■ Carl Marx Monument  Picture source: CFP

A problem is often mentioned in the discussion of the basic principles of Marxist philosophy，How should I understand the material view of the historical materialism? A common answer is: the things discussed at the historical view of materialism are not the general real estate at the experience level，but a specific historical social relationship。Answer of this question，Fundamentally pointing to the essence of the methodology of the historical view of materialism，But all the problems are not exhausted。Thinking deeply along the understanding of the understanding of materialism in the historical view，We will discover: dialectical materialism and historical materialism are an organic whole，Fully and accurately grasp the methodology requirements of the historical view of materialism，The question of "What is the matter" of the historical view of materialism itself，Back to the real social historical life，Scientific answers to seeking thinking and relationships in the practice of changing the world。

In the work of Marx Engels，They often summarize their own methods as materialist history and historical materialism。This theory surpasses the speculative idealism represented by Hegel and the old materialism represented by Ferbaha，or intuitive materialism。In this process，We can see: Marx Engels himself did not specifically propose and answer what exactly is a matter of materialist view，Instead, it is used to describe itself in the research "what you get"、And as soon as it is obtained, it is used to guide the overall result of my research work "。Looking back on Marx and Engels' exploration process，The establishment and development of the historical concept of materialism is not the advancement of the understanding of things directly，but based on the deepening of social and historical investigations。

In order to better clarify bet365 Play online games the formation process of the historical view of materialism，It is necessary to briefly review the historical evolution of the concept of materialism first。Although we are in the sense of traceability，The simplicity of materialism will be traced back to the ancient Greek period，But as far as the concept is proposed and widely used，The appearance of materialism is after the 17th century。or，The clear use of the concept of materialism itself and the second form of materialism we often say，That is the emergence of mechanical materialism directly related。Of course，The rise of this kind of materialist thought itself has its same passers -by，This is experience theory。For this，Engels in "British Status。Eighteenth Century、Marx Engels gave analysis and explanation in "The Holy Family"。After the mid -19th century，With the evolution of capitalist society and the development of natural science，A kind of vulgar materialism in scientific coats is increasingly expanded。In this background，Engels not only in "The End of the End of Lutwick Ferbaha and German Classical Philosophy"，By criticizing Ferbaha's "Half -True Materialism" to reveal the wrong nature of this vulgar materialism，and in the old age of the communication about historical materialism, specially criticized the abstract economic decision theory。Enter the 20th century，Except for Marxist Leninism's materialism interpretation，In Western Marxism and contemporary radical philosophy，The theoretical path of explaining materialism with dialectical criticism，In Western Analysis of Philosophy Context，The so -called physicalist thought tide is formed around the problem of the relationship between the mind and body。

The materialist historical view or historical materialism we discuss，Of course, the scientific world view and methodology formed by Marx Engels in critical capitalist production methods。The formation of mechanical materialism and this method does not directly undertake the relationship，Vulgar materialism Bet365 app download is the object of its direct opposition。

In the early ideological development of Marx Engels，As a member of the Youth Hegel Movement，In the sense of religious and political criticism, they have been affected by Ferbaha "Christianity"，"It's the Filbha School for a while"，and found the 18th century French materialism and British empirical theory as their theoretical comrades and fellows。But in bet365 Play online games the formation process of materialist history，They are mainly based on the discovery of "economic facts" for political economics research and industrial capitalist reality，The key turning point is to move towards "the science of real people and its historical development"。In this sense，Materialism in the statement of materialism history，The first meaning is the philosophy of Hegel、Ferbaha's people's self -study、The metaphysical rejection and criticism of political economy，What emphasizes is to go back to the real material production process，Understand the structure composition of human society and its historical development。In the lower 19th century，Faced with vulgar materialism and its hidden bourgeois ideology，Marx Engels' critical meaning is opposing the abstraction and essence of this materialism itself，In the sense of summing up to defend the spread of its own theory，Emphasized the fundamental difference between historical materialism and these vulgar materialism。At the same time，The concept of "dialectical materialism" proposed by Ditgen，It also represents the defender of Marxism and students of Marx Engels and the criticism of Marxism and criticism of various errors。It is in this sense，It is not difficult to understand: Marx Engels has not specifically discussed what is the problem in the historical view of materialism，Engels in "The End of the End of Ludwig Ferbaha and German Classical Philosophy"，After the answers to thinking and existing relationships, distinguish between the two camps of materialism and idealism，Also specifically pointed out the name "Nothing other meaning"。

