Ming and Qing Dynasties，China and Spain’s colony in Latin America, “New Spain” (today’s Mexico), established early exchanges through the Manila galleon trade。bet365 bonus code indiana、Porcelain、Furniture and other utensils，Via Manila, the Spanish Colonial Philippines，Transported to New Spain。Unique Oriental artifacts became luxuries in New Spain，Favored and sought after by the upper class of colonial society。Among them，A wave was raised to own silk、Porcelain、The “Chinese Artifacts Craze” where Oriental furniture and decorations are status symbols。

　　The large sailing ship trade mainly focuses on bet365 bonus code indiana items

July 1, 1573，Two large sailing ships loaded with bet365 bonus code indiana cargo set sail，Leaving Manila, Philippines，To Acabulco on the Mexican coast，This kicked off the Manila galleon trade。Initial stage，The Spanish royal family did not intervene in the galleon trade。But from 1593，Spain promulgated a series of decrees，In addition to various regulations on trade with China，Number of sailings、Load capacity、Value、Tariff amount, etc.，Restrictions on the trade of galleons。The number of large sailing ships sailing from Manila to Mexico every year is 1-4，Usually 2 ships，The load capacity of each ship is generally 300-1000 tons，Some even as high as 2,000 tons。

Subject to capacity restrictions、The impact of profit attraction and market demand，The goods carried by the Manila galleon to Mexico mainly included silk、Porcelain、Furniture，For example, screen、Pallet、Suitcase、Writing desk、Glazed filing cabinets, etc.。In addition，Also includes scallops、tortoiseshell、Ivory products and other decorations，And cinnabar paper、Fan、Sunshade Fan、Crutches and other small items。Although the large sailing ship also carried Japan、Goods from India and other Asian countries，But mainly bet365 bonus code indiana items。American scholar William Schultz pointed out，Silk and porcelain shipped to Manila by Fujian merchant ships，Laid the true foundation of the galleon trade。China has always been the main source of cargo carried by galleons。For New Spain，The big sailing ship is the bet365 bonus code indiana ship，Manila is just a transit point between China and Mexico。In exchange，A large amount of Mexican silver and even Peruvian silver were shipped back to China。Estimated，In silver mined in New Spain，20% is used to acquire Asian goods。Throughout the galleon trade，Latin American silver flows into China as high as 100 million pesos。

The Manila galleon trade lasted for more than 240 years (1573-1815)。1810，The War of Independence breaks out in Mexico，Start getting rid of Spanish colonial rule、The long journey of fighting for national independence (1810-1821)。October 1813，The King of bet365 bonus code indiana officially announced the abolition of the Manila galleon trade。1815，"Magellan" sails back to Manila from Mexico，Marks the end of the galleon trade。

　　bet365 bonus code indiana is sought after

bet365 bonus code indiana is a bulk cargo carried by the Manila galleon。Estimated，Each large sailing ship usually carries 100,000 pieces of silk fabrics，Even as many as 400,000 horses，The value is generally between 2 million and 4 million pesos。Late 18th century，bet365 bonus code indiana and other commodities account for 63% of Mexico’s total import value。According to the research of Spanish scholar Jose Luis García-Thomas，1600-1640，bet365 bonus code indiana accounted for 99% of all textiles imported into New Spain from Asia，Including 39% raw silk、59% silk fabrics and 1% finished clothing。

Poems and travel notes reflecting the true face of Mexico in the 17th century，Everyone mentioned bet365 bonus code indiana。1604，Mexican poet Bernardo de Baburna publishes poetry collection "The Greatness of Mexico"，When referring to various luxury goods from all over the world，He specifically mentioned the "colorful silks from the great China"。1625-1637，The British Dominican Thomas Gage traveled to New Spain and Guatemala，He wrote in "Travel Notes to the New World"，“The costumes of men and women are extremely exaggerated，Use more silk than cloth”。

