Environmental ethics has gradually become an important part of ethical research，and form two major genres of human centerism and non -human centerist。Throughout the history of environmental ethics thought，Factive cognition related to the ecological environment and the moral specifications that protect the ecological environment closely link、Promote each other，In this evolution process，"Hume problem" seems to be continuously reproduced。Hume thinks，If it is not discussed and explained，People cannot launch "should" or "should not" value judgment from the fact judgment of "yes" or "not"，But the previous moral system has been transitioned from "yes" to "should"，So how to find the reasonable effectiveness of this reasoning process is based on，That is the question raised by Hume to the world。Based on environmental ethics，What needs to be responded to what is the facts and value in environmental ethics，How to launch the value judgment of "should protect the environment" in many facts of environmental ethics。

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bet365 best casino games The facts in environmental ethics are divided into two categories: "objective facts" and "subjective facts"。"Objective Facts" in environmental ethics, that is, people observe the experience facts obtained by the natural environment，We can also divide it into two aspects: daily experience facts and scientific research facts。Daily experience and facts in environmental ethics，refers。It roughly includes: first，Human life lives in the natural environment，Ecological environment provides the basis for human survival; second，There is a common thing in the existence of life in nature and the existence of no life，The existence of life has bitterness and feelings，The existence of life without life provides the basis of survival for the existence of life，Affairs of the two，Together to form an orderly ecosystem; third，With the advancement of science and technology，Human footprints are all over the world，Naturally more and more humanization。People can basically reach a consensus on daily experience and facts。Scientific research facts in environmental ethics，mainly refers to environmental science、Research results of ecology。Facts in environmental ethics Apart from the above "objective facts"bet365 live casino games ，There are also "subjective facts"。Start from an individual perspective，Whether it is human centralism or non -human centered environmental ethics，Basically, the nature of the people living in nature is happy to avoid suffering，Have a certain rational ability at the same time，The tendency of going to evil and good。Non -human centralist environmental ethics will also be pointed out，Each existence of life has a sense of survival。Start from the overall perspective，Human and non -human biological form a "community of life"，People and nature are in the "moral community"。

　Value in environmental ethics

In environmental ethics，"Value" is the concept of extremely complicated connotation。Based on the level of "evaluation and judgment"，Human centralist environmental ethics believes，Value is set by humans as the subject of morality，Non -human existence is valuable or humans need to be judged。instead of human centralist environmental ethics, it is considered，Non -human existence itself has value，"Internal Value" of animals、"Inherent value" of creatures、"System value" of ecology is an important concept in this camp theory。At the level of "standard judgment"，Some scholars think，Individual bet365 best casino games creatures are valuable，Therefore, "should protect individual creatures"; some scholars advocate，The overall ecosystem has value，Therefore "should protect the entire ecosystem"，Different evaluations and judgments derived differently or even conflict specifications。It can be found out，Value in environmental ethics has conflicts，Value in environmental ethics has conflicts、Conflict of value within human beings、The value conflict between contemporary people and future generations and even the value conflict of value within the existence of non -human existence，These conflicts of value need to be resolved，"value" in environmental ethics is imminent。

　Inferences engaged in value -to -value in environmental ethics

Environmental ethics theory can be divided into utilitarian derivation in real -to -value derivation、Three paths of voluntary theory and virtue theory，As a prerequisite for the value judgment in the process of reasoning，So forming meritorism (consequences) environmental ethics、Obligation theory of environmental ethics and environmental virtues。Their reasoning path can be roughly summarized as follows:

1. The path of utilitarianism

(1) utilitarianism，Humans should choose to do things that can maximize the bet365 best casino games overall interests; (2) Human beings live in the natural environment，Protecting the environment can maximize the overall interests of human and natural environment; (3) so，Human beings should protect the environment。

2. Obligation path path

(1) Obligation theory claim，Moral behavior is acting for obligations。Moral obligations not only require you to act like this，Others should also act like this，Moral obligations should have a universal properties; (2) The protection of the environment can be universal，Destroy the environment cannot be universal; (3) so，Protecting the environment is moral obligation，Human beings should protect the environment。

3. Morality Theory

(1) Human is a rational existence，The tendency of going to evil and good，So everyone should work hard to become a virtue; (2) protecting the environment can improve people's morality，Destroy the environment will damage the virtue of people; (3) so，Human beings should protect the environment。

Combine the facts and values ​​of environmental ethics，On the one hand，After discovering the internal relationship of facts and value，Further look for the way to resolve the "Hume problem"; on the other hand，After the value of how to introduce bet365 live casino games the facts from environmental ethics has a certain understanding，Value also has a reaction for facts，It can be further discussed on this basis how to transform the value in environmental ethics into the practical problem of the practical power of environmental protection in real life，To cope with environmental problems and even promote the construction of ecological civilization、Practice the concept of green development to put forward substantial suggestions。

　　(This article is a phased achievement of the excellent doctoral dissertation of the subject of the discipline of philosophy and social sciences guided by Marxism in 2018 in Fujian Province)

(Excerpted from "Theory and Review" No. 2, 2019，The author is a doctoral student at the Department of Philosophy of Xiamen University)