This is here，Is there bet365 Play online games no discussion about the historical view of materialism? Obviously，We can't answer abstractly that "No"。In the perspective of materialist history and historical materialism，Of course, I discussed all kinds of different things，But these discussions are not answering what is the materialist view of materialism when explaining the principles of methodology，but in the specific development of historical materialism，Different usage of objects。In other words，The distinction between the different usage of things on Marx，It can be regarded as what is the discussion of the historical view of materialism，Clarifying typical cases of self -methodory requirements。In Marx's works，The category of roughly exists in four types。

The first category is in a strict sense，The category of the crop should not be counted，But directly related to the discussion with this article，And the term expression of the concept of materialism，Our rights and tie it with the latter three categories。This category is "material" or "stoffe"，The former is used as an adjective in the book of Marx，such as material life、Materialist history view，etc.，The latter is used in the sense of the literal meaning or material in "Capital"。

The second or second category is a common word that is often used in German in German today.，。In Chinese，Maybe "things" are the most vivid translation，There is a thing that exists，But what is this thing depends on the presentation of a specific rack。The Kant "Ding An Sich" concept often mentioned in the history of philosophy is this category。In "Capital"，This category often appears，But the existence of its highest light is the expression of "VerdingLichung" mentioned in the third volume of "Capital" Volume II。

The third or third category is the expression of another thing that often appears in German，This category is "sache"。Borrow the translation creation of Japanese scholars，You can also express it as "object"。Due to Lucic's concept of "Versachliuchung" in "History and Class Consciousness"，The category of things has received more attention in today'Bet365 app download s Marxist philosophy research，The relationship between the relationship behind the concept of the academic community is generally emphasized to distinguish things in the meaning of "things" mentioned earlier。Back to the ideological context of Marx and German classical philosophy，There is a special usage in this category，This is the concept of "property right" that is contrary to "Person" in private property relationships。Starting from this usage，We can more truly understand the saying that "the relationship between people is reversed as the relationship between objects and things" mentioned in the "German Ideology" and "Capital Theory"。That is to say，In the relationship between private property，The relationship between personality rights is expressed through the relationship between property rights。

The fourth or the fourth category is often translated as "object"，But in German in German, it should be literally translated as "object"。Consider the object、Objective and objective these expressions in the use of Marx's works，and the existence in the works of Hegel and Ferbaha，This category itself does not have its own unique meaning，It must be explained in a specific relationship to get its own understanding and interpretation。In this sense，We see the study of the "Manuscript of Economics in 1844"，Discussion on the Outline of Political Economy Criticism，The categories of objects and objectization are often keywords that are often mentioned。

Based on the above distinction，You can see: In the book of Marx and Engels，Discussion and materialism、There is no direct connection between the historical view of materialism。But in Marx's mature works，West (Ding)、Things (Sache)、Object (Gegenstand) use itself，The expansion of the specific application of historical materialism，But it clearly reflects the methodological requirements of the historical view of materialism。This is the most concentrated display in "Capital"。We might as well take the "Form and Secret of the Models" in Chapter 1 of "Capital" as an example，Do a simple explanation。bet365 live casino games As mentioned earlier，It is precisely because of the concept of materialization and the criticism of worship teaching，This section becomes one of the most concerned fragments of the philosophical method of academic research "capital theory"。In this section，Marx used things when analyzing the product (DING)、Things (Sache)、Object (Gegenstand) three different categories，At the same time, it also used the category of material (stoffe) in the existence of the product。Careful analysis，Marx's use here for different areas is clearly intended，This is the reader who is constantly reminding "Capital Theory": when you face "the accumulation of huge commodities in bourgeois society"，In addition to seeing the physical form of the product，You must also pay attention to the social relationship behind the product，Avoid the concept of worship that cannot be jumped out of political economists。In this sense，Although the value of the product or the contained social labor is a "Ding)，But the social relationship that exists and presents this "concept" is a true real objective existence。Although this objective existence must not rely on a microscope，and must use abstraction，But in our practical activities，Objective social history reality has constituted the existence of our thinking first。

To sum up，Answer what exactly is the material in the historical view of materialism，It is not directly to find the "only thing" that constitutes a materialism of materialism，Instead, it is in the development and application of this theory，To grasp the essence of the methodology of this theory。It is in this sense，Engels explicitly raised the basic questions of philosophy，That is the relationship between thinking and existence。Lenin is in the process of the idealism tendency of opposition to experience criticalism，Emphasizing that material is reflected by human consciousness，But not based on the objective reality of people's consciousness。On the basis of grasping the essence of the methodology of the historical view of materialism，Combined with the excellent traditional bet365 live casino games culture of China，To summarize the world view and methodology of Marxist philosophy with truth -seeking。Today，We insist on the historical view of materialism，It should be deepened to go deep into the real history of social history，In the process of great practice，Consciously distinguish the essence of idealism of various errors，Grasp the objective substance reality as our thinking prerequisite。

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