During the operation of Western politics and democracy，Political parties play the role of the hub。But，During the long -term generation and development process，Western parties themselves have also formed some obvious paradoxes。These paradoxes are some of the phenomena that are contradictory in the process of political operation of Western political parties。These paradox reveals the limitations and dilemma of the Western party on the one hand，On the other hand, it also contains problems worth studying。Study these paradoxes can not only help us understand the operating logic of Western politics，And can better help us understand the complexity of Western political organizations as modern political organizations。

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From the literal point of view，The original meaning of the foreign words of the party is "part"。The meaning of "part" means that it is very obvious under the Western multi -party system，Each political party is a representative of different "parts" in a country，These different "parts" can be class、ethnic group、denomination、Region, etc.。In the environment of multi -party system，These representatives representing the "part" party after the campaign，But it means "overall" to govern。This is the most realistic paradox of the Western party。

For this，Some scholars have made the following summaries: "In Western countries，After the party won in the election，Start with a method of ‘unified three’ or ‘unified government’，Continuously realize Bet365 lotto review the penetration of national power，and establish and communicate in various forms and communicate with legislation、Contact between administrative and judicial organs，Divided legislative rights、Administrative power and judicial power are integrated in political party politics。During the entire governance process，The ruling party must achieve legislative power、Effective integration of administrative power and judicial power，and control and influence various national power as the fundamental orientation of its governing activities。"，In the practical framework of the politics of Western political parties，The interests of political parties and national interests are not always consistent。"In the perspective of modern rule of law，We can clearly see a obvious limit between the ruling party and public power。Political parties and state power are two different attributes、Political entities of social functions。From the perspective of the social attributes of the party itself，It is just a political group with a political group to fight for the public or control the government as the actual purpose、The highest political organization of some members of society，and the state power is the public power of managing the country and social affairs。Therefore，Political party power and state power are not the same thing，The interests of political parties and national interests are not always the same。"" Under such a logical premise，How the will and the "part" of the "part" that failed in the election and the "part" it represents can be reflected，Becoming a problem that it must face the Western democracy that must be faced but cannot be solved。

　　The system recognizes that the public does not recognize

Bet365 app download Modern political parties play an indispensable and important role in the system of Western democracy。As early as the 1940s，The famous political scholar Saudi Schneider pointed out the important role of the rise of Western parties on modern democracy。Saudi Arabia is based on the political development process of modern West，Posted an important proposition: "The rise of political parties is undoubtedly one of the most important signs of the modern government，Political parties created modern democracy，It is hard to imagine that modern democracy can survive when lacking political parties。"" Whether in the election mobilization、Interest gathering、Political recruitment，Still building a policy、Establish a government and other aspects，political parties have played an indispensable important role。Although political parties are so important in the operation of Western democracy，But with the government、Army and other political organizations compared to，The political party is the organization with the lowest level of public trust，This is the most difficult realistic paradox to face Western parties。

Western parties seem to have some kind of "original crime"，This can be reflected from the name of the early Western political parties。The earliest political party "Tori Party and Huge" in the British Parliament，is the nickname of the two factions in the Western Parliament: "Tori" is the "gangster" in Irish，and "Figg" is the "robbers" in Scotland。Early British political parties called each other in a way of derogation，Fully illustrates the negative cognition of the society at that time。Dested，The trend of the anti -political party has always been the mainstream of modern Western political thought。bet365 live casino games Although later Western thinkers gradually accepted the party，affirmed the indispensable and important role of political parties in the Western modern political system，But in terms of public trust，Western parties have always been low in all public organizations。

According to World Values ​​Surveys), from Europe、America、A survey conducted by 21 countries in Asia and Oceania，When asked, "Is the democratic system good?"，81%of the respondents hold a positive attitude，When asked, "Is there confidence in political parties?" Time，Only 19.8%of the respondents gave a positive answer。EUROBAROMETER for many years of continuous survey also shows，In the ranking of the people's trust in society and political organization，Political parties have been at the bottom of the bottom，Behind the police、Broadcast、Army、Parliament、Legal System、Press、Church、Parliament、Government、Large company, etc.。political parties acting according to the political logic of Western political parties，It seems to be alienated from the public since its birth，They only appear in the streets and lanes in political elections or in advertising and publicity paintings，rarely appear in daily political acts，Far away from the public's life but dominate the public，This non -trusted political confirmation is a political "joke" that Western political logic is inevitable.。

　　Reality of collecting power in the name of democracy

From the perspective of the generation and development process of human political civilization，Political parties and democracy are complementary。On the one hand，The development of the parliamentary system and the expansion of the right to election provides motivation for the emergence of political parties, especially popular political bet365 live casino games parties; on the other hand,，The development of political parties also provides a platform and space for the emancipation of human liberation and the expression of public opinion。However, from the perspective of the operating structure of the political organization，Many Western political parties themselves are oligopoly and collective。This is the most obscure reality paradox in the Western party。

As early as the early 20th century，Robert Michemes put forward the famous "oligopoly rule iron law" through research on the internal decision -making process of the German Social Democratic Party at that time。​​He thinks，Any political organization，Even if it pursues democratic thoughts，It will inevitably produce a strong oligopoly political tendency，He calls this "oligopoly rule iron law"。In his own words，is "the organization enables the candidate to get the voters、The entrusted person is to the commissioner、Representative of the dominant status of the representative。Organization means oligopoly rule everywhere "。Michael Wallace (Michael Wallace) through research on key changes in the early 19th century in the early 19th century，It also reveals that Western parties have the function of obeying personal obedience as political organizations。

Thomas Doy explained a more detailed explanation: "Traditional politics believes that political parties are necessary institutions for the public to control the government。But political party organizations advocate oligopoly politics，and is controlled by most of the ideological active molecules from the vast majority of voters from the relationship with the milder voters。... What is ironic is，As the spokesperson for the formulation of democratic decisions, Bet365 app download political parties do not have their own democracy in their structure，They are skeletal tissue structures，‘Generally manipulated by a few activists，Almost completely excluded a large number of supporters' ‘。The power within the party is mainly in the hands of those who have time and money that can be used as a full -time or almost full -time person。and the active elements of the party do not exceed 3%or 4% of the national adult population，They mainly refer to people who occupy the positions of the party and committees of the party，They will attend various places、Village、The state government or national party meeting and conference，It will also raise funds for other political parties and candidates or give donations。They have time and financial resources to be able to raise 'politics、There is information and related knowledge to understand politics、There are skills such as organization and public relations to make yourself win in the political competition。""，In the process of political operation of Western political parties，The political collection of political oligarchs is the essence of political behavior，Whether it is political premise or in political results，Democracy is "hidden" in the behavior logic of political oligarchs。Since the behavior logic is hidden，Then the meaning of the meaning is clear。Because the essence of politics is not distinctive，Therefore, you must find the meaning of "oligopoly" with a bright and beautiful artistic conception like "democracy".，From this cover the real political purpose。

In short，Observing the political phenomenon of Western political parties is not a purpose，A recognition of the actual meaning of the behavior logic behind and determining the characteristic of political value，Only to Bet365 lotto review truly understand the logic of political behavior of Western political parties，can you calm down。

(Author is an associate professor at the School of Public Management of Zhongnan University for Nationalities)