Solving the “mystery of history” is an important theoretical task for Marx。In the history of human thought，Marx’s answer to the “mystery of history” is scientific and thorough。The reason why Marx’s puzzle-solving process is scientific，Because he abandoned the abstract speculative paradigm in the humanistic sense，Adhere to the principles of scientific methodology - historical materialism - and go deep into the production process of material materials to deeply understand the history of human beings from low level to high level、From disorder to order、The organic development sequence from barbarism to civilization。The reason why Marx’s answer to the “mystery of history” is so thorough，It’s because he has penetrated deeply into the hinterland of social economy，That is, insisting on tracing the roots of production methods related to social and historical changes。Specifically，Marx used political economic criticism to approach the pattern of modern industrial practice，Then it elaborates the logic bet365 champions league inevitable demise of capitalism and the inevitable arrival of communism。The great masterpiece "Das Kapital" is the "crystallization" of these two lines，It profoundly records Marx’s theory and logic of solving the “mystery of history”。

　The metaphysical solution: the “eternalism” of world bet365 champions league

The exploration of history and social analysis are not Marx’s “patent”，Generations of theorists are engaged in the work of answering questions and resolving doubts in their own way。Facing the "mystery of history"，Philosophers and economists before Marx have made comments。Philosophers represented by Hegel explore the issue of history and its motivations，They always develop speculative interpretations of historical issues in the spiritual realm。Hegel regarded “reason” as the foundation and soul of world history，And strongly recommends that "'reason' is the master bet365 champions league world，The view that world history is therefore a rational process”。In Hegel’s perspective，Historical development and spiritual development are the same process，Absolute rationality is the "leader" or "master" of world history。Although Hegel’s successors have made many attempts，But in the end, it did not break out bet365 champions league speculative rut and substantively advance the answers to related questions。The common problem with Hegelian philosophers is，They all take the continuous realization of their own "spirit" rather than actual existence as the starting point for analyzing and investigating problems，In this way, we develop a speculative response to world historical issues。Such a response is actually a "non-critical" "mystical" explanation path，After all, it defends the existing system。

National economists "imitate" Hegel's speculative procedures on topics such as state and law，Extend the logical inevitability of social and historical affairs to the inevitability of economic connections，Then confirming the organic connection and eternal nature of social and economic categories。From this point of view，“Realistic relationships are just the incarnation of some principles and categories”，Division of labor、Credit、Familiar socioeconomic relations or economic categories such as currency and commodities have therefore become "fixed、Unchanging、Eternal Category”。The capitalist system is also described as a "natural" system，It is a benign mechanism that enables wealth production and productivity progress to proceed in an orderly manner in accordance with "natural laws"。This naturally reasonable capitalist system should be “not affected by time”，This basic law of society should be "the eternal law that forever governs society"。Actually，This kind of economics is the "private economics" of "justification theory"，It must confirm the rationality bet365 champions league capitalist economic mechanism and political system in the investigation of economic affairs。

Although speculative philosophy and political economics analyze social and historical phenomena and problems from different perspectives，But they are ultimately committed to the work of "deifying" or "eternalizing" the existing system。Getting to the root of it，They are all metaphysical pursuits of world history，It is based on "establishing a strict logical rule in the exploration bet365 champions league ultimate existence bet365 champions league world，That is, from the axiom、Starting from the theorem，Draw an idyllic and wonderful picture of capitalist eternalism by following the rules of inference and drawing inevitable conclusions。

　　The project bet365 champions league critique of political economy: the “development theory” of capitalism

Lenin wrote in "State and Revolution": "The entire theory of Marx，It is the most thorough application、The most complete、The most thorough、The richest development theory to examine modern capitalism。Natural，He will also use this theory to examine the coming collapse of capitalism and the future development of communism。”Marx used the theoretical weapon of “theory of development” to critically examine capitalism，This is also the key to Marx’s transcendence of speculative philosophy and national economics。Furthermore，Marx used the "critical and revolutionary" dialectics to complete the historical materialist examination bet365 champions league capitalist axis of "labor and capital"，In this way, the "positive understanding" of capitalism includes the "negative understanding" of it，This is also an important narrative clue in "Das Kapital"。

The advent bet365 champions league capitalist mode of production based on the separation of labor and capital directly marked the arrival of a new era。In order to satisfy the desire for unlimited proliferation，Capital must do everything possible to break through various restrictions in order to maximize profits。The capitalist mode of production strongly advocates the continuous innovation of production and the continuous progress of ideas，This then triggered a profound social change in the entire society。What follows is the advancement of division of labor、Popularization of collaboration、Use of machine、Technological innovation、Market development and manpower squeeze，These are extremely effective in promoting the creation of social wealth。Driven by the desire for proliferation，Capitalists will unscrupulously force workers to "produce for the sake of production"，In order to continuously develop social productivity and create various material conditions。Capitalism has the potential to create crazy things，In less than a hundred years of development, it has created "more productivity than all previous generations have created，Greater productivity。It is precisely because of this "magical" operation，Capitalist society “forms universal social material transformation、Comprehensive relationship、A system of multi-faceted needs and comprehensive capabilities”。Human history quickly became involved in world history，The conditions of human society have also undergone earth-shaking changes。

