Human universal freedom and liberation are ideal goals for Marx to pursue their lifetime，But it is not easy to achieve this goal，Finding the realistic path that realizes freedom and liberation constitutes an important issue for Marx's theory exploration。In the German philosophy tradition represented by Hegel，Freedom is the ability to autonomy or self -determination; correspondingly，The liberation of people is to eliminate natural desires and the blindness of existing concepts to people，Makes people the real person who only follows self -regulations。On the issue of how to achieve freedom，Germany's speculative philosophy and political practice will regard the law and the state as a specific form of freedom，Individual obedience law and the country, that is, obey the nature of people，A good civil code is a realistic way for people to realize freedom of nature。

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The complicated experience of the German nation in the 19th century created the preferences of the Germans for history and law，The long -term split situation has spawned the expectations of the Germans for the unified nation -state，This era background constitutes the theoretical background of Marx and Hegel。After 1806 German State announced the abolition of the law of the sacred Roman Empire，How to formulate a unified law for the German Federation to become the main ideological issue in the German intellectual industry。Starting from the 1820s，Hegelist philosophy and historical jurisprudence becomes the backbone of German law，At the same time, almost all the teaching content during Marx University。Hegel's dialectics completes the conceptual proof of human freedom.，Human beings can understand the absolute essence through pure rational and logical methods，The essence of human society can also be self -verified through rationality and logic，not stuck in various complicated appearances。The method of the historical law school is to start from the legal theme of history (the original chapter of the Roman law)，Use language analysis and text comments to trace the source，Combined with existing annotations and comments, thorough research，Bet365 app download Pay attention to the aspect of practice，Perform these materials for philosophy，Make it logically consistent，and further abstract the principle system of logical self -consistent，A spiritual connection based on formal ethics。So，For the legal research at the time，Law、The method of philosophy and history is actually the same method，Method of speculation。

Because of this，Although freedom has become the common pursuit of the intellectual community of European countries since the 18th century，But the country's understanding of freedom is different。Due to the division of the country and being invaded，German intellectuals' understanding of freedom is often associated with the task of national unity and national self -determination，Special emphasis on human autonomy and self -determination。Freedom in the traditional German tradition means that not only the oppression of nature must be exempted，It is also necessary to avoid the will of others' will for individuals，and pay particular attention to the dimension of history and reality。German thinkers generally believe it，Law and state on the basis of rationality are ethical entities that people realize their own regulations，This traditional deeply affects the understanding of the youth Marx's understanding of freedom。

Philosophy，The free road in Germany is always closely related to the independence and unity of the nation -state，reflected in the pursuit of autonomy and self -determination through rational legislation，and use this to criticize the liberal tradition of Britain and France。In the German tradition, the pursuit of freedom to avoid the abstract discussion method of Britain and France，Gradually formed a nationalist route that realizes freedom through legislation and founding the country。Kant proves it with his innate interpretation，Although the object world is free，But it does not limit the freedom of people，People can still use rationally arrange their own lives; Kant politically advocates the use of practical rationality to determine the legal power that people should generally own，and further determine it in the form of law。And Hegel further proves that the subjective design of the rational itself is not only the subjective design，and it is also an objective understanding of the object;，This kind of objective and inevitable law and the realization of the Bet365 app download country are also the realization of human self -regulations，People will gain real freedom in the lives of Fa and the country。So，Law、Philosophy and History in Germany in the 19th century are generally regarded as the same subject，A symbol of the power of liberation itself contained in human rationality。Inherited the ideological resources of the ancient Roman law，Germany has a long history of legal education and research，Theoretically, a political modernization road that is very different from Britain and France。German modernization ideas have abandoned the pursuit of happiness in the British Natural Law，Instead of freedom as the core concept of modern political order; it also opposes the road of the French violent revolution in the way of free implementation，It advocates that through the top -down reform of the law and the country to ensure the gradual realization of freedom。other，The freedom that Germany's legal tradition is concerned is human natural law，There is a big difference between the British Natural Law tradition of the British natural law and the Political Enlightenment of the British Law and Political Enlightenment。When the reality and freedom deviate，Germany's legal traditions need to re -define the conditions of free personality through philosophical and historical methods，By theoretically, these conditions are determined in the form of legal power，and eventually ensure the compulsoryness of the law in reality in reality in the form of the state。

　　Starting to reality in the criticism of law philosophy

For German intellectual circles，Law is the theoretical intermediary for free personality，Abstract interpretation of legal power in theoretical provisions that theoretically priority in theory。Marx received such legal education during college，and obviously received the systemist tradition。He translated the first two chapters of "The Student Conflicia" into German，Top writing a magnificent legal work，Try to improve the metaphysical foundation of the law to solve the dilemma of the law at that time。This legal book that is called "unlucky works" by Marx is not saved，Now you can only understand its chapter structure from a letter from Marx to his father。If you look at it according to the directory，Marx's legal works are really lacking.，Marx itself also acknowledged the lack of it，and realize that bet365 live casino games "effort is inappropriate"，Since then "only engaged in some empirical research"。The failure of this academic attempt becomes an opportunity for Marx to join the young Hegel，Because members of the youth Hegel School and followers are also considering how spiritual and law can happen in the country and society。The emergence of youth Hegel School，Mainly because of the closure of Hegel French philosophy, it cannot facing reality and future，The freedom and self -self of objective will can only point to themselves; if the philosophy of Fa wants to indicate the road to reality and the future，Then the objective will must be subjective again，Become an active will。Similar to the position of the young Hegel School，Marx's "empirical" attitude in law also requires rational breakthrough to break through abstract interpretation，Maintain a criticism of all kinds of existing concepts and phenomena in reality。but but，In this "empirical" idea，General rationality itself is still higher than reality; the difference between universal rationality and reality and their criticism of reality，is the real motivation of changes in the real world。

