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70 years since the founding of the People's Republic of China，The party and the government always attach importance to protection and improvement of people's livelihood。Different economic and social backgrounds in various stages of the country，The corresponding social policies also have their own characteristics。Summary and analysis of the development process of my country's social policy over the past 70 years，Summary and analysis of the development process of my country's social policy over the past 70 years。

　The people's livelihood guarantee characteristics under the planned economy system inclusive comprehensive and high -level integration

From a global perspective，Each country is usually a series of related measures to ensure and improve people's livelihood through a complete social policy system。70 years，Different from the economic and social development conditions and institutional systems of different stages of development in my country，The formulation and implementation of social policy is also a process of continuous development and changes。

From the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China，my country's government attaches great importance to protecting people's livelihood。At the beginning of the founding of New China，The task of restoring the economy is extremely arduous，and ensuring the basic life of the people is the focus of this task。For this，In the process of rapid recovery of the urban economy at that time，Various cities have gradually established a social relief system for old, weak and disabled。In the countryside, every household has land and basic production conditions through land reform，To ensure the basic life of farmers。other，From then on，The government strives to promote the construction of my country's industrial system，and established an economic and social institutional system that is compatible with industrialization。The construction of contemporary social security system is also included in it。For this，In 1951, the Government Council released the "Regulations on Labor Insurance of the People's Republic of China"，The basic institutional framework for the social security of the employees of New China enterprises。

Under the planned economy system before reform and opening up，my country has formed a basic institutional framework for guaranteeing and Bet365 app download improving people's livelihood。This system framework includes the basic living security of urban and rural residents、Employment、Education、Medical and Health、Housing，and the basic guarantee for children and special difficulties。Specific systems of urban and rural areas。

In the countryside，Mainly providing farmers with basic guarantees through collective economic organizations。First, to protect the labor rights of all farmers through collective economic organizations and the right to participate in the distribution of collective products，Second, to provide farmers with basic medical and health services through cooperative medical care，Third is to establish a public basic education system based on collective organizations，Fourth to effectively protect the basic housing of farmers' families through the homestead system，Five is to provide a relatively full guarantee to the bet365 best casino games rural "three non -personnel" through the "five guarantees" support system。other，When encountering natural disasters, it is difficult to cope with the collective economy，The state will provide assistance to collective economic organizations，to help farmers pass the difficulty。

in the city，Main。First is a full employment system based on the government allocation of employment system; the second is the quantitative distribution and low -cost supply system of basic living products; the third is public health services combined with the "patriotic health movement" and professional epidemic prevention institutions system，and a medical service system composed of a public medical and health system; fourth, retirement with state -owned employees、Free Medical、Work Injury Guarantee is the main content of the labor insurance system; the fifth is the national education system and educational services organized by various units; six is ​​the "three -none" personnel relief and support system; seventh is the public housing supply system and The housing system relying on the welfare division system; eighth, the government office and the unit office、Kindergarten and other child breeding services; Nine is the relief system for employees in difficult employees in the unit。

The people's livelihood security system implemented under the planned economic system，Have inclusive type、Comprehensive、High level、Features of integration。Compared with the level of economic development at that time，The overall welfare level is still high。but，Because the overall wealth level was very low at that time，The absolute level of people's livelihood protection is also difficult to improve。and，Affected by the dual structure and ownership structure of urban and rural areas，The level of people's livelihood guarantee still has significant structural regional imbalances。

Before reform and opening up，The institutional system that guarantees and improves people's livelihood is based on a series of economies、Politics and social conditions。First，The people's livelihood guarantee system at that time was based on the slow economic development and the supply of basic daily necessities.。From a certain extent,，It was because of the overall supply shortage of the living data at that time，The government has to distribute a more average distribution by planning allocation，To ensure that everyone can enjoy basic living conditions。Next，At that time, the state had a strong motivation for promoting industrialization and development，Therefore, I hope to maintain the human resources basis for the development of modern industrial development by establishing a relatively complete labor insurance system。again，The public ownership and planned economic system at that time laid the foundation of the system for achieving a relatively complete people's livelihood guarantee system at that time，Especially the unit system in the city and the collective economic organization system in rural areas become an effective supply subject for urban and rural social welfare。Last，The concept of socialist welfare at that time played an important role in establishing and maintaining a comprehensive people's livelihood security system，Especially，At that time, the classic Marxist socialist distribution theory coexisted with the theory of distribution and "necessary deduction" bet365 Play online games theory，Rely on the country、Collective and self -reliance value concept coexist，It played an important role in maintaining the livelihood security system at that time。

　　Since the reform and opening up

Since the reform and opening up，With the establishment and improvement of the socialist bet365 best casino games market economy system，The institutional system that protects and improves people's livelihood has also changed a lot。Different stages since the reform and opening up，The system and the system of protecting and improving people's livelihood in my country also have different stage characteristics。