bet365 bonus code indiana and its products play an important role in the dress of the Mexican elite。Through the study of 128 testamentary property inventories in Mexico City from 1580 to 1630，Discovered by Jose Luis Gacy-Thomas，Chinese raw silk and silk fabrics are quite prominent in the property list，39.8% of listings mentioned at least one garment made of bet365 bonus code indiana，Average 4 per list.3 garments made of bet365 bonus code indiana。In property inventory，There will also be a special mention of silk "from China"。bet365 bonus code indiana was widely used to make luxury goods in New Spain。Clothing and bedding for Mexico City’s wealthiest families，Mostly made from Chinese raw silk by tailors and weavers in New Spain workshops。At that time，Traditional Spanish classic clothing popular among the upper class of Mexico City society，Also woven from bet365 bonus code indiana。

bet365 bonus code indiana even had a certain impact on the clothing taste and fashion of the upper class of New Spanish society。In Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries，Dark colors are not only dominant in art such as painting，The same goes for clothing。The clothing of the New Spanish elite who are deeply influenced by Europe is also black、Brown、Mainly dark colors such as gray，Brightly colored clothing is only used on special occasions and banquets。bet365 bonus code indiana is often brightly colored，Including blue、Green、Red、Yellow and other colors。The pursuit of bet365 bonus code indiana clothing，To a certain extent, it breaks the dominance of traditional dark colors in the clothing of the Mexican elite。The decorative patterns of bet365 bonus code indiana also influenced the clothing of Mexico’s upper class。A common Chinese embroidery pattern on fabrics such as brocade and velvet favored by the upper classes of New Spain was flowers，For example, lotus and chrysanthemum。The Spanish word “primavera” (spring)，A floral decoration once used to refer to bet365 bonus code indiana clothing in Mexico。

Among Mexican upper class society，Catholic missionaries were particularly prominent in accepting and using bet365 bonus code indiana。They often sew silk vests、Make church ornaments，To add luster and effect to religious ceremonies。bet365 bonus code indiana products are also widely used for interior decoration by the Mexican elite。bet365 bonus code indiana tablecloth、Wall hangings and curtains are used to decorate the living room to show taste，Canopy made of bet365 bonus code indiana、Cushion、Pillows occupy an important space in the bedroom。

The luxury status of bet365 bonus code indiana is also reflected in，Even used old silk clothing still has unique value。A historical document from 1625 in Colima, Mexico，Second-hand silk clothing that has been worn for a long time and is damaged，Still being purchased by local residents at public auction。

　　bet365 bonus code indiana porcelain is popular in New Spain

Porcelain is the second most important oriental item in the galleon trade after silk，Identity believed to have shaped the new world。bet365 bonus code indiana porcelain，Flower Porcelain Vase、Tableware、Tea set、dinner plate、Cups, jars, etc.，Became a major collectible for the wealthy residents of New Spain。In New Spain，Porcelain is rarely used as tableware or food containers，More of them are art treasures for viewing，Represents luxury and elegance，Become a symbol of wealth and cultural accomplishment。Conspicuous consumption of bet365 bonus code indiana porcelain becomes a pastime for Mexicans。Many people regard bet365 bonus code indiana porcelain as decoration，Place it in the living room、Display windows in restaurants or other rooms、On glass counters or furniture。They also display porcelain ostentatiously in public，To show identity、Status and taste。bet365 bonus code indiana porcelain tiles are also directly used as architectural decorations，Used to decorate the 18th-century Casa del Risco，The town of San Ángel, located south of Mexico City)。

The luxury status of bet365 bonus code indiana porcelain in New Spain、A symbol of elegance and special value，Also available from New Spain Probate Property Inventory、Dowry letter、Confirmed in court notarized documents。Research on the Mexico City Probate Property Inventory Revealed by José Luis García-Tomás，Nearly 24.2% of property inventories include china，An average of 13 pieces of china per property inventory。It can be seen from this，Porcelain was an important heirloom in New Spain。Porcelain is also used as dowry，For example，Martin de Segura, a resident of Colima, mentioned “a large piece of porcelain from China” in a 1614 dowry letter。

