As the saying goes: "Planting melon，Seed Bean Dou。"" This seems to mean that life has some inherent purpose at the beginning of birth，determines the characteristics and traits of the individual life。Regarding whether biological development has a ultimate goal、Whether the development process is pre -determined by the goal，In the ancient Greece period, there were controversy。Pre -set theory Considering，Life exists in a certain form before development，Development is just a process of "villain" gradually becoming bigger。Post -life theory is representative of Aristotle，It is believed that the specific form of creatures is gradually realized during development。But，"Form Guidance Principles" for the replacement of "determining form"，Still preset the development goals for life，The development process is still pre -determined。From the 18th century to the 19th century，This debate is still continuing。Final，The traditional "form" concept is abandoned，Modern genetics occupies a dominant position with a new predestination theory。

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Origin of modern genetics，can be traced back to 1900 Hugo de VRIES、Carl Correns、Erich Von TSChermak three scientists who work independently of their respective independent work on Gregor Johann Mendel。Subsequent，1909，Wilhelm Johannson (Wilhelm Johannson) will be called "Gene" (gene "，and distinguish the genotype and performance type。The expression type is the biological tradition we can observe，genotype refers to the genetic factors that determine the expression type。2040s，Integration of Darwin's theory of evolution and Montel's genetics，Established the theoretical paradigm of modern biology -Modern Evolution Comprehensive。Montel's genetics not only provides a genetic bet365 live casino games mechanism for Darwinism，It also provides a quantitative statistical method of explanation and evolution。Evolution Theory Focus on the characteristics of biological population and its changes。Presets of the decision -making of the genotype，Group geneticists can use genotypes to "represent" performance。corresponding to it，Gene frequency is considered a genetic composition of population population，evolution has become a change in the frequency of genes in the population。1953，James Dewey Watson and Francis Harry Compon Crick reveal the structure of DNA molecules，The concept of genes is anchored to a physical molecule。They borrow the vocabulary of computer science，pointed out that the DNA sequence accurately encodes the information of individual development，Its molecular structure guarantees the "faithful" transmission of genetic information。Here，"Genetic Information" replaces "Form Guidance Principles"，Pre -determined results of development。This is the pre -set theory of modern version，Also known as "gene decision theory"。In its extreme expression，The genetic genome contains a program that builds the future development of organic bodies，As Francois Jacob said，Gene "Both the beginning，It is also over; it is the reason，It is also the purpose "。

Since the 21st century，Many experience research continues to challenge the theory of gene decision。Research indicates，Embryo stem cells can be transformed into any differentiation cells in principle; cell position and gene expression of apparent regulation play a key role in development。This means，Individual development does not have the theory of fate to determine in advance，The result of development is determined by genes and environment。Around 2000，Susan Oyama and others proposed "Development System Theory"，Try to disintegrate any form of gene decision theory。Eurasian Masa sharply pointed out，The core of the theory of gene decision is such a concept: the "form" concept carried by "information"。From the perspective of word Bet365 app download source，Latin Informatio (IN/FORM/ATIO) original meaning，It is based on the more than two points of the material and form，In this physical theory, it refers to the action given by the material with formal actions。The saying of genes with genetic "information"，It means that the form of an individual is pre -determined by genes。Development System Thesex rejected the bundle of genes and information concepts，It is believed that the role of genes and non -genetic elements in development is essentially equal，Any argument for defending the importance of genes is also applicable to the environment。Development is more like an improvised "Jazz Performance" - "Performer" improvisation creates the corresponding "rhythm" and "notes"，The new theme is built one by one。Before the end of "Performance"，No one knows what form will the entire "music" present。So，Development may be a real "post -life" process。

2014，"Nature" magazine published a debate "The theory of evolution needs to be reused?。Some scientists are based on development bias、Pathogenic plasticity、Research results of ecological construction and epigenetic genetics，It is believed that the modern evolution of genetic decision theory is no longer applicable，"Comprehensive evolutionary comprehensive" from the perspective of development as a perspective to supplement the existing framework。2016，The Royal Society organized a special discussion on a new trend of evolution，Invite philosophers and biologists to explore the problems faced by modern comprehensives，Whether biology requires a paradigm revolution。Soon，The public field also noticed this trend。2022，The Guardian "The Guardian" published a long report，The question of "Do we need a new theory of evolution"。It can be said，Scientist、Philosophers and the public seem to be looking forward to a huge change of anti -gene decision theory。