At the beginning of reform and opening up，my country's people's livelihood guarantee system began to change。At the end of the 1970s，With a large number of educated youth back to the city，Employment and housing pressure in the city suddenly rise。Under the condition of severe resource shortages，In the past, the government and units arranged employment and assigning housing systems.，I have to make a reform。As a result, the employment distribution system and the housing distribution system reform。By the early 1980s，The reform of urban state -owned enterprises to increase corporate autonomy，greatly affecting the labor insurance system responsible for the company，Forced local governments to carry out reforms and medical expenses of employees of state -owned enterprises。In the mid -1980s，Reform of the labor employment system of state -owned enterprises nationwide，and start the reform of the new pension insurance system accordingly。

In the early stages of reform and opening up，The foundation of the rural people's livelihood security system before reform and opening up has also changed a lot。The original collective economic disintegration in rural areas has severely weakened the collective guarantee and service functions，Rural people's livelihood security and public service system have been greatly impacted。But the economic system reform during this period has greatly increased farmers' income levels，To a large extent, the negative effects brought about by the weakening of rural people's livelihood protection and weakening public services。With the government's support，Most rural areas have basically maintained the basic education of primary and secondary schools and the "five guarantee households" system，Family joint production contract responsibility system can maintain a certain land guarantee function，The government also implements poverty alleviation and development in poor areas in poor areas。Family joint production contract responsibility system can maintain a certain land guarantee function。but，In the 1980s，Due to the basic disintegration of rural cooperative medical care，The public medical and health service system in most rural areas has a vacancy for more than 20 years。

Enter the 1990s，With the continuous deepening of reform and opening up，Conditions for people's livelihood protection、Target、Concept and institutional direction have also undergone profound changes。With the weakening of social functions of urban enterprises and institutions，It was originally weakened by the people's livelihood guarantee and social service functions responsible for。The country hopes to fill this field in two ways at that time: First, comprehensively introduce market mechanisms，Second, I hope that social forces will participate。Under the background of my country's comprehensive establishment of a socialist market economy at that Bet365 app download time，Market mechanism has been widely introduced into the field of people's livelihood security and social services。where，Some areas have basically switched to market -oriented operations such as labor employment and housing，Some areas have largely introduced market mechanisms such as medical and health。Wide introduction of market mechanism，It played a great role in promoting economic development，But in terms of people's livelihood protection, it has achieved brilliant achievements，There are also some problems that need to be improved。The side of its achievement，Mainly effectively expand employment opportunities、increased the income of workers and increased social service supply，Turn the situation where the shortage of basic living data and the supply of social services in the past。The side of the problem，It mainly reduces social services: although the supply market has increased，But because of the high service price, it is difficult to benefit from low -income households，It caused expensive medical treatment、Difficulties in seeing a doctor。Although the government began to increase investment in people's livelihood protection in the late 1990s，Established the minimum living security system for urban residents，Proposed "two guarantees、Three guarantee lines "requirements，But these are mainly selected guarantee modes for the poor family。Due to the general weakening of inclusive benefits，Make the social policy at that time failed to effectively play a role in narrowing the gap between income，The income gap in my country in the last 10 years of the 20th century increased rapidly、Social problems gradually increase，Social contradictions are increasingly prominent。Especially in rural areas，Slow economic development is not intertwined with public services，Bring a serious "agriculture, rural" problem，Urgent need to be solved by new reforms。

After entering the 21st century，Facing the achievements and problems of the livelihood protection of the last 10 years of the 20th century，The party and the government have adjusted the goals and strategies of economic and social development in a timely manner。After 2002，The state proposed the "social construction" action goal based on the protection and improvement of people's livelihood，and gradually improve its connotation，Incorporate it into the overall layout of the "Five -State"。At the same time，About 10 years since 2003，A series of social policies have been introduced densely。First, the people's livelihood security system is more complete，First, the people's livelihood security system is more complete，Established and developed urban and rural housing security systems，further reform and improve the social insurance system。The second is to expand the coverage of a number of important livelihood guarantee systems，Including the full coverage of the realization of endowment insurance and medical insurance。Third, in terms of education and medical services，Expand the supply of public services。Fourth, the requirements for "equalization of public services" were proposed，Shining urban and rural differences in social policy、Regional differences and crowd differences，In particular, it has greatly strengthened the rural social security policy。Five is to greatly improve the level of investment in the government's public finance in ensuring and Bet365 app download improving people's livelihood。From 2003 to 2017，my country's public finance is education、Medical and Health、Social Security and Employment、Total budget expenditure in housing security and rural poverty alleviation funds，The proportion of GDP has increased from 5.23%to 9.53%。In the field of social policy，The increase in investment in public financial funds has played a strong role in promoting and improving people's livelihood。

　　In the past 70 years

Looking back on the roads that my country's protection and improvement of people's livelihood in the past 70 years can be found，Although in various periods，The specific institutional mechanism and operating method of my country's social policy are not exactly the same，But my country has always actively guaranteed and improved people's livelihood，and achieved achievements，Accumulated experience。

