1960s，"The Great Political Government of the One" transportation has accumulated heavy and difficult to return，and the Western "Fire Wheel" gradually prevails on the Chinese River and Seas，Show the capacity far better than the traditional sand boat、speed and low cost。As the Westernization School began to pay attention to "seeking rich"，Traditional shipping reaches "change and change，Unchanged and changing "。In 1872, the Dams and Merchants Bureau (hereinafter referred to as "China Merchants") was born，This is China's first mechanical power ship shipping company。China Merchants Bureau's transformation significance for the transformation of modern China is not only the change of the shipping industry，It is also reflected in the larger range of industrialization and the generation of national enterprises。

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The transformation of modern China must face the economic invasion of foreign capital imperialism，The development history of China Merchants has implemented the economic nationalism of "business enemies" and "fighting with foreigners"。Zheng Guan, who was once the help of China Merchants Bureau, should be the collection of "business war" and "fighting for profit"。

1863，The total number of foreign ships in Shanghai and Guangzhou Port reached 8681，It is comparable to the size of hundreds of ships more than ten years ago。1873，There are 9 major foreign shipping companies operating China bet365 best casino games River routes，Among them, the largest scale of the US business Qichang ship company。The company's total net profit of the company's 6 years before the establishment of China Merchants is as high as 3.38 million，The net profit of only 1867 will exceed 740,000，Intellectual profit margin nearly 60%。

but but，After the establishment of China Merchants Bureau, I acquired Qichang，Open "Fight with the Ear with False and Fight"，At the time of the three main shipping companies at the time (China Merchants、Taikoo、Jiward)，The number of ships of China Merchants once accounted for 65%，Water feet (passenger and cargo) in the Yangtze River route in the local market account for about 60%。During the twists and turns development of more than 50 years later，China Merchants Based has basically maintained it with Ying Shangyi、Taikoo，and the three major foreign shipping companies of the three major foreign shipping companies of the latecomer, Japan, Shang,。Before the outbreak of the Anti -Japanese War，China Shipping Corporation has accounted for obvious advantages on the Jianghai route，The total number of ships accounts for 64%，Total tonnage accounts for nearly 53%，China Merchants "becomes a backbone of the company that comes to compete with foreign shipping companies"。

Although there are many problems in the development of modern China Merchants，But it starts in a difficult start in the shipping industry、In the process of resisting the economic aggression against the powers，Not only does it achieve its own growth，Objectively opened the situation for Chinese shipping companies，Still commendable。The transformation bet365 Play online games of modern China is promoted in the struggle with foreign invasion forces，The history and record of the "Commercial War" of China Merchants Bureau is a microcosm。

　　Implementing industrial expansion

The transformation of modern China is a comprehensive modernization change in the post -developed country，Concentrated manifestations as industrialization。China Merchants Board from the ship's shipping industry as the starting point，Implementing industrial expansion，In finance、Traffic、Heavy Industry、Light Industry and other fields have different degrees of investment。As Sheng Xuanhuai said，"Must be expanded for profit"，"Then open the mine、Railway、Bank、Posts can be held for the secondary "。The industrial expansion of China Merchants is mainly divided into two situations。One situation is an enterprise attached to the bureau。Tongmao Iron Factory in 1874，Provide ship repair service。Established Insurance China Merchants in 1875，The following year created Renhe Insurance Company。Opening the Jihe Boat Stack Insurance Bureau in 1878，After changing Jihe and Water Fire Insurance Company。Both of them provide insurance services for ship shipping，merged into Renji and Insurance Company in 1886。Started trial clearance in 1887，That is the official approval of customs bonded warehouse stacks，Build a dock、warehouse and other facilities，Provide loading and unloading、Storage and other services，and the preferential treatment of the savvy tariff。Receive Zhejiang Using Shipping Company in 1902，Confed in the China Merchants Inland Railway Company，Later called inland Merchants Bet365 lotto review Bureau，Specialized in the inland river route。

