In the process of Western politics and democracy，bet365 tennis bet play a pivotal role。However，In the long-term emergence and development process，Western bet365 tennis bet themselves have also formed some obvious paradoxes。These paradoxes are some self-contradictory phenomena produced in the operation of Western party politics。On the one hand, these paradoxes reveal the limitations and difficulties of Western bet365 tennis bet，On the other hand, there are also issues worth studying。Studying these paradoxes can not only help us understand the operating logic of Western politics，It can also better help us understand the complexity of Western bet365 tennis bet as modern political organizations。

　　As a representative of "part" but representing the "whole" in bet365 tennis bet

From the literal meaning，The original meaning of the foreign word political party is "part"。The meaning of representing "part" is very obvious in the Western multi-party system，Each political party represents a different “part” of a country，These different "parts" can be classes、ethnic group、Sect、Region, etc.。In a multi-party environment，After these bet365 tennis bet representing "parts" won the election，But represents the "whole" to govern。This is the most realistic paradox of Western bet365 tennis bet。

To this，Some scholars have made the following summary: "In Western countries，After a political party wins an election，He began to use a method of ‘unifying the three with one’ or ‘unifying the government with the party’，Continuous penetration into state power，And establish and communicate it with legislation in various forms、Links between executive and judicial authorities，Separate legislative powers、Executive power and judicial power are integrated in party politics。Throughout the entire process of governing，The ruling party must realize its legislative power、Effective integration of executive power and judicial power，And control and influence various state powers as the fundamental orientation of its governing activities。”However，Within the realistic framework of Western party politics，Party interests and national interests are not always completely consistent。“In the perspective of modern rule of law，We can clearly see a clear line between the ruling party and public power。bet365 tennis bet and state power are two entities with different attributes、Political entity with social functions。From the perspective of the social attributes of the political party itself，It is just a political group with the practical purpose of winning over the people or controlling the government、Only the highest political organization for some members of society，State power is the public power to manage state and social affairs。Therefore，Party power and state power are not the same thing，Party interests and national interests are not always completely consistent。"Under this logical premise，How to reflect the will and interests of the parties that failed in the election and the "sections" they represent，It has become a difficult problem that Western democracies must face but cannot solve。

　　The system is recognized but the bet365 tennis bet does not

Modern bet365 tennis bet play an indispensable and important role in the institutional system of Western democracy。Back in the 1940s，The famous political scientist Saudi Schneider pointed out the important role of the rise of Western bet365 tennis bet in modern democracy。Saudi Schneider is based on the political development process of the modern West，Proposed an important proposition: "The rise of bet365 tennis bet is undoubtedly one of the most important signs of modern government，Parties created modern democracy，It is simply unimaginable that modern democracy can survive without bet365 tennis bet。"Whether it is in electoral mobilization、Gathering of interests、Political Recruitment，Still building policies、Formation of government, etc.，bet365 tennis bet all play an indispensable and important role。Although bet365 tennis bet are so important in the operation of Western democracy，But and the government、Compared to military and other political organizations，bet365 tennis bet are the organizations with the lowest level of public trust，This is the most difficult reality paradox that Western bet365 tennis bet have to face。

Western bet365 tennis bet seem to be born with some kind of "original sin"，This can be reflected from the names of early Western bet365 tennis bet。The earliest bet365 tennis bet in the British Parliament "Tories and Whigs"，It is the nickname given to each other by the two factions in the Western Parliament: "Tory" is the Irish word for "bandit"，And "Whig" is the Scottish word for "robber"。Early British bet365 tennis bet called each other derogatory terms，Fully illustrates society’s negative perception of bet365 tennis bet at that time。In fact，Anti-party thoughts have always been the mainstream of modern Western political thought。Although later Western thinkers gradually accepted bet365 tennis bet，affirms the indispensable and important role of bet365 tennis bet in the modern Western political system，But in terms of public trust，Western bet365 tennis bet are consistently low in all public organizations。