In New Spain，Not only gold-plated and silver-plated porcelain are popular，Furthermore, bet365 bonus code indiana blue and white porcelain was also highly prized in the estates and Catholic sanctuaries of the New Spanish elite。From existing museum collections and archaeological excavations in Mexico，Late 16th century to early 17th century，Porcelain transported by Manila galleon to New Spain，Most of them are blue and white porcelain from Jingdezhen，Other produced in Zhangzhou, Fujian、Ceramics from Guangdong and other places。The quality of porcelain varies，Some are very detailed，Some are rougher。bet365 bonus code indiana porcelain found in Mexico，The production period lasted from the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty to the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty。1976-1981，During archaeological excavations at the Monastery of San Jerome Nemo in Mexico City，A total of about 123 kilograms of Oriental porcelain found，Nearly 56% of them are Wanli porcelain，20% of the porcelain was fired at the turn of the Ming and Qing Dynasties，15% is porcelain fired during the Kangxi period。

Archaeological excavations in Mexico show，bet365 bonus code indiana porcelain is not only concentrated in the capital Mexico City，A large number of porcelain pieces have also been found in cities such as Puebla and even in rural areas。In the colonial period，Rich people in the city regard bet365 bonus code indiana ceramics as luxury goods，Porcelain is also highly respected in rural areas，Because of the wealthy rancher、Farmers and others also need to use material culture to demonstrate their power and status。Archaeological excavations also show，Religious places in New Spain are places where bet365 bonus code indiana porcelain is often used。In Puebla、Oaxaca、In churches and monasteries in Hidalgo and other places，A large number of bet365 bonus code indiana porcelain fragments were excavated。This shows，Religious groups in New Spain had easier access to porcelain，And also have enough financial resources to buy。

　bet365 bonus code indiana decorations are eye-catching

From China、Lacquer furniture from Japan and other Asian countries，Also loved and sought after by the upper class of bet365 bonus code indiana。Asian furniture became the most eye-catching decoration in the living rooms and bedrooms of Mexico's upper class。Most of the luxury tables and chairs in elite Mexican homes come from China，Some wardrobes and folding screens come from Japan。In Mexico City Probate Inventory，Lists many boxes from China、Box、Folding screens and other items。

In the galleon trade，Folding screens are a common but smaller product。The folding screen was given as a diplomatic gift by the Japanese shogun to the governor of New Spain，Collected by the Mexican government，Therefore, it became an Oriental item that wealthy families in New Spain competed for。New Spanish officials and merchants who traded with the Philippines，Usually able to rely on its privileged position，Priority to get the screen，And show off these valuable Oriental furniture in his New Spain home。With bet365 bonus code indiana、Same as porcelain，Dorn or unfinished folding screens can also sell for high prices at auction。The popularity of folding screens prompted Mexican craftsmen to start imitating them，Spurred on the local screen production industry。Therefore，Mexican scholars use "achinado" or "la moda China" to describe folding screens made in Mexico。

The upper class in Mexico also own desks made in Asia，bet365 bonus code indiana and Japanese writing desks are influential among Mexico’s wealthy classes。Early 17th century，Read、Write and calculate to become a Mexico City businessman、Important daily work and activities of pastors and other social groups，Writing desk therefore becomes a necessity。8.6% of Mexico City probate estates，At least one writing desk from China or Japan，An average of 5 writing desks from Asia per property listing。

The fan was another Asian import coveted by upper-class women in New Spain。Mid and late 16th century，The fan was introduced to Europe from China by Jesuit missionaries，And quickly became popular in the court，Considered an essential female accessory。In New Spain，Fans are also loved by upper-class women，Has social function at celebrity gatherings and talks。10.9% of Mexico City probate estates，Asian fans mentioned。Another item that demonstrates the luxury of upper-class women in New Spain is the bet365 bonus code indiana parasol。Therefore，Fans and parasols have also become items widely copied and sold locally by Mexican artisans。

During the Spanish colonial rule of Mexico，Mexican upper class society is not only the earliest consumer of oriental artifacts，They also promoted this material culture to the mother country Spain and other Spanish American colonies。New Spain also hosts a network of dealers who distribute and transship oriental artifacts，bet365 bonus code indiana wares represented by porcelain are distributed to Spain from here、Peru、Guatemala、Cuba and other places，Promoted the "bet365 bonus code indiana style" popular in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries。

　(The author is an associate professor bet365 bonus code indiana School of Marxism, Southwest Medical University)