Ming and Qing Dynasties，China and Spain's colonies in Latin America "New Spain" (now Mexico) established early contacts through the Manila sailing trade。Chinese silk、Porcelain、Furniture and other utensils，Manila through the Spanish colony Philippines，transferred to New Spain。Unique oriental utensils become luxury in New Spanish，Focusing and sought after by the upper levels of the colonial society。Among them，A rising stream of silk、Porcelain、Oriental furniture and decorations "Chinese utensil heat"。

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July 1, 1573，Two large sails full of Chinese goods sailing，Leaving Manila, Philippines，Akaburko, which is along the coast of Mexico，From the end of the Manila sailing trade。Initial，The Spanish royal family does not intervene and intervene in large sailing trade。But from 1593，Spain promulgated a series of decree，In addition to making various regulations on trade with China，Also voyage times、Load weight、Value、Tariffs, etc.，Restrictions on the trade of the sailboat。The amount of large sailing boats from Manila to Mexico every year is 1-4 ships，Usually 2 ships，Each load is generally 300-1000 tons，Some even up to 2000 tons。

Limited by transportation、Effects of profit attraction and market demand，Manila sailing ships loaded to Mexico mainly include silk、Porcelain、Furniture，For example, screen、pallet、clothing box、Writer、glazed file cabinet, etc.。other，also includes scallops、玳瑁、ivory products and other decorations，and cinnabar bells、Fan、Shading fan、crutches and other small objects。Although the big sailboat also carries Japan、Cargo in other Asian countries such as India，But mainly Chinese items。American scholar William Schultz pointed out，Fujian commercial ship transported to Manila's silk and porcelain，The true foundation for the Bet365 lotto review trade of the sailing ship。China has always been the main source of the goods contained in the sailboat。For the New Spain,，Big sailboat is a Chinese ship，Manila is just a transshipment station between China and Mexico。as exchange，A large amount of Mexican silver and even Peru's silver were shipped back to China。It is estimated，Among the silver mined in New Spain，20%is used to acquire Asian products。During the entire large sailing trade period，Raide silver that flows into China up to 100 million peso。

Manila sailing trade lasts for more than 240 years (1573-1815)。1810，Independence War Blasting in Mexico，Open the colonial rule of Spain、Long journey to fight for national independence (1810-1821)。October 1813，King Spain officially announced the abolition of Manila sailing trade。1815，"Magellan" drives back from Mexico back to Manila，It marks the end of the big sailing trade。

　　Chinese silk is sought after

Chinese silk is a large cargo carried by the Manila sailing ship。It is estimated，Silk fabrics carrying each large sailing ship usually have 100,000 hp，or even as many as 400,000 hp，Value is generally 2 million -4 million Peso。At the end of the 18th century，Chinese silk and other products account for 63%of the total value of Mexico imports。According to Spanish scholar Jose Louis Garci-Thomas research，1600-1640，Chinese silk accounts for 99%of all textiles imported from Asia from New Spain，Among them, 39%raw silk、59%silk fabric and 1%finished clothing。

Poetry and travel notes that reflect the true appearance of Mexico in the 17th century，All mentioned Chinese silk。1604，Mexican poet Bernado Debabulner published a collection of poems "Mexico's Great"，When mentioning various luxury goods from all over the world，He specifically mentioned "the colorful silk from the great China"。1625-1637，The UK Doming Our Journey Tomas Geqi traveled to New Spain and Guatemala，He wrote in "New World Travels"，"The costumes of men and women are extremely exaggerated，Use more silk instead of fabric "。

Chinese silk and its products play an important role in the wearing of Bet365 app download the Mexican elite group。Study on the list of 128 wills and property lists of Mexico City from 1580-1630，Hese Louis Garci-Thomas Discovery，Chinese silk and silk fabrics are quite eye -catching in the property list，39.8%list mentioned at least one piece of clothing made in Chinese silk，On average, there are 4.3 pieces of clothing made of Chinese silk。In the property list，It will also mention the silk of "from China"。Chinese Silk is widely used in New Spain to make luxury goods。Mexico City's richest family clothing and bedding，Most of them are made of tailors and weaving equipment in New Spanish workshops。At that time，The popular Spanish classic costumes in the upper levels of Mexico City，It is also woven from Chinese silk。

