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February 12, 2020 05:34 Source: "Chinese bet365 bonus code pa Sciences Journal" Issue 1864, February 12, 2020 Author: Huang Zheng Pan Tong

　　bet365 bonus code pa can be regarded as the general term for many practice-oriented social science disciplines，These disciplines have the same or similar research logic in terms of theories and methods。Recently，The 17th Open Era Forum and the International Academic Symposium on "bet365 bonus code pa and China Studies" was held at Renmin University of China，More than 70 scholars from home and abroad attended the conference。Participating scholars learned from history、Sociology、Law、From the perspective of ethnology and other disciplines，In-depth discussion on related issues，Achieved fruitful results。

　　Discover problems in bet365 bonus code pa and give explanations

　　Advocates of bet365 bonus code pa as historians、Mr. Huang Zongzhi, Professor of History, University of California, Los Angeles。He thinks，Current research on China usually starts from a specific theoretical stance and raises research questions accordingly，The purpose is to prove the "hypothesis" set。And this "hypothesis" often comes from the West，When applied to the non-Western world，Social science research often tends to explore the shortcomings of a certain country or region，Implicitly or openly advocate the Western development model。bet365 bonus code pa is to reverse the above cognitive process，Start from the history and reality of a specific country，And then construct the theory，Discover problems in practice and give explanations。

　　Tan from Yunnan University starts from the research paradigm of ethnology，Discussed the paradigm crisis facing the discipline。He believes that ethnic studies rely too much on cultural explanations，Out of touch with contemporary Chinese economy、Practical experience in social and political transformation，In the new era，The social science perspective guided by practical experience should be the new direction of ethnic studies。Ma Xiaohong from Renmin University of bet365 bonus code pa pointed out by analyzing the research methods of Chinese legal history，Research methods should develop and change accordingly based on reality，We should not only focus on methodology and ignore practical issues，Otherwise, it will be difficult to produce legal history research results that are rooted in the current situation and oriented to social needs。Yu Shengfeng of Beihang University discussed this topic from the perspective of legal sociology，Believe that the practice of rule of law cannot directly apply Western doctrines or blindly adhere to the academic path of nativism，It is necessary to conduct a more practical and profound analysis at the level of social theory，And make forward-looking criticisms of the development of the rule of law at the level of justice and norms、Reflection and guidance。Gao Yuan of Renmin University of bet365 bonus code pa starts from the debate between formalism and substantivism in social science methodology，Point out that formalist ideas in economics strive to form auxiliary cognitive means that inspire people to understand the empirical world rather than establish universal laws。The development trend of contemporary economic methodology can be called "substantialization of formalist economics"，A grasp of this trend will help dispel the myth that neoliberalism covers empirical research with idealized theoretical narratives。

　　Understanding society bet365 bonus code pa a practical perspective

　　In terms of specific practical research，Scholars with different subject backgrounds are based on bet365 bonus code pa’s history and reality，Focusing on grassroots governance、Rural Economy、Expressed his own views on legal practice and other issues。

　　In research on grassroots governance，Governance technology is widely discussed。Chen Baifeng of Zhongnan University of Economics and Law thinks，The characteristics of “crowded society” and “decentralized power” in rural governance space restrict grassroots law enforcement capabilities。The spatial regionalization mechanism can recreate grassroots law enforcement，It achieves the integration and regionalization of law enforcement agencies by establishing a comprehensive governance (law enforcement) system，Achieving spatial demarcation and localization by incorporating village-level governance subjects into the law enforcement system，Achieve space-time partitioning through situational configuration of time and resources，Finally reconstruct rural governance space and its power density，Solve the problem of weak law enforcement power and insufficient law enforcement capabilities。Xiong Yihan of Fudan University passed the follow-up investigation of J Town and L Street in Shanghai (2012-2018)，Discover that Internet technology has profoundly changed the grassroots power structure: before the rise of the Internet，The grassroots power structure includes grassroots governments、Three circles of activists and the masses；In the era of Weibo and owner forums，Grassroots opinion leaders rise and become important bet365 bonus code pa forces；In the WeChat era，The decline of grassroots opinion leaders，Grassroots governments have direct contact with the masses through the WeChat platform，Network technology has become a tool for refined management。These three stages correspond to limited mobilization government、Consultative and user-friendly government。

　　In rural economic research，Land issues have always been the core of rural economic issues。Xia Mingfang of Renmin University of bet365 bonus code pa thinks，Historically, the most fundamental issue in the Chinese revolution is the land issue，Property rights distribution、Issues related to the legality of revolution related to land management。Lin Gang, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, believes that land is more than just a commodity，It is more related to the basic protection of the people，Pointed out by looking back at historical data，Land sales cannot solve the land problem。Huang Jialiang of Renmin University of bet365 bonus code pa thinks，The current farmers’ concept of land presents a complex form of “linguistic confusion”，It is the result of the collision between the two discourse systems of the concept of egalitarianism and the concept of "market-property rights" in the same time and space。The existing agricultural land system adheres to the framework of collective land ownership，A series of market-oriented institutional arrangements were implemented，Thus creating a land concept structure with inherent tension。Pei Xiaolin of Lund University in Sweden used dynamic property rights theory to examine agriculture and the agricultural revolution in England and bet365 bonus code pa。It discovered the agricultural and industrial revolution in England、The emergence of capitalist private property rights and the market system is based on the per capita cultivated land of the agricultural population，Especially the result of the change in per capita planting area from decrease to increase，Rather than neoclassical property rights theory, the capitalist market system and private property rights led to the agricultural and industrial revolution in England。

