Cooperation、Elite、Punishment、Fair allocation、Send signal ... Social behavior like this is common in human and other social animals，Maintenance in its group structure、Play an important role in development and evolution。Explain the causes of social behavior，Revealing the conditions of its origin and evolution、mechanism and process，It is an important issue for social science philosophy，It has important theoretical and practical significance for understanding the nature of sociality。Traditional rational choice theory believes，The emergence of social behavior is the result of the selection of human beings under the "natural state" in the "natural state"。But，More and more studies find out，Traditional rational choice theory is not enough to explain the origin of social behavior。On the one hand，Many social behaviors of humans violate some basic principles of rational selection theory; on the other hand，Social behavior is not unique to humans，Some animals that are usually considered or only have the ability to have low rational thinking，It will also show social behavior similar to humans。Compared with it，Evolutionary Game theory as a cross -disciplinary theory framework has flourished in the past 20 years，It provides a new theoretical tool for the origin and evolution of social behavior。

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The predecessor of the evolution game theory is the game theory in the field of economics (Game Theory)，Originally used to study people's economic behavior。The idea of ​​game theory was introduced into evolutionary biology，Transformation and development by biologists，Gradually formed the theoretical system of evolution game theory。Evolution game theory is a successful case of social science theory migrated to biology，Its development results have recently begun to nurture the research in the field of humanities and social sciences。

In the classic game theory，A game usually contains three core elements: player (players)、Strategies and Pay-OFF。These elements can be presented by the way-off matrix (Pay-Off Matrix)。Take the famous game type "prisoner’ s discmma in the game theory as an example.，and being locked in different rooms to ask。The two prisoners became the participants of this game (that is, the gamer)。Each of them has two strategies to choose from: keep silent or betrayed associates。The key factor that can bet365 best casino games become a "game" is: the income of each gamer depends not only on the strategy it takes，Also depends on the opponent's strategy。When both of them remain silent，They were only sentenced to 1 year in jail; when both people betrayed each other，Both of them have been sentenced to 5 years in prison; when a person keeps silent，and when another person sells each other，Those who keep silent are sentenced to 10 years，Selling associates、Those who provide information are innocently released。This game can be presented by the income matrix shown in the table below。

　The income matrix of the game of "Prisoner Dilemma" 

 Game theory was introduced after evolutionary biology，It is mainly used for the evolution of phenotypes。Similar to classic game theory，The "game" in evolution game theory also contains three core elements: gamers、Strategy and income。But at the same time，The two theories show significant differences in the following three aspects。

One，In the classic game，The gamers are regarded as a rational actor，What kind of strategy does the game depends on which strategy can maximize their income。For example，In the game of the prisoner's predicament，Regardless of whether the other party chooses to keep silent or betrayed a companion，The income of individuals who choose to betray their associates must be higher than keep silent。So，For rational considerations，Each individual will choose to sell associates。But this way，Everyone must be sentenced to five years，Compared to both of them, it is even worse -this is why the game is called "dilemma"。In the evolutionary game，Gamers are generally regarded as individuals with no or only low rational (under certain environmental conditions，What strategies do biological individuals can even be determined by their genotypes)。

Its two，In the classic game，The benefits of gamers are generally understood as utility in the economics sense (Utility)。How much money is used for usage to measure，But you can also measure it with other things preferred by the gamers。For example，In the prisoner's game，The variable amount of personal freedom time can be used to measure income。In the evolutionary game，The income is understood as a change in the adaptation (FITNESS) of the individual (FITNESS)。In the background of biological evolution，Adaptability can be understood as the ability of creatures to survive and successfully breed offspring，Usually the expectation value of the number of offspring to estimate。