Chinese silk even has a certain impact on the clothing taste and fashion of the upper levels of New Spanish society。Europe in the 16th to 17th centuries，Dark colors not only dominate the arts and other arts，This is the same in clothing。The clothing of the New Spanish elite group affected by Europe is also black、Brown、Gray and other dark colors are mainly，Freshy clothing only uses on special occasions and banquets。Chinese silk is often colorful，Including blue、Green、Red、Yellow and other colors。Has pursuit of Chinese silk clothing，To a certain extent, it breaks the leading situation of the traditional dark color in the clothing of Bet365 app download the Mexican elite group。The decorative pattern of Chinese silk also affects the clothing of Mexico's upper society。New Spanish's upper society's favorite brocade and velvet fabrics such as Chinese embroidery patterns are flowers，For example, lotus and chrysanthemum。Spanish "Primavera" (spring) word，A flower decoration that was used to refer to the Chinese silk clothing in Mexico。

In the upper society in Mexico，Catholic missionaries are particularly prominent in accepting and using Chinese silk。They often use silk sewing method、Making church jewelry，In order to add glory and effect to the religious ritual。Chinese silk products are also used by Mexican elite groups in a large number of indoor decorations。bet365 Play online games Chinese silk tablecloth、Wall -mounted and curtains are used to decorate the living room to highlight the taste，Tobes made of Chinese silk、Cushion、Pillow occupies an important space in the bedroom。

The luxury identity of Chinese silk is still reflected in，Even the old silk clothing used in the use is still unique。Mexican Kema City a 1625 historical documentation indication，The second -hand silk clothing that has been worn for a long time and damaged，In public auction, it is still bid by local residents to buy。

　　Chinese porcelain swept New Spanish

Porcelain is the oriental item that is second only to silk in the large sailing trade，It is considered the identity of the new world。Chinese porcelain，Ruhua porcelain bottle、Disters、Tea set、Meal disk、Cup and jar，The main collection of wealthy residents of New Spain。In New Spain，Porcelain is rarely used as tableware or food containers，More art treasures for viewing，Represents luxury and elegance，Become a sign to measure wealth and cultural accomplishment。The show -off consumption of Chinese porcelain has become a pastime for Mexicans。Many people use Chinese porcelain as decorations，Place in the living room、Display window of restaurants or other rooms、glass counter or furniture。They also show off porcelain in public in public，To show your identity、status and taste。Chinese porcelain slices are also directly regarded as architectural decorations，"Casa Del Risco, which was used to decorate the 18th century，St. Anshr Town, located south of Mexico City)。

Chinese porcelain's luxury status in New Spain、Elegant symbol and special value，You can also from the New Spanish will of the list of assets、Dowry letter、A proven in the court notarization document。Hese Louis Garci-Thomas's research on the list of assets of the Mexico City will show，Nearly 24.2%of the property list includes porcelain，There are 13 pieces of porcelain in the average property list for each property。This can be seen，Porcelain is an important heirs in New Spain。Porcelain is also used as a dowry，For example，Corima resident bet365 best casino games Martin Deylaz in 1614 mentioned "1 large porcelain from China"。

