From Europe to China

 

"Declaration" entering China is the start of translation，After the full text translation, the full text，On this basis，It can be divided into three stages in front and back。

 

First is the translation stage from 1899 to 1919，To quote、Picking translation、Festival Translation as the main。The earliest records that "Declaration" entered China was British missionary T. Richard bet365 best casino games (T. Richard) and Cai Yikang。The two of them were outlined in the form of classical Chinese in the "Great Student" in the "Grand Study" in 1899、Selecting some chapters of British sociologist Benjamin Tong (B. Kidd)。This article added a sentence that did not see the original book when introducing "Marx's words": "，Its power shrouded in five continents，A country that is over the scope of the king phase。"" This is the "bourgeoisie in the Declaration，Due to the development of the world market，The production and consumption of all countries is the world. "。With the westernization of Japan and the spread of socialism，Student Student Students in China、Scholar Day，Japan became the main channel for transmitting Marxism to China in the early 20th century。League Revolutionary Ma Junwu、Song Jiaoren, etc., participated in the translation of the Declaration，1905 Zhu Zhixin translated some text with reference to the Japanese and English translations on the "Min Public News"。1908 Min Ming wants to publish prefaces and follow -up chapters in "Tianyi"，But with the rapid turn of the domestic government of Japan，The translation and communication of the Declaration is limited and suppressed，But the Chinese fire has been broadcast，1919 Domestic "Weekly Reviews", "New Youth" and "National" and other chapters of "Declaration"，In the same year, it was circulating from the original oil printing of the original German.，The needs of the Chinese people to translate the full text of the Declaration of the Chinese People Exit。

 

The second is the full text translation stage from 1920 to 1949。At this stage, a total of seven full -text Chinese translations，The translation of Chen Wangdao in 1920 according to the Japanese and English version，1930 Huagang according to the English version of the translation，In 1938, imitating me、Xu Bing based on the German version of the translation，1943 Bogu according to the Russian version of the translation，In 1943, Chen Shoushi Translation，1948 Qiao Guanhua According to the English version of the English version and 1949 Xie Weizhen's original Moscow's "Centennial Edition"。Many older generations of revolutionaries have been embarked on the road of revolution in the influence of Chen Wangdao's translation。Mao Zedong told Snow that he had three books that he established Marxist Bet365 lotto review beliefs，"Declaration": "By the summer of 1920，Theoretically，and at a certain degree of action，I have become a Marxist，and since I think I am a Marxist。"In 1949, Zhou Enlai said to Chen Wangdao at the first literary conference:" We are all educated by you。"Deng Xiaoping also said:" My entry teacher is the "Communist Manifesto" and "Communist ABC"。”

 

Third is the revision stage of the translation from 1949 to the present。In 1953, Renmin University of China and the People's Publishing House published in 1987.，The former revised person described himself "Printing a small number，For school use "; the Central Compilation Bureau" reprinted "and" school booking "in the 1950s of Xie Weizhen in 1949，and in 1964、1978、1995、Re -translated four versions in 2009。Central Compilation Bureau 2014、2018 again released the library version、Memorial Edition，absorbed the latest research results at home and abroad，Enhanced translation readability，2021 School Note，Reappear the historical original appearance of seven Chinese translations in the full text translation stage。Hong Kong Xinmiao Press (1998)、Hong Kong Sanlian Bookstore (2005)、Taiwan "Contemporary" magazine (1998)、Taiwan Facebook Culture Press (2001)、Taiwan Qisi Publishing House (2003)、Taiwan Left Bank Cultural Press (2004) and other changes on the basis of the Central Compilation Bureau、School translation and publishing; in addition，National Publishing House published Meng、Tibet、Uyghur、Kazakh、North Korea and other ethnic minorities text，Blind Publishing House published a blind version。The quality of the translation in the "Declaration" is continuously improved，Its communication objects from knowledge elites、The leader group expands to the general public、People of all ethnic groups。

 

The translation history of "Declaration" is also the history of the truth of Marxism in China，Translation of Declaration in different periods、Version has witnessed the rooting of Marxism in China、germination，The process of continuous innovation and development，It has also witnessed the continuous self -revolutionary Chinese Communists、History of perseverance pursuing truth。

 

　　Repeated consideration from "Ghost"

 

The translation of the "Declaration" in the early days is broken，There are bet365 best casino games many places that seem to be inaccurate or even false now，As Zhu Zhixin, the declaration will be in the declaration "，Union! "Translated as" “!"，Civilians in various places，It can not work hard! "Chen Wangdao recalled that he said when he translated the" Declaration "，"Five times the time for the usual translation book"。Translation of Declaration，The Communists have experienced countless research、Weighing and Contest。The opening sentence "A ghost，Ghost of Communism，Wandering in Europe "is a typical example.。

 

The translation controversy of the Chinese people is mainly concentrated in the word "ghost" and "wandering"。The original German text of Marx is Gespenst and umgehen，The former translated as "foreign body", "monster", "giant shadow", "ghost", "elf", "strange shadow", etc.; wait。Cheng Xingwu's "ghost" of the ancient translation refers to the soul of the dead people who believe that there is the original meaning of losing Marx，Therefore, from "Giant Shadow" (1938) to "Magic Shadow" (1958) to "Monster" (1978)，Modified multiple times。He has translated the "Declaration" in his life，How accurate is accurate for decades、Reight、Vividly translate into Chinese，It is a vivid example of adhering to faith for the Communist Party of China。

