Marx seems to lack interest in educational issues，In his vast manuscripts，There are only sporadic discussions about education。This "negative" attitude echoes his famous criticism when he established the "new world view": "The materialist theory about the changing role of environment and education forgets that the environment is changed by people，The educator himself must be educated。Therefore，This doctrine will inevitably divide society into two parts，Some of them are above society。”However，For a conscientious socialist and leader of the mobile bet365 movement，Education issues are unavoidable。It is in the relevant manuscripts of "Das Kapital" and the working documents of the First International at the same time，Marx revealed his new concept of education。Only by carefully considering what Marx admired and what he rejected，Only then can we find the appropriate path for Marx to inspire modern people to find human liberation through education。

　　Child mobile bet365 issues and mobile bet365 education

The revelation of child mobile bet365 is the most “dark” part of Capital，It also makes this political economics research work a document expressing Marx’s educational philosophy。Marx quoted extensively from the reports of factory inspectors and the Commission of Inquiry into Child mobile bet365，Those unbearable passages fully demonstrate the horror of alienation: machine production does not reduce people's burden but makes them work harder，The abundance of material comes at the expense of human poverty。But，Unlike popular humanists and socialists who demand the abolition of child mobile bet365，Marx’s attitude was actually “reserved”，He denounced the physical and intellectual destruction of children caused by mass production by machines，But he has repeatedly affirmed the necessity and importance of production for children’s education。The "Critique of the Gotha Program" reiterated this proposition: "A general prohibition of child mobile bet365 is incompatible with the existence of large-scale industry，So this is an empty pious wish。”

Marx’s proposition can be understood from four aspects。One，Practical transformation of reflection theory epistemology。The traditional education model that focuses on cognitive behavior is actually based on reflection theory as its philosophical foundation，It sets a prior、Pure、Static recognition object，Education is the process of projecting the world into a blank slate-like mind to form impressions and ideas。But materialism has repeatedly shown，The world is essentially human activity itself，People gain awareness of the world through practical activities that change the world。In the era of capitalist mass production，Practice is first and ultimately expressed as industrial production。There is no way to obtain the truth without industrial production。Part 2，Productive mobile bet365 is the inevitable way for people to develop freely and comprehensively。The comprehensive development of human freedom was embodied in the elimination of the opposition between physical mobile bet365 and mental mobile bet365 in the 19th century。Even though the British Factory Laws at that time were just forced concessions made by the bourgeoisie in order to obtain better quality workers，But recognize primary education as a compulsory condition for child mobile bet365，It still proves the possibility of combining intellectual education and sports with physical mobile bet365，The forced mobile bet365 of child mobile bet365 thus becomes an unethical but beneficial opportunity to create a well-rounded person。Marx even agreed，Proletarian child laborers can get more happiness than bourgeois children sitting in school。Third，We must distinguish between large-scale machine production and the capitalist application of machines。It is not machine production that causes child laborers to have intellectual deficiencies and physical deformities，But capitalist production。Machine production is the objectification of human essential power，Only capitalism’s pursuit of surplus value gave rise to unskilled child mobile bet365 attached to machines，But romanticism and reactionary socialism always fail to make this distinction，Viewing pre-industrial life as idyllic，And seeing an education untainted by production as humane。Fourth，Technical education lays the foundation for a new socialist society。Necessary technical training can enable workers to cope with the ever-increasing mobile bet365 needs of modern industry，Enables workers to become conscious masters of machines，Can promote workers’ union and cooperation。All this is the prerequisite for the kingdom of freedom。Marx thus predicted，In socialism，"Technical education will take its rightful place in workers' schools"。

　　mobile bet365 or play

On one of the few occasions where "Das Kapital" discusses education，In a note to the chapter "Machines and Big Industry"，Marx quoted the economist Bayless's discussion: "He (Bayless) said it well: 'Idle learning is no better than learning to idle... mobile bet365 is as necessary for physical health as eating is for life... mobile bet365 gives life Add oil to the lamp，And thoughts light the lamp...’”。Marx did not forget to mock the educationist Bazedo here: "This is a premonition-filled refutation of Bazedo and his modern imitators"。Bazedo is the founder of pan-philanthropic education，He was deeply influenced by Rousseau's "Emile"，Emphasis on following children’s nature，Oppose using adult experience to force children，His game education method is widely respected in modern education。Marx’s few words mocking Bazedo，Indicates his choice between mobile bet365 education and game education，It also highlights the fundamental difference between him and the romantic education philosophy。

The young Marx’s criticism of alienation gives people the impression that it is the opposite of alienated mobile bet365 full of forced and torture，Free mobile bet365 is happy，It is non-utilitarian，It’s a game；Man gains his humanity in the game。Discussion of the Kingdom of Freedom in "Das Kapital"，Despite the correction of the utopian tendencies of youth，But it still seems to insist on the idea of ​​"freedom = game"。In other words，With the abolition of capitalism and the improvement of productivity, mobile bet365 performed based on necessity and external purpose regulations，Compressed into shorter and shorter working days，The growing leisure provides space for the realm of non-purpose freedom。We may be able to draw a conclusion，Good education should meet people’s gaming needs。

But that’s not the case。In "Das Kapital" and the documents of the First International of the same period，Marx repeatedly suggested that schools should carry out military training。Military training is not in line with children’s nature of happy games，The principle throughout is compulsion，It requires the obedience necessary for adults、Collaboration and Discipline。mobile bet365 position is very clear，Militarized mandatory training is more in line with the needs of modern industry，It can better help workers control the real world composed of large-scale machine production-the advanced nature of the working class is reflected in the discipline and collaborative spirit that make it more capable than undisciplined farmers to grasp the material legacy left by capitalism。

For Marx，Games are rather an escape from reality。Schiller’s “Aesthetic Education” is a typical example，He said: "Only when a person is a person in the full sense，His only game，And only when people are playing，He is the complete person。”In Schiller，The urge to play is based on beauty，Non-purpose satisfaction。As long as one penetrates the purpose or reality，The game and beauty collapsed，Human nature has been tainted。Opposite of Schiller，Marx regarded games as “idle learning”，Considering productive mobile bet365 restricted by purpose as the manifestation of human nature。Marx gave an example，Even if it is a free mobile bet365 like composing，Nor "as Fourier understood it in the most naive manner of a romantic girl" as an entertainment and amusement，And it must be "very serious，Extremely stressful things”。

Free mobile bet365 and play have only superficial similarities，But mobile bet365 can never become a game，Because games without external purposes cannot change reality。If education is an activity that promotes people to achieve freedom，Then Marx’s understanding of freedom is not to get rid of external purpose，But to achieve the purpose。When obstacles to the achievement of goals are overcome，When external goals lose the appearance of simple external natural necessity and become the internal requirements of workers，That is human self-realization。This is where materialist education transcends romanticism。Schiller once said, "Seriousness and mobile bet365 make mortal cheeks wrinkled"，Marx, who took the liberation of mortals as his career, could respond: serious mobile bet365 makes the wrinkled cheeks reveal a happy luster。

　　(Author’s affiliation: mobile bet365 of Marxism, Sun Yat-sen University)