bet365 live casino games ethnography refers to the description of the bet365 live casino games system and culture of a specific object based on fieldwork。It is a research method that tends to be qualitative，It is also a writing paradigm with typical anthropological characteristics。In the course of a century of development，This writing paradigm can be divided into four types according to different writing structures: overview style、Judicial style、Procedural formula、discursive style。

The first type is "overview type"。As the name suggests，This is a writing paradigm that attempts to cover the entire bet365 live casino games system。To be specific，It follows the system of modern departmental law，Introducing the constitution of specific objects one by one、Civil Law、Criminal Law、Procedural law and other bet365 live casino games systems。The pioneering work of this type is generally considered to be R. F."Ifugao Law" written by Patton。In this bet365 live casino games ethnography of the Ifugao people of Luzon, Philippines, published in 1919，Barton introduced family law in turn、Property Law、Criminal Law、Procedural law, etc.，This roughly clarifies the content outline of "Ifugao Law"。Coincidentally，Bruno Gutmann also adopted this paradigm in "The Chagga Method" published in 1926，Introducing the tribal structure of the Chagga people in Tanzania、Land Use and Ownership、The chief’s status and privileges、Criminal Law、The impact of procedural law and tribal law on individuals。Then，Why do these scholars adopt this large and comprehensive writing paradigm？The reason may be，Anthropology or bet365 live casino games anthropology research before World War II had an obvious "curious" color，In order to introduce the customary laws of tribal societies with rich local characteristics to modern society，Also to prove that this customary law is not "low-level"，Prefer to present the bet365 live casino games system of tribal society as comprehensively as possible according to the modern departmental bet365 live casino games system。It needs to be pointed out，Because tribal societies often have no writing，There is no written constitution，So the “constitution” in “overview” bet365 live casino games ethnography is actually the basic political structure of tribal society，For example, the chieftaincy system。And this political system is also the content of political ethnography，Therefore，There is some overlap between bet365 live casino games ethnography and political ethnography at this time。In addition，“Overview” does not require studying actual cases of dispute resolution，The customary laws of various bet365 live casino games departments can be understood through long-term observation，Can also be obtained by asking tribe members，So it can also be done by relying on translation。

The second type is "judicial style"。That is, the writing paradigm that mainly revolves around judicial adjudication。The founders of this paradigm are the jurist Llewellyn and the anthropologist Hoebel。Two scholars demonstrated the Indians' "bet365 live casino games way" through judicial cases in the jointly published "The Cheyenne Way"，Including village organizations、Military Association、Homicide、Marriage relationship、Property and inheritance, etc.。It can also be seen from this，This bet365 live casino games ethnography also attempts to present the bet365 live casino games system of the research object more comprehensively。In addition，Boannan's "Justice and Judgment of the Tiv People" and Bosbisi's "Kapouku Papuans and Their Laws" also list marriage laws、Inheritance Law、Criminal law and other departmental bet365 live casino games systems。But，This type of writing is compared to "overview"，There are still significant differences: almost all the departmental bet365 live casino games systems introduced are from on-site observations of judicial trials，Or at least from the judges’ oral recollections。In other words，The "judicial" introduction of bet365 live casino games rules is supported by actual cases，So its bet365 live casino games description is more vivid。On-site observation of judicial trials also requires scholars to master the local language，Can no longer rely on translation。In addition，It is also due to this paradigm that the judicial application of bet365 live casino games rules is observed，Compared with "overview"，The final conclusion can often provide further theoretical discussion。In "The Judicial Procedure of the Barotse People of Northern Rhodesia", Gluckman even discussed the theory of judicial adjudication throughout the article，Has very obvious "bet365 live casino games" research characteristics。Therefore，bet365 live casino games ethnography and political ethnography gradually part ways，This also marks the beginning of the independent development of bet365 live casino games anthropology。