In New Spain，Not only popular gold -plated and silver -plated porcelain，And Chinese blue and white porcelain in the New Spanish elite's manor and Catholic Holy Hall also highly cherished。Judging from the existing museum collections and archeological excavations of Mexico，late 16th century to early 17th century，Porcelain transported to New Spain，Most of them are blue and white porcelain from Jingdezhen，Another produced in Zhangzhou, Fujian、Ceramics in Guangdong and other places。The quality of porcelain is different，Some are very fine，Some are more rough。Chinese porcelain found in Mexico，Its production age continued from the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty to the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty。1976-1981，In the archeological excavation of the Monastery of St. Jerumnim, Mexico City，A total of about 123 kg of oriental porcelain was found，Among them, nearly 56%are Wanli porcelain，20%firing time of porcelain is the turn of the Ming and Qing Dynasties，15%is the porcelain fired during the Kangxi period。

Archaeological excavation of Mexico，Chinese porcelain is not only concentrated in the capital Mexico City，And Pu Blala and other cities and even rural areas also have a large number of porcelain slices were found。During the colonial period，The wealthy people in the city use Chinese ceramics as luxury goods，Porcelain in rural areas is also highly respected，Because of the rich ranch owner、Farmers, etc. also need to use material culture to show their power and status。Archaeological excavation is also displayed，New Spanish religious places are places with more Chinese porcelain。In Purula、Wahaka、Church and monastery in Idalgo and other places，Digging a large amount of Chinese porcelain fragments。This indicates，New Spanish religious groups are easier to get porcelain，and also have enough financial resources to buy。

　Chinese decorations are attractive

From China、Lacquer furniture in Asian countries such as Japan，It is also loved and sought after by the upper society of New Spanish。Asian furniture becomes the most striking decoration Bet365 lotto review in the living room and bedroom of Mexico's upper society。Most luxury tables and chairs in Mexican elite families are from China，Some wardrobes and folding screens are from Japan。In the list of assets in Mexico City，List a lot of boxes from China、Box、Folding screens and other items。

In the big sailing trade，Folding screen is a common but smaller product。Folding screen was presented as a diplomatic gift by the Japanese Shogunate as the Governor of New Spain as a diplomatic gift，and was collected by the Mexican government，Therefore, it becomes an Oriental item for the wealthy family of New Spain。New Spanish officials and businessmen who traded with the Philippines，Usually can rely on your own privilege status，Priority to get screen，and show off these valuable oriental furniture in the home of its New Spain。Silk with Chinese silk、The same porcelain，Delivery or unfinished folding screens can also be sold at high prices in auctions。The popularity of the folding screen has made Mexican craftsman began to imitate，It has spawned the local screen production industry。So，Mexican scholars use "Achinado" or "La Moda China" to describe the folding screens made in Mexico。

The upper society in Mexico also has a writing desk made in Asia，The writing desk of China and Japan is quite influential among the wealthy class in Mexico。Early 17th century，Reading、Writing and calculation as a businessman in Mexico City、Important daily work and activities of the pastor and other social groups，Writing desk as a necessity。8.6%of the Mexico City Tenta Property List，At least one writing desk from China or Japan，On average, there are 5 writing desks from Asia。

Fan is another Asian imported product that the upper -level women in New Spanish are eager to obtain。mid -to -late 16th century，Fan was introduced to Europe by Jesus missionaries from China，and quickly become popular in the court，It is considered an indispensable female accessories。In New Spain，Fans are also loved by women from high society，Social functions in celebrity gatherings and talks。10.9%of the Mexico City Tenta Bet365 lotto review Property List，Once mentioned Asian fan。Another thing that shows the luxury wind of the upper -level women in New Spanish is Chinese parasol。Therefore，Fan and parasols have also become the items that Mexican craftsmen are widely replicated and sold locally。

During the period of the colonial rule of Mexico，The upper society of Mexico is not only the earliest consumer of oriental utensils，They also promoted this material culture to the scholars Spain and other western American colonies。New Spanish is also stationed in a distributor network with distribution and transport oriental utensils，Chinese utensils represented by porcelain are distributed from here to Spain、Peru、Guatemala、Cuba and other places，It played a promotion of the "Chinese style" popular in Europe in the 17th to 18th century。

　(Author is an associate professor of Marxist College of Southwest Medical University)