According to the World Values ​​Surveys from Europe、America、Survey conducted in 21 countries in Asia and Oceania，When asked "Is the democratic system good?？”hour，81% of respondents have a positive attitude，When asked "Do you have confidence in the political party？”hour，Only 19.8% of the respondents answered in the affirmative。The Eurobarometer’s continuous surveys for many years also show that，Ranking of people’s trust in social and political organizations and systems，bet365 tennis bet have always been at the bottom，Behind the police、Broadcast、Army、TV、Legal System、Publisher、Church、Parliament、Government、Large companies, etc.。A political party that acts according to the logic of Western party politics，Seems to have been alienated from the public since birth，They only appear on the streets during political elections or in advertisements and posters，Rarely seen in daily political behavior，Living far away from the public but dominating the public，This kind of distrustful political confirmation is a political "joke" inevitably derived from the logic of Western party politics。

　　Oligarchic centralization bet365 tennis bet name of democracy

From the perspective of the emergence and development process of human political civilization，bet365 tennis bet and democracy can be said to complement each other。On the one hand，The development of the parliamentary system and the expansion of electoral rights have provided impetus for the emergence of bet365 tennis bet, especially popular parties；On the other hand，The development of bet365 tennis bet also provides a platform and space for people’s liberation and the expression of public opinion。However, from the perspective of the operational structure of political organizations，Many Western bet365 tennis bet themselves are oligarchic and centralized。This is the most obscure realistic paradox of Western bet365 tennis bet。

As early as the beginning of the 20th century，Robert Michels proposed the famous "Iron Law of Oligarchy" through research on the internal decision-making process of the German Social Democratic Party at that time。He thinks，Any political party and political organization，Even if it pursues democratic ideas，There will also inevitably be a strong oligarchic tendency，He calls this the "Iron Law of Oligarchy"。In his own words，It is “the organization that enables the elected to win over the voters、The entrusted person to the entrusting party、The dominant position of the representative over the represented。Organization means oligarchy everywhere”。Michael Wallace examines key changes in American bet365 tennis bet in the early 19th century，It also reveals that Western bet365 tennis bet, as political organizations, have the function of making individuals obey。

Thomas Dey gave a more detailed explanation: "Traditional political science believes that bet365 tennis bet are necessary institutions for the public to control the government。But the political party organization advocates oligarchy，And is controlled by an overwhelming majority of ideological activists who are out of touch with more moderate voters。…The irony is，bet365 tennis bet serve as agents of democratic decision-making but do not have their own democracy in their structures，They are skeletal structures，‘Usually controlled by a small number of activists，Almost completely excludes a large number of supporters’。Power within the party is mainly in the hands of those who have the time and money to do this as a full-time or almost full-time job。And the active members of the party do not exceed 3% or 4% of the national adult population，They mainly refer to people who hold partisan office and committee positions，They will attend various places、Rural、State or national party meetings and conventions，Also raise funds or make donations to other bet365 tennis bet and candidates。They have the time and financial resources to ‘afford’ politics、Have information and relevant knowledge to understand politics、Have organizational and public relations skills to help you win in political competition。”Visible，In the process of Western party politics，The political centralization of political oligarchs is the essence of political behavior，Both in political premises and political results，Democracy is “hidden” in the behavioral logic of political oligarchs。Since the behavioral logic is obscure，Then the meaning representation needs to be clear。Because the essence of politics needs not to be clearly expressive，So we must find a bright and beautiful meaning like "democracy" to frame the rigidity of "the iron law of oligarchy"，This conceals the true political purpose。

In short，Observing the phenomenon of Western party politics is not the purpose，Recognize the behavioral logic behind it and judge the practical implications of bet365 tennis bet value representation，In order to truly understand the logic of Western party bet365 tennis bet behavior，Only in order to deal with it calmly。

(The author is an associate professor at the School of bet365 tennis bet Administration, South Central University for Nationalities)