The 20th National Congress of the Party pointed out that it is necessary to "promote the construction of healthy China"，"Putting the people's health on the strategic position of priority development，Improve people's health promotion policy "。my country is the country with the most labor population，and the career of most workers accounted for more than half of the life cycle。Therefore，Professional health is an important part of people's health。The occupational health status of workers is not only directly related to the majority of workers' health, well -being and economic development and social stability.，Affectiveness of the "Healthy China" strategy。

Since the founding of New China, especially since the late 1950s and early 1960s，Occupational health problems of our workers gradually revealed。After reform and opening up，Many disadvantages of the marketization of labor and the exposure of early extensive employment methods，Career health issues become increasingly serious。For a long time，Party Central Committee、The State Council and local party committees and governments at all levels attach great importance to the occupational health problems of workers，It has been committed to exploring the occupational health governance mode in different socio -economic backgrounds。Generally speaking，Since the founding of New China，Occupational health governance in my country roughly experienced the unit governance model before reform and opening up、After the reform and opening up, the governance model of the employer as the responsible body and the three main stages of the governance model led by the national strategic leader after 2011。In different governance modes and stages，The government uses different governance measures and strategies，Copy occupational health problems in the Bet365 lotto review background of different times。

　　bet365 live casino games From New China to before reform and opening up，Industrial and mining companies with greater care of occupational health hazards are generally state -owned or collective units。The government is the problem of governance occupational health，Based on the "unit" attribute，Under the Patriotic Sanitation Movement and Section Governance as a promotion method，Occupational health governance mode with the unit system as the bottom。

First，This governance mode is based on the "unit" attribute。In the unit system，Employees and units are a solid dual labor relationship。On the one hand，The production and reproduction of employees are completed in the unit; on the other hand,，The unit has due responsibility and obligations for the protection of employees' rights and interests。Therefore，Occupational health issues of employees have become issues that the unit has to attach great importance。In other words，Based on the "unit" attribute，The unit system becomes an effective institutional form for protecting the career health of employees。Early in the founding of New China，The party and the government attach great importance to the problem of increasing pneumoconiosis in industrial and mining enterprises，Mobilization through the society、Patriotic Health Movement and the implementation of the responsibility system of occupational disease prevention and control，Promote governments at all levels and units to actively prevent and control occupational diseases mainly based on pneumoconiosis。

Next，This governance mode is promoted by the patriotic health movement and sector governance。Before reform and opening up，The government generally adopts the combination of conventional sector governance and unconventional motion governance。On the one hand，The government launch a national patriotic health movement，To popularize occupational health knowledge、Mobilize social forces to participate，Propaganda bet365 Play online games and implementation of promotion of occupational disease prevention。On the other hand，The government has also passed the daily departmental governance，Responsibilities of occupational disease prevention and control in the system from top to bottom to be transmitted，Establish a responsible system and incentive mechanism for occupational disease prevention，Effectively promote occupational disease prevention work。For example，In terms of pneumoconiosis treatment，The "dust prevention movement" in the early days of the founding of New China has effectively inspired industrial and mining enterprises to actively participate in dust prevention and control，Treatment of pneumoconiosis from the source。

Last，This governance mode is based on unit system。Under the planned economic system，The unit system is the government's production and reproduction、The important starting point of allocation and re -distribution。Relying on the guarantee of the unit system，State -owned industrial and mining enterprises and other units focusing on medical treatment and living security of patients with occupational diseases，Build a relatively complete medical treatment and living security system。Take pneumoconiosis as an example，After the employees in the unit suffer from pneumoconiosis，The unit will assume the medical treatment of pneumoconiosis employees、Treatment of recuperation、Basic Living Security、Children's breeding and other fees，Can achieve a comprehensive look at the pneumoconiosis employees。Brief words，The unit system provides a bottom -out guarantee for professional health governance。

　The second stage is the governance stage of the employer as the responsible subject。After reform and opening up，Market -oriented transformation has brought profound changes in labor relations，The dual labor relationship of employees and units in the unit governance mode transforms the dual labor relationship of the unit to the worker、The ternary labor relationship between the government and the employer。Therefore，Traditional unit governance model for occupational health is difficult to apply，The government begins to gradually explore the governance mode of the employer as the responsible body。Specifically，The government starts to formulate and improve occupational disease prevention、Methods related to labor contract -related laws and regulations improve the prevention and control system，Promoting the governance of occupational health issues。