　Dilemma 

This trend is not without controversy。John Maynard Smith believes，"The reason why a DNA molecule has a specific sequence，It bet365 Play online games is because it specifies a specific protein，But the reason why a cloud is black is not because it can predict rain "。The relationship between genes and expression，After choosing it naturally，It will produce causal inverted effects。Take the giraffe as an example，Assume that the length of the neck in the group is mainly caused by gene differences。Before choosing naturally，Gene L is the cause of long neck -like properties，Gene S is the cause of short neck。Assuming that due to the lack of leaves in the low place，Natural choice favors the individual of long necks，Gene L will also be retained。If you ask，Why is the gene in the population group L and not S? Then the answer will be，Because naturally chooses to retain the traits of the long neck。At this time，The reason for becoming genes of the expression type。The "cause" here is not a physical causal relationship，Instead, it is called traceable by Larry Wright.，That is, the goal that naturally chooses to give genes in the past (such as expressing the long neck) determines the existence of the current gene L。In other words，Gene L "Ying Ying" expressing long neck sex traits，But if some reasons，The current gene l is not successfully expressed in the long neck，It can be said，Gene L did not achieve the goal given by natural selection。So，From the perspective of evolutionary dimension，Genes do have a particularity: gene sets the corresponding expression type，The development process of individuals points to this target performance。

Here，We seem to face a dilemma。From the perspective of development dimension，Genes are not special decisive reasons for expression type。But from the perspective of evolutionary dimension，The history of the natural selection gives the determination of genes on the selected expression type。This situation reveals the cause and effect tension of genes under the dimension of development and evolution。A natural idea is to follow a preset of modern comprehensive: no need to point to development for research on evolution。This preset is widely Bet365 app download accepted after the distinction between the near and far causes of Ernst Mayr。"Why" the question (why the bat has wings) asked the far cause，That is the evolutionary process of expression type，Among them, the natural choice is the most important far -long cause。"How" (how "how the wings of bats are generated in development) Ask the near cause，That is the development mechanism of expression type。The distinction between the two types of problems created two theoretical frameworks: the development framework of the development of causality and the evolutionary framework of research performance differences -the two are independent and complementary。But，This does not solve the above dilemma。It has not changed because of focus: Is biological development pre -determined by genes? From the perspective of body theory，Although the theory of vitality was prevalent，But modern biology presets physicalism of physics，The development framework and the evolution framework will not promise any target -oriented force。So，The answers to focus questions are negative。

　New way out 

So，Is the genetic decision theory really useless? it's not true。First，equivalent arguments resigned in the development system theory，Only the causal relationship is considered or not，No more detailed situation: even if both variables are the reasons for a certain result，The degree of causal effects can still be compared。According to the classic match case，Mary ignited a match in the room，If you ask "why did the match burn"，"The existence of oxygen" and "Mary's matchmaking" are the causes of "match burning"。and people usually only answer: because "Mary scratches the match"。Psychological research indicates，This is because the existence of oxygen is more common，Matching matches is a uncommon factor -the probability distribution of the two factors in the world affects its causal strength。Causes of analog development，Even if genes and the environment are the reasons for expression，Two reasons can still be compared Bet365 app download in the causal strength。Follow the cause and effect strength，Can provide a new way out for the dilemma。

Examples to Back to Giraffe，Before choosing naturally，There are both gene L and gene S in the population group，There are both long necks and short neck individuals。At this time，The neck properties of the giraffe are determined by genes and environment。In different cases，The concept distribution of genes and environmental factors in the world is also different。Therefore, unable to say generally，It is more important to gene，Is the environment more important。When the natural choice for gene L is selected，The proportion of gene L in the population is getting higher and higher，In the end, there is only gene L。In this process，Compared to gene S，Gene L's cause and effect on neck properties，There is a process of gradually rising，To the end of the selection。At this time，All individuals in the population have gene L。Under normal conditions，All individuals will develop a long -necked expression type。If due to some special circumstances，Individuals with gene L expressed a short neck trant，Usually I think there must be a problem with it。In this sense，The selected gene L does "respond" to express the long neck sex traits。It can even be said，Under evolution dimensions，The gene does "determine" the corresponding expression。

What needs attention is，Gene decision -making theory that defended with cause and effect，Compared with genetic decision theory compared to pre -concluded understanding，is a more "thin" theory。The latter promises that genes as the carrier of the evolutionary goal pre -determined the development direction，The former only promises a predicted rationality，That is, the expression type of the genotype prediction individual owned by the individual of the biological individual。So，The genetic decision theory of "thin" meaning does not promise the inherent purpose of any life。Traditional philosophy's perception of life is always inaccessible purpose bet365 Play online games theory。Kant pointed out in "Judgment Criticism"，"Maybe there will be a Newton，He is understandable to understand that even if it is only a natural rule arranged by any intention.，This is also ridiculous for humans "。and Darwin told people: The evolution based on natural selection is a pure mechanical process，There is no real goal behind the production of "a straw stem"。This is the most prominent cause and effect feature brought by Darwin for contemporary biology。Although the genetic decision theory of pre -concluded theory cannot stand on the feet，But the genetic decision theory of "thin" meaning still has its rationality，There is no substantial conflict with the development system theory。In this sense，Difficult problem solves。

(Author Unit: Department of Philosophy at Peking University)