With the advancement bet365 champions league capitalist mode of production，The series of contradictions inherent in capitalism are gradually revealed，And became the core factor in the decline of this social system。Capital itself is a "living contradiction"，It should be for labor and value creation、Set specific limits for proliferation，On the other hand, the desire to proliferate will drive it out of bounds。The contradiction between labor and capital is infinitely magnified in this production system，Poverty is often accompanied by capital accumulation、Oppression、Slavery、Increasing levels of degradation and exploitation。Capitalists make a lot of money，The workers are in a state of complete physical and mental destruction。Synchronized with the proliferation and accumulation of capital is the accumulation of proletarian resistance，The struggle between the two promotes social development。In the political economic critique bet365 champions league many contradictions of capitalism，Marx confirmed that the “real limit” of capitalist production lies in “capital itself”。In the operational logic of capital，Proliferation、Accumulation and Monopoly、Crisis coexists。Corresponding to the prosperity created by capital monopoly are the shackles bet365 champions league capitalist mode of production，Massive concentration of production materials、The contradiction between the continuous improvement of labor socialization and the private ownership system of property has become irreconcilable，At this time "the death knell of capitalist private ownership is about to ring"。

What will replace capitalism will be a re-establishment of individual ownership "based on cooperation and the common ownership of land and the means of production produced by labor itself"。bet365 champions league re-establishment of personal ownership is not the return of private ownership，It is a positive sublation of capitalist private ownership。bet365 champions league is a brand new kingdom of freedom，True realization of "the development of human abilities as an end in itself"，People can give full play to their physical strength and intelligence according to their own abilities and interests。bet365 champions league must be a person with extreme material abundance、A world where spiritual realm has been greatly improved，Labor is no longer a means of making a living but has become the “first need” of people，Print "From each according to his ability、Only the banner of “distribution on demand” can be raised high in society。

　The bet365 champions league and philosophical significance of "Das Kapital": the "revolutionary transformation" of capitalism

Marx opened up a new philosophical realm with "Das Kapital"，It strives to develop critical thinking about the "mystery of human history" in response to the "questions bet365 champions league times"。To be specific，"Das Kapital" Materialism、A dialectical and historical study bet365 champions league capitalist era，It not only analyzes the general development trend of human society based on the field of material production，Based on the special stage bet365 champions league capitalist mode of production and fully demonstrating the reliable prospects of human society。"Das Kapital" convincingly explains the organic development process of real society，Then destroying the myth that capitalism is solid and indestructible。This not only dealt a blow to the head bet365 champions league literary beggars supported by the bourgeoisie, but also made “the first time that bourgeois political economy openly surrendered in front of working class political economy”，It is like a "bolt from the blue that shook all civilized countries" and theoretically gave the capitalist system "a blow that it will never recover from"。"Das Kapital" is Marx's "most powerful cannonball fired at the heads of bourgeois (including landowners)"。Based on the issues bet365 champions league times，Refining the spirit bet365 champions league times，Constructing historical science，This is the key to the excellence of "Das Kapital"。"Das Kapital" fully expresses Marx's class position and philosophical intention，It wants to construct a critique of capitalism and a perspective on communism based on "human society"。In this sense，"Das Kapital" is "the scientific expression bet365 champions league political economy bet365 champions league working class" and the "Bible bet365 champions league working class"，It is a masterpiece "for the world" and "serving history"。In this sense，"Das Kapital" can be called "a theory of social change"，That is, "a teleological theory that tells everyone where history is going"。

General Secretary Xi Jinping scientifically examines the general trend of world historical development，Tell us: "Although the era we live in has undergone tremendous and profound changes compared with the era in which Marx lived，But from the perspective of 500 years of world socialism，We are still in the historical era pointed out by Marxism。”Even though “human society has undergone earth-shaking changes，But the general principles expounded by Marxism are still completely correct as a whole”。In an era when the forces of capitalism and socialism (communism) are entangled with each other，We must promote Marx’s critical spirit and dialectical method of studying bet365 champions league，Scientifically and steadily promote the construction of a modern and powerful socialist country，To demonstrate the superiority of socialism，Contribute your own strength to the new form of human civilization。

　 (This article is a phased result bet365 champions league National Social Science Fund General Project "Research on Historical Philosophical Thoughts in "Das Kapital" and its Manuscripts" (23BKS020)

(The author is a professor at the School of Marxism, Zhejiang University、Researcher at the Marxist bet365 champions league Innovation and Communication Research Center of Zhejiang University)