Always put protection and improve people's livelihood in an important position。At the beginning of the founding of New China，Faced with a poverty and population of a large country，To ensure the basic life of all people is the top priority of governments at all levels。Whether at the relatively low level of economic development in the past，Still the period of rapid economic growth after reform and opening up，The party and the government have always attached great importance to protection and improvement of people's livelihood。Under the planned economic system，It mainly guarantees people's livelihood through planning distribution; for a period of time after reform and opening up，Mainly increase the supply through the market mechanism，to achieve the goal of ensuring and improving people's livelihood;，Especially since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China，It attaches more importance to the role of the country in protecting and Bet365 app download improving people's livelihood。

Protection and improvement of people's livelihood should be compatible with the level of economic development。Before reform and opening up，Due to the relatively backward economic development and the overall shortage of living materials，The government has to adopt the planning method to ensure the basic life needs of each family。

For more than 20 years after the reform and opening up，The state can stimulate economic development by introducing market mechanisms，Increasing the role of the market in improving people's livelihood，Correspondingly reduced the government's burden。The biggest advantage of this approach is，can greatly increase product and service supply，The basic conditions of improving protection and improving people's livelihood from the total supply; at the same time，Configure resources through the market mechanism，It has also inspired people’s labor enthusiasm。But this also brings uneven defects of people's livelihood protection。

Since the 21st century，With the development of the economy，The party and the government attach more importance to guarantee and improve people's livelihood。On the one hand, play the role of market mechanism，Continuous increase of product and service supply，On the other hand, the efforts to increase protection and improve people's livelihood by formulating and implementing various social policies，The institutional system of the protection of market economy plus social policy and Bet365 app download improving people's livelihood。

Social policy should be coordinated with the economic system and economic development mode。On the one hand，There should be different people's livelihood guarantee systems under different economic systems。Under the planned economy system，and the bet365 best casino games market economy system should adopt a combination of market economy and social policies，On the basis of the initial distribution of the market mechanism，Through the re -distribution of the country to make up for the shortcomings of the initial allocation。On the other hand，There will also be different social policy models in different economic development methods。Since the reform and opening up，Under an export -oriented economic development mode based on labor -intensive type，Labor costs have a great impact on economic development，Therefore, it is difficult to increase the overall welfare level of our country。But with the economic development mode from labor -intensive to technology densely transforms，The impact of labor costs gradually decreases，and the impact of labor quality gradually increased。In this case，Widely formulated and implemented social policies not only have a positive effect on guarantee and improve people's livelihood，And positive significance for promoting economic development。

　　The basic direction and main issues of my country's social policy in the future

Current，my country's social policy development is also facing a new historical choice。Future，The basic direction of the development of social policy in my country，It should be on the basis of conducive to economic development，Continue to improve the protection and improve the level of people's livelihood。For this，We must pursue positive and secure social policies。Specifically，You need to consider the following problems。

First, how to deal with the relationship between social policy and economic development。Social policy must improve the level of protection and improve people's livelihood，At the same time, it is also conducive to economic development -all social policies that are damaged by economic development cannot continue，The economic development ideas that do not pay attention to guaranteeing and improving people's livelihood will also deviate from the direction of the due。

Second, how to improve the level of protection and improve people's livelihood。What level should my country's future social welfare should reach? In the past ten years，my country's overall welfare level has increased significantly，Some people think that the level of welfare in my country is already high，It should not be improved anymore，should be alert to the "high welfare trap"。But in fact，There are still many shortcomings in my country in China，People are medical、Education、​​Pension、Basic needs in housing and other aspects have not been effectively satisfied。The report of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China is clearly proposed，According to the bottom line of the pocket、Weaving Secret Network、Requirements for building mechanisms，Fully built covering the whole people、Clear power and responsibility、Clear power and responsibility、Moderate guarantee、Sustainable multi -level social security system。Future，my country still needs to continuously improve the level of guarantee and improve people's livelihood by continuously improving the level of welfare。

Third is to further clarify the government、Market、The responsibility relationship between the family and the society in ensuring and Bet365 app download improving people's livelihood。Protection and improvement of people's livelihood depends on the government，But you cannot rely entirely on the government。While the government plays a dominant role，It is also necessary to explore how to further strengthen the role of the market，Reasonably Bet365 app download define the responsibility of the family，and further mobilize the enthusiasm of the participation of social forces。At the same time，To further optimize the government、Market、Institutional connection between the family and society。

Fourth, the function of further improving social policies in promoting social fairness。Since the 21st century，Especially since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China，my country's social policy guarantee level is greatly improved，Under the guidance of the principle of "equalization of basic public services"，The fairness of social policy is increasingly strengthened。But I also have to recognize，The current social policies in the poor unevenness of people's livelihood still exist。The resource allocation structure of social policy needs to be further improved，Let it make greater contributions to promoting social fairness。

Five is to further improve the efficiency of social policy，includes on the basis of accurate evaluation of social needs，Set various people's livelihood projects more reasonably，Reasonable allocation and effective use of people's livelihood funds，Strengthen the supervision and evaluation of social policy operation，Each money that the government spent can be solidly to protect and improve people's livelihood。

　　(The author is a professor at the Social Construction and Management Research Institute of Nankai University)