Another situation is foreign investment。From 1882 to 1909，China Merchants Bureau has invested in Kaiping Mining Bureau、Anhui Jingmen Coal Mine、Taiwan Business Bureau、Shanghai machine weaving layout、China Commercial Bank、Shanghai Huasheng Textile Bureau、Ping Mining Rail Factory、Pingxiang Coal Mine、Ping Mining Rail Factory、Dade Oil Company、Jiangsu Railway、Zhejiang Railway、Guangdong and Han Railway、19 projects, including Han Ying Ping Factory Mining Company，Total amount of about 3.07 million，accounting for nearly 77%of its total capital of 4 million capital。1911，The total number of ships of China Merchants Bureau is 2.575 million，accounting for 27%of total assets，only 151,000 two from 1886。The scale of the industry expansion of China Merchants has exceeded the shipping industry。

The industrial expansion of the official supervision and business offices is not only a growth of its own business scale，It is also the expansion of the "Special Type State Capital Enterprise" in the field of modern industry。The off -bureau investment of China Merchants Bureau has made important contributions to the beginning of China's early industrialization，It is an important way to advance China's transformation in modern China。

　　Towards a state -owned enterprise

The transformation of modern China is the transition from the traditional dynasty to the modern country，Need to establish support for power in the modern economy，One of its important forms is national enterprise。The Qing government and the Interim Government of the Republic of China、Beiyang Government、The Kuomintang government bet365 Play online games intends to strengthen the control of China Merchants Bureau，The power of state interference and control is generally strengthened，but failed to transform it into a real modern state enterprise。After 1949，The people's government under the leadership of the Communist Party of China has rebuilt the relationship with China Merchants，Lile the basic attributes of its new type of state enterprises。

Under the official supervision office system，The Qing government is common for the motion of China Merchants to join the official stocks or the state -owned state -owned motion。1909，The Ministry of Postsport issued the "Articles of Association of the China Merchants Office of the Merchants Office"，but not really implemented。early 1912，The temporary government of Nanjing is based on the "prosperous stocks" of China Merchants.，I want to confiscate，The name of "National Post Shipping Company of the Republic of China"。March of the year，The second shareholder of China Merchants will rename the company "Commercial Merchants Merchants Shipping Company"，Realize complete business。But，The Beiyang Government is still trying to make China Merchants in various ways，If you are stationed "Examiner"、Insert asset reorganization、Fight for the power of the board of directors、Politics "investigating" and so on，but never succeed。

The Kuomintang government tries to "manufacture national capital"，"End" with various means。Established in 1927, an inspection and organizing China Merchants Committee，Set up a supervision office，A belonging to bet365 live casino games the Ministry of Communications。1928 dissolved board，Reconstruction General Management Office，Co -organizing officials and business as a transition。1929，Reform the China Merchants Bureau to the National Government，The command to be collected by the state in the following year。In 1932, it returned to the Ministry of Communications，Rename "State -owned Merchants Bureau"，and ordered the gradual collection to return to the state。Ending acquisition in 1934，About 212,000 silver with cumulative silver，It is only one -ten -third of the actual asset value。until 1948，To get rid of the dilemma of the economic collapse，reorganized it into a company Co., Ltd.，In essence, "Still dominated by the government"，The result is still nothing to help。

1949，The victory of the New Democratic Revolution has made the people's regime comprehensive legitimacy，This is the political basis for the people's regime to confiscate and take over the old China Merchants Bureau。New Sheng Mounting Investment Council is a socialist state -owned enterprise，It is a force for the economy of modern Chinese country，It is a cornerstone of establishing a socialist system。Since then，China Merchants Board grows into a state -owned important backbone enterprise group with a direct management of the central government。In short，The tortuous process of China Merchants to the state -owned enterprise reflects the ups and downs of the construction of modern China in modern China，and a group of successful national enterprises are an important part of modern Chinese countries。

　　(Author is an associate professor at the Department of History of the School of Social Development and Public Management of Suzhou University of Science and Technology)