The third type is "procedural formula"。This writing paradigm still focuses on dispute resolution，But the difference from "judicial style" is，It focuses on dispute resolution outside the court，That is, how society handles disputes，What impact does the outcome of dispute resolution have on individuals and society。Want to discuss these issues，Scholars must step outside the courtroom with a fixed location，Go deep into society，Using the causes and consequences of the development of disputes as clues，Observe the actual process of law exerting its function of determining decisions and ending disputes。For example，Gulliver in "Social Control in an African Society"，Highlights the dispute resolution process for people in Arusha, Tanzania，It includes venues for dispute resolution、Procedure for public gatherings、Mutually acceptable agreement、Dispute resolution between related parties、Dispute resolution and other issues between unrelated parties。Another example，Klaus-Friedrich Koch distinguishes three types of conflicts (conflicts between kin in "War and Peace among the Jarremo: Conflict Management in the New Guinea Highlands"、Conflict between neighbors、Conflict between strangers) and conflict management；Kathy Vitty, in "Mediation and Society: Conflict Control in Lebanon", shows in detail the specific process of controlling disputes through mediation in a village in the central Bekaa Valley of Lebanon，And focused on inspecting the local "Watts Tower" which specializes in mediation work。Therefore，We can find out，“Procedural” bet365 live casino games ethnography is no longer concerned with the type and content of bet365 live casino games rules，But the specific ways in which these bet365 live casino games rules play a role in dispute resolution and social control。It is precisely because this kind of research no longer cares about the specific content and local characteristics of bet365 live casino games rules，So it is easier to put forward some academic views of general significance，For example, anthropological conflict resolution theory、Nine principles of mediation, etc.。In addition，This paradigm also facilitates dialogue with other bet365 live casino games research approaches。

The fourth type is “discourse”。That is, a writing paradigm that studies law as a discourse practice and conceptual awareness。For example，Sally Meili's book "The Discourse of Litigation" examines three types of discourses often used in the grassroots courts in New England in the United States，Thereby "profoundly revealing how bet365 live casino games discourse is based on social differentiation and needs"；In their co-published book Rules and Relations: An Ethnography of bet365 live casino games Discourse, John Conley and William Oba analyze the various languages ​​used by litigants and judges in 14 small claims courts in 6 U.S. cities.，And thus “paints a linguistic picture of the details of courtroom communication”。Elizabeth Mertz thinks，These two works provide a research perspective that has not been attempted by the three paradigms before，That is, "the way bet365 live casino games language plays a role in the practice of social power"。Of course，It must be pointed out，Their discourse research still revolves around dispute resolution，There are also some scholars who have jumped out of the shackles of dispute research。For example，Rosemary Combby's "The Cultural Life of Intellectual Property" examines how "trademarks" as symbols occupy the space and consciousness of modern life；Wan Anli's "On Guarantee" demonstrates that "private international law is also a routine and highly departmental knowledge practice system" through observation of the Japanese swap market.。It’s worth noting，The latter two works, freed from the shackles of dispute research, are also more "free" in their writing modes，You can freely arrange the chapter structure of the work around the research topic。In addition，This type no longer highlights the local characteristics found in past anthropological works，So much so that its difference from bet365 live casino games sociology is no longer significant。Looking at it as a whole，“Discursive” bet365 live casino games ethnography does not have a unified chapter structure，It’s even difficult to categorize it as a genre just by catalogue。

The above four bet365 live casino games ethnography writing paradigms，On the one hand，In terms of time，Roughly a progressive relationship。Different paradigms for research methods、Translation and Language Acquisition、Frequency and extent of participant observation、The imagination of chapter layout has different requirements。From "overview" to "discourse"，bet365 live casino games ethnography pays more attention to the operating status and manifestations of law in social life，Also more actively trying to put forward academic views with universalist characteristics。On the other hand，The four paradigms also have their own merits。For example，The earliest "overview" actually played a relatively objective recording and preservation function，The "judicial style" can best demonstrate the research characteristics of bet365 live casino games anthropology，The "risk" of convergence with political anthropology or bet365 live casino games sociology can be avoided。For contemporary bet365 live casino games anthropology researchers，You can carefully choose a paradigm based on its research purpose or purpose，You can also combine certain paradigms，Promote the innovation and development of bet365 live casino games ethnography。

　　(Author’s affiliation: bet365 live casino games School of Shanghai International Studies University)