Its three，Classic game theory is mainly used to predict or explain the strategy selection of rational actors in the game scene。The main study of the evolution Bet365 lotto review game theory is，Select the game between individuals of different strategies to affect the distribution and evolution of these strategies in the population group。

evolution game theory originated from classic game theory，The scope of its application has also appeared from the development of biological evolution to cultural evolution.。Evolution game theory was originally used to study the evolution of biological traits in nature，And these traits are usually considered to be transmitted between intergenerations through genes of genes。But，When this theory is re -introduced into the field of humanities and social sciences，When it is used to study the evolution of human social behavior，The above assumptions are not completely applicable。Human beings not only experience the evolution of the biological sense，Also experience the evolution of cultural sense (of course，Not only human society exists in cultural evolution，Complex tweets such as birds for puppets、Collective hunting and other social behaviors of whale，It may also be passed to the offspring through cultural inheritance)。Although the emergence of social behavior requires a certain genetic existence as the basis，But many social behaviors of human beings themselves are not directly through gene genetic methods，Instead, it is learned from others through cultural inheritance such as learning and imitation.。Because of this，The evolutionary game theory model for studying social behavior，More modeling methods that use cultural evolution or cultural evolution and biological evolution。

It is worth noting that，In cultural evolution，The object of a person's learning and imitation is not necessarily the parents in their biological sense，It can also be your other elders、Friends and even strangers。The strategy of learning and imitation is also diverse: a person may choose to imitate the strategy used by people with the highest income around，It may imitate strategies with the highest frequency of surroundings，May also imitate people with a specific role (such as parents、Teacher or Celebrity, etc.)。These different learning rules，It will make cultural evolution present different dynamic features。

　Application in social behavior research 

Study social behavior from the perspective of evolutionary game，The most important and most basic work is to build different types of evolution game theory models，Show the emergence and maintenance of various social behaviors in evolution.。In this regard，Some scientific philosophers have carried out a lot of work。The following research will be based on the two directions of fair allocation and the evolution of language bet365 live casino games and meaning.，Display the methods of social behavior research and achievements under the perspective of evolution game theory。

One，Fair allocation。Some economists have carried out such an experiment: require two trials to share a sum of money，Let them write down the percentage they want in advance on the note。If the sum of the percentage is greater than 1，Then neither of them can get anything; if the sum of the percentage is less than or equal to 1，So the two can get the share they want。This study discovered，Most of the subjects will choose to ask 50%or nearly 50%of the share。So，How to explain this phenomenon?

Researchers of some evolution game theory imagine such a scene: assuming in a group，Two or two random pairing between individuals，Met the above -mentioned type of game around a resource。The share requested per person，It can be understood as a strategy adopted by the individual in the game，The average return of each strategy will affect the proportion occupied by the strategy in the next generation。This study discovered，When this group evolves when this type of replicator dynamics is evolved，In most cases，Individuals that advocate the average distribution will occupy the entire population; but at the same time，There are also many types of groups that have finally evolved into a variety of non -average distribution strategies (such as 60%and 40%) coexistence (that is, polymorphism)。To solve this problem，Some researchers suggest add positive correlation in the interaction of strategy，That is, the individual is not a random game between the individual，Instead, there is a greater probability of a game with individuals using the same strategy。This is here，The situation where the population has evolved into polymorphism is almost disappeared。There are also researchers to further spatial gaming among individuals，That is, each individual only plays with his own neighbor，and update your strategy based on the income of your neighbors and your own (such as imitating the strategy adopted by the most successful neighbors)，It can also make the population almost always evolve into a state that everyone is evenly allocated。Although these models are very ideal，But they provide a new idea for the origin and evolution of fair allocation of fair allocation。

Its two，Evolution of language and meaning。An important feature of the language symbol is that it is arbitrary，That is, there is often no inevitable connection between the voice form and meaning of the language symbol，but the results of the social agreed vulgar。For example，In Chinese，We use the term "apple" to express the fruits of bet365 best casino games Apple，But as long as the members of the society are jointly agreed，"Apple" can also be used to represent peach。If language is a communication system based on conventions，So，How are the original language habits produced and maintained?

David Lewis (David Lewis) in the "Convention" signal game of the "sender -receiver" signal，It provides an important theoretical framework for studying the above problems。In the "Sender -receiver" signal game，The sender can perceive what happened in the surrounding world and send out a certain signal，and the receiver can make some reaction based on the signal received。If the response made by the receiver matches the situation，Then the sender and the receiver can get a certain amount of benefits; otherwise，Both benefits are zero。

