The issue of epistemology is the basic issue of philosophy。Epistemology is shown in ancient Greek philosophy as the pursuit of certainty of truth，The epistemological issue in modern European philosophy is presented as the binary opposition between empiricism and rationalism。Era of German Classical Philosophy，Kant attempts to reconcile cognitive dualism with a priori synthetic judgment，Hegel turned from the complete understanding of truth to the overall grasp of rational links and processes。But in the idealistic tradition，Epistemology has always been presented as an abstract rational movement，Creating the dilemma that perceptual richness and rational certainty cannot be unified。Marx is summarizing、On the basis of criticizing and inheriting previous epistemology，Using realistic perceptual practice to abandon the abstract nature of German idealism，At the same time, bet365 bonus code pa overcomes the limitations of Feuerbach’s simple perceptual intuition，Opened up Marxist epistemology with materialist dialectics and scientific view of practice。In contemporary epistemological research and cognitive science research，We must be wary of the subject being reconceptualized，We must also prevent our understanding from moving towards mechanical reductionism and intuitive reflection theory，This must highlight the guiding function of the practical view of Marxist epistemology and historical materialism。

　　The transcendence of Marx’s bet365 bonus code pa

Philosophy in the ancient Greek period began with "the search for certainty"，Philosophers face questions about the nature of the world and the nature of things，Study cognitive issues from the perspective of objects，Exploring the certainty of the world and how to specify it，Trying to explain how people grasp certain truths in complex phenomena。Naive materialists generally accept the theory of sensory reflection，Heraclitus、Empedocles、Democritus agreed，Feeling can distinguish things，But troubled by the change of feelings，The truth of constancy cannot be obtained in sensory knowledge。Democritus committed suicide in his later years to drive away sensory interference and pursue the truth，bet365 bonus code pa the extreme manifestation of this kind of trouble。The idealist appeals to the inner rational principle for the certainty of truth。Parmenides distinguishes between truth and opinion，There is no truth in emotional opinions，Truth can only be grasped by rational logic。Plato’s “memory theory” believes，Truth exists a priori in the soul，Discovering the truth is only through the "midwife" of Rutgers dialogue，Just recalling it again。Although they establish a certain certainty through the principle of inner rationality，But bet365 bonus code pa difficult to give a convincing argument for the issue of “increasing knowledge”。Because of the epistemology of Greek philosophers，Whether a materialist or an idealist，All rely on their ontological pursuits，That is, looking for some abstract ontology as the basis for truth outside the world in which people and people live，The gap between emotional richness and rational constancy is difficult to bridge。

The so-called "epistemological" revolution in modern European philosophy，Take human cognitive process and ability as a key theme of philosophical investigation，But the above gap still cannot be solved。Philosophers choose different paths between sensibility and rationality，The debate between rationalism and empiricism arose。Empirical theory，All knowledge comes from feelings，"Everything in reason，It must be in the feeling first”；Rationalism believes，Rational knowledge that does not rely on changing experience，bet365 bonus code pa the only reliable "truth"。Both hold one end，But when empiricism and rationalism develop to their extremes，But they moved towards agnosticism and mysticism respectively，Making "truth" trapped in the binary paradox of agnosticism and dogmatism。Kant saw the one-sidedness of empiricism and rationalism，Proposed a priori comprehensive judgment to solve the universal problem of comprehensive knowledge。But Kant’s plan still has to face the “thing-in-itself” that has nowhere to be placed，And the resulting new binary opposition。Hegel clarified thinking and existence on the basis of idealism、The dialectical relationship between subject and object，No longer understand the knowledge of truth as final grasp，But understand it as a process that includes many links、Continuously denying the process of development，And proposed dialectics、Ontology、The principle of epistemological consistency，This opened up the methodological possibility for Marx to use practical principles to break through the epistemological dilemma。But Hegel’s cognitive process is still a rational logical movement process，The movement of ideas replaces the movement of reality。Although Feuerbach adheres to the materialist theory of reflection，But he abstracted the subject of knowledge，The world can only be understood intuitively，It still stays at the level of the old materialist reflection theory，Unable to solve the epistemological problems faced by German classical philosophy。Compared to ancient philosophy，Although modern epistemology focuses on examining the cognitive ability of the subject，But this kind of subject is actually just an abstract rational cognitive subject，A subject disconnected from reality。Knowledge comes from daily practice，The process of seeking a pure and pure world of ideas through transcendental contemplation，History proves that this kind of conceptual philosophy cannot get out of the epistemological dilemma。