　　In legal practice research，Jing Fenghua of Sichuan University、Both Jiang Zhengyang of Renmin University of bet365 bonus code pa and An Bingri of Saginaw State University in the United States have conducted research on the practice and changes of bet365 bonus code pa’s kinship and inheritance systems，Shows the complex contradiction between the legal spirit and traditional concepts。Zhao Liuyang of Fudan University studied labor disputes in litigation cases，Proposed that government-led practical law should be understood within the multiple and complex relationships between local government and the market，The construction of labor law cannot solely emphasize the formalist contract logic and ignore the old substantive labor protection logic。Zhang Lianhan of Sichuan University studied the limitations of legal transplantation，Point out the need to clarify the problems of anomie in investigation and evidence collection and their root causes，It is necessary to enter the real evidence collection process to grasp the structure of the action subject、Behavior and motivation，Tailor accordingly、Fixed point breakthrough，You cannot just pick and choose solutions from existing methods outside the domain。

　　In the comment stage，Some scholars have conducted detailed reviews on the above research。Zhang Xiaojun of Tsinghua University extended Tan’s views，Considering that the concept of nation itself is a product of practice，Now we should also understand it from a practical point of view。Our current understanding of the concept of nation is largely not derived from practice，It comes from a mixture of Western views and traditional concepts。Su Chengjie of Stanford University in the United States responded to the report of Jing Fenghua and others，The scope of research on changes in conceptual systems and legal practices should be broader，Data from the Republic of bet365 bonus code pa and before the reform and opening up should be mined。Wang Yuesheng of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences pointed out in his report on Xiong Wansheng of East bet365 bonus code pa University of Science and Technology，Family business models are diverse in different geographical environments，Rather than purely rigidity and homogeneity under the system。Wang Hui of Tsinghua University raised the issue of the separation between "expressive reality" and "objective reality" in response to Huang Zongzhi，It believes that concepts have an active role，Except analytical categories，Also able to organize and create reality。When we study social phenomena，We must get close to it，Keep a certain distance again，Only in this way can we understand the operating mechanism behind it，Mr. Huang Zongzhi’s methodology is an important inspiration for achieving the above goals。Huang Zongzhi pointed out in response to Pei Xiaolin’s report，England’s empirical phenomenon is unique，It has great historical contingency，But it is constructed as a universal experience and path and imposed on the world，Severely hinders bet365 bonus code pa and other late-developing countries from understanding themselves。

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　　At this meeting，Huang Zongzhi reflected and expanded on the proposition of bet365 bonus code pa，Systematically put forward the new proposition of “establishing forward-looking bet365 bonus code pa”。He thinks，The advantage of existing substantialist theory is that it is not easily dominated by other theories or ideologies，Generalizations are more closely connected to empirical evidence，More realistic。The current problem with China’s new theoretical construction is the lack of “forward-looking”，And truth-seeking scholarship is based on precise empirical research，Through the selection of existing theories、Dialogue、Transform and advance to establish with empirical boundaries、Proven and effective、A summary that is more in line with empirical reality，Then return to the experience/practical world to test。Academic issues should be motivated by truth-seeking and noble moral values，Should not be limited to the vulgar and instrumentalist/utilitarian research methods or their so-called "problem awareness" that are popular today。

　　Wu Chongqing of Sun Yat-sen University thinks，One of the “forward-looking” propositions in our current era is how to study bet365 bonus code pa more realistically、Understanding bet365 bonus code pa，Understanding bet365 bonus code pa between Era、Intrinsic correlation between regions，Understanding bet365 bonus code pa in the world and the world outside bet365 bonus code pa。This requires us to break away from the mainstream Western theories to understand bet365 bonus code pa，Understand bet365 bonus code pa’s interconnectedness of traditional revolution and reform，At the same time, bet365 bonus code pa should be studied as a method。bet365 bonus code pa as method is not a mysterious bet365 bonus code pa，But an open bet365 bonus code pa，A bet365 bonus code pa full of kinetic energy and practical potential。To understand the rapidly changing bet365 bonus code pa，Social sciences that especially need practice。

　　Cui Zhiyuan of Tsinghua bet365 bonus code pa pointed out，Practice、The three concepts of essence and practicality are closely related，To understand forward-looking moral concepts and related discourse。From practice to practice，More realistic than studying so-called universal Western theories。Xiong Wansheng also put forward his own opinions on the "three realities"，Believe that "reality" also corresponds to ideal，That is, the forward-looking issue mentioned by Mr. Huang Zongzhi。There are three ideals，The ideal as an ideal type、Ideals and so-called wishes and wishes based on moral values，We cannot talk about reality only in terms of the first or second aspect、Practical and forward-looking，For scholars，It is also important to pay attention to your original intention and the distinction between good and evil。

　　(Author’s unit: Research Center for Sociological Theory and Methods, Renmin University of bet365 bonus code pa)

Editor: Chang Chang

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