In the 18th to 19th century，Empirical、Science and romantic elements spread to Russian society，Interaction of Simaki and Experience，Power of thought，Help Russia shaped its own modern concept and road。

After the European Enlightenment，Isvikov、Russian intellectuals represented by Rakishev began to pay attention to the modernization plan that combines French rationalism and humanism.。Enlightenment people regard the natural world and human society as a single entity，Demand by a series of rules based on human nature and form a harmonious overall rule，Discover these rules through rationality and science to guide human life。Under the encouragement of the monarch，The words of knowledge elites are ideal in the rational era and driven by philosopher faith，Liberalism、Humanitarian ideas began to spread in Russia，implies the possibility of thinkers as the source of social progress，"No government can survive the strong spirit of this era"。European romantic nationalism reminds another angle of clues，It surpasses simple curiosity and simplicity，Start asking bet365 best casino games questions from experience and life。At the end of the 1920s，Russian public consciousness has experienced the disintegration of "internal wish" and "external reality"。The ideology of the romantic movement sees the uniqueness of the nation，Kirievsky, etc., known as the "Slavic" thinker, opened the Russian independent philosophy thinking。

Based on this，Some Russian intellectuals provide a novel modernization plan -take the director of the two，Combining German romanticism with French utopian socialism, especially the rational order based on scientific principles，Thinking about how to rebuild politics and morals，Open a brand new era in the history of Russian thought。

First，They propose，Science and philosophy needs to find the synthesis of experience and speculative cognitive methods，Combination of rationality and experience can give higher cognition。Just as the progress of Bacon prophecy art and science will lead to people's rule of people through rule，"Human life has been given new discoveries and strength"，Russian intellectuals insist that science and philosophy except for contemplative life，It should improve the fate of human beings; in addition，Under the spread of San Ximenism，Empirical observations based on the achievements of natural science and emerging industrial society Bet365 app download in the 19th century，The thinker starts to establish an important principle: humans should only believe in what is preached and confirmed by experience。

Experimental science integrates the thinking mode of idealism and empiricism -away from the rule of prejudice and superstition，​​Respect for the emotional reality and the material world of the material world。So，Incorporate history and customs into the social category，Apply the empirical and scientific methods of natural science to the "science" of society，Following it，It is also replaced by "production science" by power politics。San Ximen's followers are committed to this，Seeking the method of natural science，Form a new humanism，Make humans get rid of prejudice and false hope，Prevent it from using its power for nature for common interests，Affordable logic rationality，Also acknowledged the potential of thought。

Second，German romanticism describes national history based on individualism and universalism，The desire to reveal its root and origin，History is performed according to the laws or styles discovered in accordance with，The nation is not just a collection，It is more organized instead of evolving in a mechanical or random way。All personal、The group has a "spirit" attached，With its own bet365 Play online games inherent purpose，The final goal is to gain spiritual freedom，The core ideal is the free person，"The personality ignored by science needs its rights，Need a passionate life，Only through free and creative actions can be satisfied "。For romanticism，The inner spirit of all ethnic groups is the way，They are sure of common humanity，Resisting the oppression of the individual，Russia's mission is to rely on its lateness on the historical stage，Lead Europe to a new order，Coordinate personal self -realization and social goals。

Follow this logic，Russian knowledge at this time questioned Europe because of suspicion、rationalism、Materialism and abandoning their own spiritual traditions and decline in the micro，I think Russia is brutal but rustic，Customs have not been polluted rationally，Breeding for strength in lag。Objectively，Russia is facing different tasks from Europe，So，The new "organic era" in Saint Ximen needs to combine individuals with complete liberation with actively solving social contradictions，Not only do you have to oppose the old order，Also oppose European order and concept，The latter was specifically turned into the village community consciousness and belief power。

Therefore，It is possible that people may creatively intervene in the development Bet365 app download of history and society，Russia has the opportunity to use historical accidents。Herzen and others combined the achievements of "Western School" and "Slavic School"，Explained insights: In view of social structure、Economic and legal order、Village community and belief tradition and other factors，The possibility of catching up with backwardness is also bred，The failure of the European Spirit reverses the vigorous life of the Russian concept，Russia may use the village community and its land collective system to take on its historical role。This concept lays the foundation of populist theory，Created a new social concept and modern mode，Make it directly to "better、higher order "desire is deeply rooted in the thoughts and souls of many social scientists，The process of affecting the Russian revolution，And the consistent "catch -up" development idea of ​​the Soviet country's existence period is also related to it。

Research on the history of Russian thought in the 19th century，Its extended context is closely affecting the construction of society。It not only describes what is the general description of the empiricalism or "Who's"，It is also determined what should be or "how to do"。The former makes the observation of the thinker become "physiology of social life、A true bet365 live casino games objective science "，Make objective and universality the principle of subjective activities; the latter nourishes humanism，Freate freedom、Concepts of equality and blog love，Correct the narrative of the purpose of history and human life，As Sat said，"If you do not establish a free distant goal through socialism，Then the work will lose all the meaning "。The political and economic reform of Russia in the 1990s further proof，The spontaneous development under the game of market elements can not constitute the best form of social structure，The profound lessons of contemporary contemporary and historical Russian roads are reflected，Once again highlighting natural rights and historicalism、Foreign and local、Revolution and improvement problems such as enduring。Today，New technologies and changes in continuous advancement still require the guidance of ideas and experience，The situation of the person it brings and the change of the world order further further the meaning of humanities and social science research。

(Author Unit: Shanghai Foreign Studies University Shanghai Global Governance and Regional State State Research Institute)