After being forced to leave the Editorial Department of the Rhine，Marx began to real，Instead, it will cause a comprehensive loss of universal interests，is the generation of the proletariat。Marx has no longer agreed with the "German Road" that realizes freedom through law and the country，and turned to economics research to find the reality that people can achieve freedom。"People who lose their property and the level of specific labor, that is, the level of specific labor，Rather than a level in civic society，It is better to be the basis for the group and activities of the groups of civic society "，The legal power of rational legislation in civic society can only realize the freedom of the production class，The foundation of this freedom is generally not freedom of the proletariat。To explain this phenomenon in theory，​​Marx wrote his first work，"Analysis of Critical Criticism of Hegel Fa"。

Research the inevitability of the essential loss of people in modern society，It marks that Marx systematically abandon the legal position in the early years，and "proletariat" as the intermediary to the agent to the economic research on industrial production。People are the highest essence of bet365 best casino games a person，"Output makes people become insulted、Attack by slavery、All the relationships that are abandoned and despised "，It is the goal and pursuit of human society。Marx thinks，In Germany, there is no class that can represent people at that time，Therefore, the competition in the political field is just a battle for special interests between various classes。This backward situation in Germany has caused the vulgar view of the ideological world，Religious、The theory of philosophy and history is describing human ideal pursuit，But these theories lack the material power that changes reality，Instead, all of them are eventually reduced to indirect theoretical defense。Marx's national philosophy of Germany、Law philosophy and religion、Tradition, etc. It is called "copy"，They are all explaining the status quo of inequality in modern political countries in the illusion of speculative or imagination。Criticism through the copy，Marx pointed out the vulgarity of these ideology，reveals the self -restraint of the Germans in the concept，They "did not expect that the philosophy that has so far belongs to this world，and it is a supplement to this world，Although it is just a supplement to the concept "。

　　Human Liberation: Beyond the Philosophy of Law

but，The purpose of the philosophy and national philosophy of Marx Criticism is not to require people to give up the pursuit of the essence of people，"Those unrealous flowers on the critical tearing chain，Don't want people to wear a chain without fantasies and no comfort，Instead of throwing it away，pick fresh flowers "。From copy criticism to the transition process that was originally criticized，is the process of finding the possibility of real change。Marx thinks，The hope of the future of Germany is the growth and action of the proletariat。Although the proletariat is generated by the civil society，But they have lost all private property，It is excluded from the civic society; the oppression encountered by the proletariat is the universal injustice of the civil society，instead of a special unjust to another level。So，The liberation of the proletariat itself "does not require any special rights ... but can only ask for the right of people ... if you do not liberate from all other social fields to liberate all other social fields, you cannot liberate yourself."。The emergence bet365 best casino games of the proletariat，Prove the universal non -righteousness of modern society，At the same time, it also potentially contains the possibility of abandoning this non -righteousness。Taking the proletariat as an intermediary，Marx has found a practical path that criticizes modern political countries and its theoretical foundation。Criticism of modern political countries and its conceptual foundation，Not only the important theoretical content of "Hegel French Critical Criticism" and its introduction，At the same time, it was one of the basic theoretical clues for Marx's later engaged in political economics research。

The proletariat and its revolutionary is the final conclusion of the criticism of the philosophy of Marx Law，It is also the key intermediary of Marx's turn to economics research。For Marx，The liberation declaration that announced "people is the highest essence of people" is all the tasks of true philosophy，and the proletariat is the material weapon of the real philosophy; the production of the proletariat "shows that the person is completely lost，so only through the full response of a person can you reply to yourself "。After realizing the illusion of the philosophy and national philosophy，Marx gave up the universal liberation path in France and the country，The proletariat becomes the only force for humans to be liberated in society。Germany ’s existing ideological resources at the time -philosophy of law、National Philosophy、Church philosophy, etc. -cannot explain the theory of the proletariat。To prove the road of liberation of Germany's reality，Marx must re -think the process and historical tasks of the proletariat，Marx has turned to research on political economics，On the question of how humans realize freedom to achieve freedom, it is derived from Hegel's completely different conclusion，Criticizing Hegel's logical mysteriousism，I found the key to crack historical puzzles in the social production of material data。

In the history of thought in Germany，Marx and Hegel constitute two very different coordinate shafts，The issue of the 19th century in Germany is the origin of their ideological meeting。Tracing back from this origin，You can see that they share German philosophy、Law and historical common vision of human freedom and liberation; look forward to looking forward from this origin，Then you can see that their imagination Bet365 app download of human beings is completely different。The place where Marx beyond and criticized Hegel lies in，He realized that the freedom and liberation of human beings need to be continuously realized in the continuous development of social production，It is impossible to finish yourself in the mind of one or more people。When the crisis of civilization conflict is dark and turbulent，We should stand in the new historical change bureau to re -examine the ideological connection of Marx and Hegel，Based on this, understand Marx’s creative。The victory of a certain concept does not necessarily mean the progress of the times，Promoting social cooperation and production development is the real foundation for the constant advancement of human destiny community。

　　(Author Unit: Department of Philosophy of Capital Normal University)