 

This question has made progress when refers to the translations of other languages。The above two words are translated as Spectre and Haunt in the English translation read by Engels，The daily translation is "Monster" and "Wandering"，Russian translation is призрак бродит。De、Ying、Day、Russia expressed the phantom、Ghost、non -human ghosts and other meanings，It is horrible，The predicate words that are followed by (ghosts)、Xu Xing、Usage of entanglement。The Central Compilation Bureau takes the original language of the bottom book as the standard，Understanding of other foreign language translations in the school，In 1964 and 1995, the two places were designated as "ghost" and "wandering"，Never changed it later。Full respect for the original work、Correct understanding、Faithful expression is the basic principle that the translators of several generations of compilation bureaus have always followed，Reflects rigor and truthful、The spirit of compilation of excellence。

 

The author of "Biography Bet365 lotto review of Marx" Merlin has commented on Marx's "Harmony of his aesthetics of his works"，With the greatest ‘Master Master’ Laisin、Golg and Hegel's comparable "visual language。So，On the one hand，Marx is a metaphor for "ghost" metaphor for communism here，not only shows that those in power are afraid and hate to overthrow the existing system.，It also implies that the Communist alliance in the eyes of those in power is everywhere、No trace for coming; on the other hand，"Ghost" was the enemy's cognition and curse of the enemy at that time，Marx does not use the derogatory "ghost" to self -downs it with the "elves" of righteousness，It is to borrow the opponent's contempt to form iron，Let the word "ghost" become the hearts of the Communists' hearts with each other。This kind of rhetoric and words of words is used，Make "Ghost" the opening monologue of the drama "Declaration"。It is already an invisible "Ghost"，How to publicize it publicly? in this way，Donely person choose to face the public，Make audiovisual effects and sensational effects，Refutation of the enemy is more impact，Generate passion for venting and strong response。

 

　　The new journey of the Declaration of the Declaration of the New Era

A work，Even the same text，Under different time and space conditions，The different aspects of the work will become the focus based on the local situation at that time，Followed。The translation and dissemination of the "Declaration" is the same。

 

The reason why Chinese people prefer "Declaration" translation，Most of them are because this is based on the historical view of materialism、Classic works of the conclusions of the socialist revolution are obtained; then starting from "May 4th"，The interpretation of the text interpretation of the "Declaration" has not exceeded the perspective and scope of class struggle for a long time，Fortunately, many controversial problems were solved in subsequent academic research。Chinese scholars interpret the text of the Declaration，It plays a vital role in spreading it，Different from the interpretation of the theme type，can be divided into three levels。The first layer is a translation surface understanding: when the Chinese translation is not completed，For better translation text，Translation of names and place names for people、The choice bet365 best casino games of Chinese existing term，and translation research on the creation of new terms。The second layer is an annotation of annotation: In order to make readers more accurately understand the "Declaration" thought，The form of reading such as "Note", "Explanation of Noun", "Summary and Notes" will be used，characters involved in text、Event、Literature and the historical background of "Declaration"、Thoughts、The overall structure is introduced and discussed。The third layer is a scientific interpretation of verification: It will comprehensively compare the changes in the words of the Declaration、Development of thought，closely combining ideological research with the current social practice of my country，Combining the real problems of contemporary China with the interpretation of Marx's philosophy text，Guide the practice of the new era，Build "Chinese discourse"，Demonstrate the classic and powerful vitality。

 

Look at it for a long time，The translation and interpretation of the Declaration has always been the same as the Chinese people's understanding of Marxist theory、international and domestic social and political environment、The needs of the Chinese revolution or Chinese construction are related to practice。Declaration is translated、Interpretation and dissemination at the same time，It is also by the Chinese Revolution、Construction in China、The process of integration of Chinese culture and social needs。Therefore, the "Declaration" has been screened and confirmed by the Chinese revolution and construction experience、Fight with Chinese culture、Interpretation of text that is compatible with the needs of Chinese society and people，It naturally becomes an important part of the era of Sinicization of Marxism。

 

Current，Domestic interpretation of the text of "Declaration" has appeared in scientific interpretations such as "History of Communication", "History of Dialogue", "History of Thought"，Globalization of the original Code、Liberty Unite、Productivity、Democratic Construction、Minsheng Construction、Party building and other ideological expressions have more comprehensive and in -depth research，This is the creative use of the Chinese Communists for classics，It is also a classic text often read、The principle of eternal charm。New Era Marxist Sinicization of the Time，Industry has become a new journey after the Declaration of the Declaration of more than a hundred years。

 

The "two combinations" of the basic principles of Marxism at the 20th National Congress of the Party;，It is the solemn and historical responsibility of the Communist Party of contemporary Chinese; emphasizes the new development of Xi Jinping's new era of socialism with Chinese characteristics into the party constitution，Reflecting the latest results of the Chineseization of Marxism。As mentioned in the preface of "Declaration"，"The actual use of these principles" "" The historical conditions at that time are transferred at any time "。Pay attention to digging those ideological Bet365 lotto review perspectives that are not enough attention in the past and today are particularly meaningful for our practice，can we truly master and practice the essence of Marxism，Continuously open up contemporary Chinese Marxism、The new realm of Marxism in the 21st century。

 

(Author Unit: Academy of Culture and Law School of North China University of Technology)