For the convenience of discussion，You can consider a signal game with only two people。where，One person sent by one person，Another person is a receiver。Suppose only two things exist, S2}，The sender is only σ1, σ2 The two signals can be used，The receiver can only make R1, R2 two reactions，and reflect R1 to match the situation S1，React R2 matching S2 with the situation。Under such settings，Sendors have 4 strategies to choose from。Sendor strategy 1: S1 → σ1，s2 → σ1; sender strategy 2: s1 → σ1，s2 → σ2; sender strategy 3: S1 → σ2，s2 → σ1; sender strategy 4: S1 → σ2，​​s2 → σ2。There are also four strategies for receivers to choose from。Receiver Strategy 1: σ1 → R1，σ2 → R1; receiver strategy 2: σ1 → R1，σ2 → R2; Receivor Strategy 3: σ1 → R2，σ2 → R1; receiver strategy 4: σ1 → r2，σ2 → R2。Only two strategic combinations can fully match the reaction and the situation，to form a signal system。Signaling System A: & LT; Sendor Strategy 2，receiver strategy 2 & gt;; signal system B: & lt; sender strategy 3，Receiver strategy 3 & gt;。

The signal game above only occurs between two individuals，and the role of each person is fixed。This study discovered，If the framework of the signal game is combined with the evolution game theory，Make an individual in a population can be a sender or a receiver，Randomly pair between two or two to play a signal game，and evolve in the way of copying subtruscular，So the population will always tend to evolve one of the above two signal systems。This indicates，Under certain conditions，Individuals of interactions in population can spontaneously learn to send signals，and evolved a stable signal system。

　Questions and Outlook 

​​Despite the evolution of social behavior, the game modeling work is fruitful，But some of the methodological problems bet365 best casino games behind this study，No systematic solution and processing have not yet been obtained。This makes many scholars question the reliability and effectiveness of social behavior based on evolution game theory。Only two main criticisms are briefly introduced here。

One，From the explanation of "how possible" to the explanation of "actual"。Like other scientific models，The construction of evolution game theory model must also be based on certain assumptions。When the evolution game theory model is used to explain the origin and evolution of human social behavior，Related assumptions including the structure of the early human community、Mechanism of cultural genetics、Method of the game, etc.。Compared to the traits of the bone structure，Information related to behavioral traits is extremely difficult to save。In most cases，Scientists can only speculate through indirect evidence。Because of this，Some researchers think，The evolutionary game theory model provides only the "hypothetical story"。These models do provide some explanation，But it is just an explanation of "How-PossiBly)，is under the condition set by the model，A certain social behavior is likely to produce and maintain。but but，This does not mean that people's current social behavior is indeed evolved in the way of these models。For example，In cases of fair allocation，Human ancestors really played the game described in the model? If the key assumptions in the evolution game theory model cannot be effective defense and confirmation，So the explanation they provided is just an explanation of the evolution of social behavior "how possible" evolution，instead of the explanation of the evolution of "actual" evolution。

Its two，Explanation of standardization。As a naturalism research path，Social behavior research based on evolution game theory also faces the question of "should" (IS).。PHILIP Kitcher pointed out，The existing evolution game theory model has not explained the "upper buildings" of the concepts and principles of social behavior in order to evaluate the concepts and principles of social behavior。For example，In the evolutionary game theory model about fair allocation，Although the settings of the model make the population always evolve into the state of the average distribution of everyone，But this does not explain what the distribution method is "fair" in the sense，Or why I think this distribution is fair。other，When the individual in the model updates its own distribution strategy，They are based on neighbors and their own income，instead of whether a certain distribution strategy is fair，This makes the entire model seem to have nothing to bet365 Play online games do with fairness。How can the evolutionary game theory model provide insights to the normative characteristics reflected by social behavior (especially moral behavior)? This will be a problem that must be considered in the future based on the research of social behavior based on evolution gaming theory。

If it is acknowledged that human society is a product of biological evolution and cultural evolution,，Then we have reason to believe，Evolution game theory can provide useful insights for understanding the origin and evolution of social behavior。Of course，This does not mean that the current evolution game theory can already solve all problems，It does not mean that the evolution game theory can solve all problems alone。The diversity and complexity of social behavior，Requires we must break through the traditional discipline boundary，Realize different fields (including psychology、Anthropology、Archeology、Lingye Research and other disciplines) The integration of theoretical resources and experience achievements of spiritual long -term research — the theory of evolution game theory has potential to provide a basic theoretical framework for this comprehensive。

　　(Author Unit: School of Philosophy of Fudan University)