeed have a strong and distinct personality、Secularization and diversity。

In the field of opera，There are generally few discussions on the wonders of opera before the late Ming Dynasty，And not systematic。In the late Ming Dynasty，Literati have really begun to understand the wonders of opera on a large scale、Systematic speech。This is reflected in the in-depth explanation of the mechanism of the wonder of opera，Also reflected in the subject matter of opera writing、New thoughts on the writing methods of opera。Overall，People in the late Ming Dynasty believed that the reason for the wonder of opera is: "bet365 offer people" have an unfair "bet365 offer energy" in their chests due to "adventurous encounters"，And "bet365 offer energy" can be expressed through "wonderful things"，In the end, a kind of romantic and proud "wonderful writing" was formed。On writing topics，People in the late Ming Dynasty mainly divided "wonders" into three categories: bet365 offer things、bet365 offer man、Qiqing。In terms of the specific way of writing，People in the late Ming Dynasty noticed the bet365 offer conception of opera、The wonder of realm and artistic conception，Also paid attention to the narrative of the opera、structure、The wonder of language。The "strangeness of writing" allows the author's strangeness to be expressed happily，It also allows the wonder of the subject matter to be more fully developed in the field of text。

While advocating "bet365 offer things are also bet365 offer"，The people of the late Ming Dynasty also used the aesthetic concept of "always surprising" to criticize excessive elements in opera creation、Unreasonable curiosity-seeking tendencies should be appropriately restrained and limited。Overall，They advocate that "Qi" should be returned to common people's daily use、Human Physics，The description and description of "bet365 offer" should be consistent with common sense、Logical、Considerate and humane、We must endure hardship，Ethical and moral factors should be injected into bet365 offer themes，Ultimately achieve the educational effect of "conforming to the secular world"。The late Ming people’s discussion of bet365 offer concepts largely determined the creative ideas and writing methods of late Ming opera，And shaped the aesthetic form and cultural pattern of opera in the late Ming Dynasty and even the early Qing Dynasty。

　Differences and commonalities of bet365 offer concepts

Overall，The development of bet365 offer concepts in the field of poetry and classical Chinese novels、Vernacular Novels、The development of bet365 offer concepts in the field of opera shows different cultural paths。For relatively orthodox poetry，The author does not face the problem of rational interpretation of his own style，What they face more is: facing the inherent ideological tradition、Cultural Tradition、Literary Tradition，How to achieve self-transcendence and continue to innovate。Therefore，From Li Zhi、Public Security Faction、It can be clearly seen on the Jingling sect and others，Independence is almost a thread throughout late Ming literature。The so-called "bet365 offer people" and "bet365 offer articles"，In fact, it contains more of a meaning of independent innovation。From Li Zhi to Jingling Sect，We can see the basic process of the late Ming and Qi concepts from their rise to their demise，It can be seen again，The transformation of bet365 offer concepts also intrinsically affects the writer’s creative thinking、Creative method、Aesthetic standards，This led to the continuous evolution of poetry and literary styles in the late Ming Dynasty。

For classical Chinese novels、Vernacular Novels、For a marginal genre such as opera，The development of bet365 offer concepts first faces the problem of how to demonstrate the rationality of its own written speech。For example, the author of classical Chinese novels refutes and reinterprets the traditional concept of "the child is speechless, bet365 offer, powerful and chaotic"，What authors of vernacular novels and operas say in their prefaces and postscripts about the unique functions and values ​​of novels and operas，can be regarded as such examples。In this style of writing，"bet365 offer" are often divided into three categories: "bet365 offer people", "bet365 offer things" and "bet365 offer articles"，And they all have a clear tendency to "surprise surprises from time to time"。This reflects this type of literary style that tends to be narrative，On the one hand, the characters、Event、Plot arrangement、There is a pursuit of "strangeness" in many aspects such as literary writing，On the other hand, it adheres to traditional Confucian ethics，To improve one’s own cultural status，Seeking broader development space。From this point of view，In ancient China，Although the development of "Qi" is affected and restricted by "Chang"，But he also constantly highlights himself in the comparison with "normal"，And gradually establish its own cultural status and cultural value in the interactive relationship with "Chang"。

If you are interested in poetry、Classical Chinese Novels、Vernacular Novels、A highly refined and summarized concept of "strangeness" in opera and other fields，It is not difficult to find that there is a commonality among the "bet365 offer" in various literary types，This commonality can be summarized into the following three points。

First，"Qi" possesses a kind of super-alternity。Whether it is a "wonderful person" or a "wonderful book"，They all show a sense of ordinaryness、Ordinary strong desire to transcend: "wonders" often want to distance themselves from ordinary people，And "wonderful books" often have to draw a clear line from ordinary works。Whether it is Li Zhi、Yuan Hongdao、Zhong Xing’s discussion of “bet365 offer people”，It’s still Jin Shengtan’s words about “The Wonderful Book of Talented Scholars”，All built on excellence、On the basis of extraordinary talent。“Qi” is a kind of uniqueness，Another different custom，It is even more outstanding。The literati is facing the bet365 offer man、Qishu rewards and advertises at the same time，In fact, it is also shaping one’s own literary posture and demonstrating cultural taste。

Next，"Qi" has a subversive effect on the cultural order of the time。This is manifested in the fact that "bet365 offer" often expresses its opposition to the existing literary tradition、Breakthrough and reconstruction of the cultural system。For example，Li Zhi’s breakthrough in Confucian ideological tradition，Yuan Hongdao’s rebellion against the "Later Seven Sons" retro literary system，The reconstruction of the traditional classic cultural order by the "Four Great Books", etc.。Literati who consider themselves bet365 offer often have highly independent personality traits，Innovation through literature、Cultural innovation is the ultimate goal。

Finally，In the specific development process, "odd" reflects the compromise of "normal"。Whether it is in the field of poetry or classical Chinese novels、Vernacular Novels、The field of opera，"Qi" all aim to break through the existing order，But in the end they all returned to the "normal" path。For example，Reflections and transformations in the later literary theory of the Gong’an School，Jingling Party’s emphasis and return to Confucian morality and ancient poetic tradition，The novel and opera writers’ attribution of educational significance to the concept of “always surprising”, etc.。On the one hand，Literati often resort to heresy in their pursuit of wonder、A bet365 offer person thinks he is，Fully express your own uniqueness。But on the other hand，After a long time，They discovered that they need to maximize their own value and meaning，We still need to return to the mainstream cultural order。Finally，"Qi" and "Chang" are in fierce collision、After the confrontation，There is often a mutual compromise、The delicate relationship of mutual balance。

In short，“Chang” and “odd” seem to be a pair of simple concepts，But bet365 offer special historical and cultural context of ancient China，Behind it lies many fundamental propositions for the development of literature。Without a doubt，The study of late Mingqi concepts is a rather grand issue，It is also a rather difficult question，But bet365 offer author’s opinion，It is even more worthy of further exploration、A question of great academic significance and cultural value。

　　(This article is a phased result of the Youth Project of the National Social Science Fund "Research on the Transformation of Changqi Concepts bet365 offer Late Ming Dynasty and its Impact on Literature" (17CZW026)

(The author is an associate professor at the bet365 offer of Liberal Arts, Shaanxi Normal University)