In the 18th-19th centuries，Empirical evidence、nj bet365 and romanticism and other elements spread to Russian society，Interaction between ideological trend and experience，And the power of thought，Help Russia shape its own modernization concepts and paths。

After the European Enlightenment，Enovichkov、Russian intellectuals represented by Rakishev began to pay attention to the modernization plan that combined the spirit of French rationalism and humanism。The Enlightened viewed the natural world and human society as a single entity，Governed by a series of rules based on human nature and forming a harmonious whole，Discover these rules through reason and science to guide human life。With the encouragement of the monarch，The discourse of the intellectual elite is driven by the ideals of the Age of Reason and the beliefs of philosophers，Liberalism、Humanitarian ideas began to spread in Russia，Suggests the possibility of thinkers as the source of nj bet365 progress，“No government can survive independently of the powerful spirit of the age”。European romantic nationalism provides clues from another angle，It goes beyond mere curiosity and simple imitation，Start asking questions from experience and life。Late 1820s，Russian public consciousness has experienced the disintegration of "inner desires" and "external reality"。The ideology of the Romantic movement saw much to be done in national uniqueness，Kilievsky and other thinkers known as "Slavophiles" started Russia's independent philosophical thinking。

On this basis，Some nj bet365 intellectuals offer novel modernization solutions - take the best of both worlds，Combining German romanticism with French utopian socialism, especially the rational order based on scientific principles，Think about how to rebuild politics and morality，Opened a new era in the history of nj bet365 thought。

First，They proposed，nj bet365 and philosophy need to find a synthesis of empirical and speculative methods of knowing，The combination of rationality and experience can provide higher understanding。Just as Bacon predicted that progress in art and nj bet365 would lead to people replacing domination over people by dominating things，“Human life has been given new discoveries and powers”，Russian intellectuals insist that nj bet365 and philosophy are apart from the life of contemplation，We should improve the destiny of mankind；In addition，Under the spread of Saint-Simonianism，Based on empirical observations of the achievements of applied natural sciences and emerging industrial societies in the 19th century，Thinkers began to establish an important principle: humans should only believe in those things that are preached by reason and confirmed by experience。

Experimental science combines idealistic and empirical modes of thinking - away from the dominance of prejudice and superstition，Turn towards respect for perceptual reality and the material world。Therefore，Incorporate history and customs into nj bet365 categories，"Science" that applies empirical evidence and scientific methods of natural science to society，What follows，It is power politics that has also been replaced by "production science"。The followers of Saint-Simonianism in Russia are committed to this，Seeking to be based on methods of natural science，Form a new humanism，Free humanity from prejudice and false hope，Prevent it from exploiting its power over nature for the common good，Also affirm logical rationality，Also recognize the potential of ideas。

Secondly，German Romanticism describes national history based on individualism and universalism，The desire to reveal its roots and origins，History proceeds according to the laws or patterns that can be discovered，A nation is not just a collection，It evolves in an organic way rather than in a mechanical or random way。Everyone、Every group is possessed by a "spirit"，Has its own intrinsic purpose，The ultimate goal is to gain spiritual freedom，The core ideal is a free person，“Personality ignored by science needs its rights，Need a passionate life，Satisfaction is only possible through free and creative action”。For Romanticism，The inner spirit of each nation has its own way，They affirm their common humanity，Resist personal oppression，Russia’s mission lies in its lateness on the stage of history，Leading Europe towards a new order，Coordinating personal self-fulfillment and nj bet365 goals。

Follow this logic，Russian intellectuals at this time questioned Europe because of skepticism、rationalism、Materialism and the decline of abandoning one’s own spiritual tradition，Think Russia is barbaric but simple，Customs have not yet been contaminated by reason，Strength breeds in backwardness。Objectively，Russia faces different tasks from Europe，Therefore，The new "organic era" in the sense of Saint-Simon requires the combination of complete personal liberation and the active resolution of nj bet365 contradictions，Not only must we oppose the old order，Also oppose the European order and concepts，The latter was embodied by the Slavs as village community consciousness and faith power。

Therefore，It is possible for people to creatively intervene in the development of history and society，Russia has the opportunity to take advantage of historical contingency。Herzen and others synthesized the achievements of the "Western School" and the "Slavic School"，Elucidating a profound insight: given the nj bet365 structure、Economy and Legal Order、Village community, belief tradition and other factors，Being behind also breeds the possibility of catching up，The failure of the European spirit reflects the vigorous life of Russian ideas，Russia may use village communes and its land collective system to assume its historical role。This idea laid the foundation of populist theory，Created new nj bet365 concepts and modernization models，Makes direct transition to "better、The desire for a “higher order” is deeply rooted in the minds and souls of many nj bet365 scientists，Influencing the process of the Russian Revolution，The Soviet Union’s consistent “catch-up” development philosophy during its existence is also related to it。

Research on the history of Russian thought in the 19th century shows that，Its extended context closely affects the construction of society。It is not just a description of what is or “whose fault” like positivism，Also like normative science, it determines what should be or "how"。The former makes the thinker's observations become the "physiology of nj bet365 life、A truly objective science”，Making objective universality the principle of subjective activity；The latter nourishes humanism，Shape freedom、Concepts such as equality and fraternity，Revision of teleological narratives of history and human life，As Sartre said，“If the distant goal of freedom is not established through socialism，Then the work will lose all meaning”。Russia’s political and economic reforms in the 1990s further proved，Spontaneous development under the game of market factors cannot constitute the best form of nj bet365 structure，The profound lessons of contemporary times reflect the Russian path in history，Highlighting natural rights and historicism again、Foreign and local、Eternal issues such as revolution and reform。Today，The constantly advancing new technologies and major changes still require the guidance of ideas and experience，The changes it brings to human conditions and even the world order further highlight the significance of scientific research in the humanities and nj bet365 sciences。

(Author’s affiliation: Shanghai Institute of nj bet365 and Regional Country Studies, Shanghai International Studies University)