　　The contemporary significance of Marx’s bet365 bonus code pa

In summary、On the basis of criticizing and inheriting previous epistemology，Marx’s philosophical revolution changed the form and content of epistemology，Leading epistemology to a new scientific direction。Emotion is an important dimension for Marx to interpret the real world，The "person" in Marx's vision is the perceptual "real individual"，“The world” is the “perceptual world”，The process of people understanding and transforming the world，bet365 bonus code pa the process of perceptual production，Perception is the starting point of experience for understanding the real world。Marx criticized various abstract ideal theories，Oppose the concept、Universal things such as essence are abstractly above the perceptual world，Objection to abstracting conscious activities from the specific historical context of perceptual reality。In "Theses on Feuerbach"，Marx pointed out profoundly，“The main shortcoming of all previous materialism-including Feuerbach’s materialism-is: the object、Reality、Emotional，Just understand it from an objective or intuitive form，Instead of treating them as human perceptual activities，Understand as practice，Not from the subjective perspective。Therefore，The result is like this，Opposite of materialism，Idealism develops the dynamic aspect，But only developed abstractly，Because of course idealism does not know reality、Sensual activity itself”。The reason why old materialism and idealism cannot solve epistemological problems，The fundamental reason is that they use the "pure scholasticism" method to discuss the process of human cognition，Not understanding perceptual objects in an intuitive abstract form，bet365 bonus code pa to understand human reason in the abstract form of concepts。Emotional shielding will lead to the loss of human reality，Because human existence is a realistic perceptual activity，Rather than abstract activities of pure consciousness。Abstract concepts are not only unable to reach the truth，The ideology they create will instead become a shackles for "real individuals"。

But Marx was not just a perceptual empiricist，The liberation to the real world must be completed through human perceptual practical activities。Marx introduced “practice” into epistemology，Achieved revolutionary changes in epistemology。Marxism regards human social practice as the basis of epistemology，Considering that practice is the first principle of epistemology。Marx pointed out: "Does human thinking have objective truth，This is not a theoretical question，bet365 bonus code pa a matter of practice。People should prove the truth of their thinking in practice，The reality and power of one’s own thinking，The other side of your own thinking。The debate on the reality or unreality of thinking apart from practice，bet365 bonus code pa a purely scholastic question。”The question of truth，Converting theoretical issues to practical issues，Is the core essence of Marx’s epistemological revolution，Is the key to uncovering the dilemma of traditional idealism。In Marx’s view，The issue of the truth of knowledge cannot be discussed only at the level of consciousness，The truth of knowledge is produced in people’s real practice，It can only be tested in real practice。Engels also pointed out，Experience based on observation，It can never fully prove the inevitability，“The proof of necessity lies in human activities，Living in the experiment，Living in labor: if I can cause post hoc (after this，Author's Note)，Then bet365 bonus code pa the same as propter hoc (therefore，Author’s note) is equivalent to”。Marxist theory of practice breaks through the agnosticism of extreme empiricism and the mysticism of extreme rationalism。As Marx pointed out: "Social life is essentially practical。Any mysterious thing that leads theory to mysticism，All can be reasonably solved in people’s practice and understanding of this practice。”

Practice as understood by Marx is not an abstract practical concept，But the actual human activities in specific history。Marx’s epistemological revolution，Not a revolution in purely conceptual philosophy，But bet365 bonus code pa related to his revolutionary movement pursuing human liberation，That is, the scientific methodology of historical materialism that grasps the social and historical reality。Marx pointed out in "The German Ideology": "We should first determine the first prerequisite for all human existence，That is, the first premise of all history...first of all, food, drink, housing, clothing and other things are needed。The first historical activity is therefore the production of materials to satisfy these needs，That is, the production of material life itself。”In many practical activities of human beings，The most fundamental activity is the production of material materials，The mode of production of material materials determines the structure of society、Nature and appearance，Restricting people’s economic life、All social life including political life and spiritual life。Historical materialism through productivity and production relations、Economic base and superstructure、Dialectical grasp of social existence and social consciousness，Have a scientific understanding of human society，Find a solid and reliable social reality foundation for the evolutionary progress of human understanding，Provides powerful ideological weapons for people to correctly understand and transform the world。“Philosophers just explain the world in different ways，The problem is changing the world”，Marx’s epistemological revolution，The revolutionary movement must return to real history，Put it into and guide historical practice，And manifested in historical practice、Implementation、Examine and develop yourself，Ultimately serve the goal of human liberation。

In contemporary cognitive science，Embodied cognition emerges and creates a wave，The epistemology of classical cognitive science based on representationalism and computationalism has been subverted，People re-examine their minds、The boundary between the body and the world。From the perspective of embodied cognition，Human cognitive behavior is no longer viewed as an abstraction based on symbols or logic，But rooted in the body and concrete experience，The embodiment of the subject is a being composed of body and brain。But，These studies will also face new difficulties，That is, understanding whether it can be simply reduced to the physiological-physical events of the brain，Whether bet365 bonus code pa divorced from social reality and becomes a passive and intuitive reflection of external stimuli，And criticism of the scientific research paradigm that lacks reflection。Contemporary epistemology and cognitive science research should avoid this problem，bet365 bonus code pa necessary to change the scientific paradigm and redefine the properties of the world we face，We also need guidance on understanding the theory more scientifically，This highlights the guiding significance of Marx’s epistemological revolution。

　(Author’s affiliation: School of bet365 bonus code pa, Northwestern Polytechnical University)