Labor contract is the basis for modern labor relations (workers -government -employer)。In a market economy，Labor and employers can sign a labor contract，Determine their respective rights and obligations，Standard restrictions on both sides，To achieve the orderly management of the labor process and the coordinated development of the labor field。Therefore，In the modern market economy，Labor contract is an important means to protect the occupational health rights of workers。After reform and opening up，Market -oriented transformation has continuously increased private enterprises，A large number of migrant workers become the main labor for private enterprises。​​But，Due to a large amount of informal in the early days of reform and opening up、Existence of extensive employment method，Most employers fail to sign a comprehensive labor contract between employers and workers。And，Employers can use multiple ways to avoid the liability for market subjects for occupational disease prevention and control，and then infringement of the occupational health rights of migrant workers，It also makes migrant workers gradually become the main group facing occupational health risks。

Taking the prevention and control of pneumoconiosis after reform and opening up as an example，A large number of pneumoconiosis migrant workers have not signed a labor contract with the employer，Although there are not many (about 10%) pneumoconiosis employees of state -owned or collective units can still obtain the bottom guarantee of bet365 Play online games the unit system。For pneumoconiosis migrant workers working in private enterprises，The government is trying to protect their occupational health rights by letting the employer bear the main responsibility。But due to the low signing rate of the labor contract and irregularity，With the guidance of developmentist strategy, insufficient supervision of employers，Therefore, the main responsibility of some employers to avoid pneumoconiosis prevention and control，Leading the poor prevention and control of pneumoconiosis。

　　The third stage is the governance stage led by national strategic.For more than ten years，Professional health issues, especially migrant workers' pneumoconiosis, enters the vision of the public and the government more deeply，Become a social problem that has attracted much attention。Modified by the 2011 "Career Disease Prevention Law" was modified as the starting point，Professional health governance has entered a new stage。In the new stage of governance，The government emphasizes the responsibility of the occupational health subject of the employer's unit，Explore a governance mode led by national strategic，that is, through health China、Implementation of national strategies and supporting policies such as poverty alleviation (health poverty alleviation)，Systemic governance of occupational health problems。Looking at it specifically，It is through the Party Central Committee、The top -level design of the State Council，The occupational health governance system of "Strategic Leading -Prevention and Control Planning -Action Plan" under the lead of the state，Then systematically leads and promote occupational health governance work。

From the specific steps,，First，Professional health is an important part of the strategy of poverty alleviation strategy and health China，The state passes through poverty alleviation (health poverty alleviation)、The two major strategies of health China，Leading occupational health Bet365 app download governance work from the top -level design。Next，Under the guidance of two major strategies，Through national occupational disease prevention and control plan，Laws of occupational disease prevention and control、regulations and standards，Vocational Health Supervision Quality，Occupational disease prevention and control system and the level of treatment and assistance guarantee system planning。Last，Specific planning operations such as the "National Occupational Disease Prevention Plan (2016-2020)" and "Pneumonia Prevention and Control Action Plan"，To strengthen the treatment of pneumoconiosis prevention and control and pneumoconiosis patients for treatment and assistance、Guarantee workers' occupational health rights to provide practical work plan，and promote implementation。"National Occupational Disease Prevention Plan (2016-2020)" clearly proposes a specific implementation plan、Basic requirements and work goals，Not only does it specify the measureable target task，It also implemented the main responsibility。The "PPC Prevention and Control Action Plan" further further，Not only do you from key tasks、Action target、indicators three aspects，Refined the work target of the pneumoconiosis campaign、Measure，Also annual decomposition of the indicator task，and requires that each indicator task has a corresponding responsible department。

The "Healthy China Action (2019-2030)" issued by the 2019 Health China Action Promotion Committee proposes occupational health protection actions，Point out "Implementation of occupational health protection actions，Strengthen government supervision responsibilities，Supervise the employer to implement the main responsibility，Improve the level of occupational health，Effectively prevent and control occupational disease hazards，Effectively protect the occupational health rights and interests of workers，To maintain the health of all workers、It is important to promote the sustainable and healthy development of the economy Bet365 lotto review and society "。Therefore，Continuously exploring my country's career health governance mode，Actively respond to occupational health problems in the Bet365 lotto review background of different times，It is the deserved meaning of realizing the "healthy China" strategy。

(Author Unit: School of Government Management, East China University of Political Science and Law)