Most people always start directly with “how” when talking about translation，Discuss related issues at the two levels of "how to develop translation strategies" and "what is good translation"。In fact，The first thing that needs to be clarified is a more basic question: How is translation possible? in Linguistic Studies，The post-Tower of Babel state of “different people speaking different languages” as a reality，is the basic consensus of all related thinking。The state of the former Tower of Babel can only be left to the imagination、Myth or effort to create Esperanto。Esperanto often ignores the social attributes of language，Eventually caused oneself to be denied。Then，How is it possible to convert text from one language to another?

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Actually，Except “different people speak different languages”，It is worth noting another basic fact: "all people speak"。Different translation theories or philosophical schools，Use different conjunctions to connect these two propositions。Another basic fact is，People who master multiple languages ​​will not fall into schizophrenia。We will all agree，People who speak multiple languages ​​often master more than just multiple languages，It is also influenced by multiple cultures behind the language。But，If it doesn’t make him schizophrenic，That means between multiple languages ​​and cultures，There is no zero-sum game。In other words，People do not have to choose between "yes/no" in the face of a given language and culture。In terms of culture，Essentialist exploitation of any cultural formation will ultimately fail，Every culture is full of exchanges with other cultures in its own process、Absorb、Diffusion, etc.。The same bet365 best casino games is true for language，Just like mastering Mandarin without giving up dialect，No one will lose their familiarity with their mother tongue just because they master a foreign language。From this perspective，Paul Ricoeur talks about the hospitality of language。Language is not a property that is given exclusively to someone，It is not some transcendent existence external to people that exclusively possesses people。Then，Language is not an entity that excludes people。otherwise，We just bind the relationship between culture and language，And then develop cultural determinism to the extreme，Believe that there are some essential differences between different languages。This difference becomes the difference between culture or people，And there is a certain "essential" absoluteness between differences。

The author does not want to fall into the somewhat metaphysical debate of "language is a function of people or people are a function of language"。Both philosophical concepts will admit it，In a phenomenological sense，The boundaries between language and people overlap。Then，The suspension of the question thus acquires a solidity。We can determine，In a sense，Language is the person himself，It corresponds to a certain human nature that desires communication。Here，Language is also instinctively close to that human phenomenon generally called sociality。It is impossible for a person to be completely alone and not to be with others，Those who put aside all possibilities of communication and do not even have the desire to communicate，The same is impossible，Therefore the desire to communicate can be seen as the reflection of language in the individual。What we are talking about here is of course ideographic language in a broad sense。In this sense，We will be able to understand the meaning of Wittgenstein’s “The boundaries of my language are my boundaries”。“All men speak” therefore becomes a logical premise，It assumes the necessity bet365 live casino games of a counter-cultural determinism behind cultural diversity，Just like people have differences in dining etiquette but they all have to eat。Finally，We support a prudent concept of translation: although complete linguistic translation may become impossible due to cultural differences，But "all men speak" as a social instinct means，Beyond cultures，At a more fundamental level, there is a common human genus。This category makes communication desirable through language，This makes translation possible。Translation、Language、Communication and co-presence are the same issues，All come from the inner subjectivity created by the common human species。

　　The essence of translation

In "Theogony"，Hermes exists as the messenger between the gods，And metaphorically becomes the god of business in the sense of governing communication。Hermes also became the etymology of hermeneutics。From Schleiermacher to Dilthey，The word interpretation returns to its original meaning: so-called interpretation，Engage in translation work based on understanding。Then，Translation work is a two-stage understanding work: first, the translator and the translated text are required to maintain a consistent understanding of the text，Then the translation is required to be consistent with the reader’s understanding。All considerations of what constitutes a “good translation” should be based on this。Translations that the translator himself does not understand are certainly of no value，But the translator seeks compromise from the readers for cultural or other reasons，And thus damage the meaning of the translation，Such an approach is also problematic。

Take the definition of the concept of socialization as an example to find out，The determination of the definition is related to a timing issue。Early 20th century，In its inception, Chinese sociology directly or indirectly (with Japanese scholars as intermediaries) referred to the English bet365 live casino games sociology tradition，But lacks sufficient understanding of the European sociological tradition of the same period or earlier。Compared to Boxing in the second half of the 19th century、European sociology fell silent in the 20th century，The rise of American sociology in the 20th century also provided sufficient rationality for this approach。But，Definitions like socialization are therefore often tainted by the tendencies of American sociology itself。On the one hand，American tradition provides the concept of socialization with the possibility of more standardized intervention in specific social phenomena，This is undoubtedly more attractive to Chinese sociologists who faced the dilapidated scene at the beginning of the 20th century。On the other hand，Radical conflict propositions relative to European society，The reform advocates of American society at that time were also unconsciously internalized in the concept of socialization。Then，It’s not hard to find，In this version of socialization，Individuals always internalize，But rarely output fixed action patterns and values。Then，How is the so-called society possible? And if socialization means integration，Then people create order in their relationships、Specification、What should the behavior of institutions and others be called? after all，The reason why society is society，It is precisely because various interpersonal connections are filled into the "social gap"，And this naturally includes order、Specification、System, etc.。

Same，Different "tonality" appears in traditional German sociologists such as Weber and Simmel。Sozialisierung besides having the meaning of individual socialization，Also includes the meaning of socialization in the sense of "how society is formed"。Of course, it sometimes also includes the less common usage of "nationalization" used by Weber。The French socialisation also contains both meanings。Therefore，If there is bet365 Play online games no examination of different knowledge and cultural scenes，There are often applications or misinterpretations。

This example is given to illustrate，Emphasizing the internal subjectivity of translation does not mean eliminating the active role of the translator。This also proves from the side that the above two stages cannot be combined into a static and empty concept of intersubjectivity。Opposite，The translator serves as an intermediary link，actually regulates these two stages。It is this role of the translator，The basis of internal subjectivity generates an intersubjective process at the two levels of "original work-translator" and "translator-reader"。

　　Who is the translation process speaking to?

The translation process is therefore more than just two language environments speaking to each other，But the translator is based on the understanding process between himself and the translated text，The process of speaking towards the intelligibility of oneself as a subject (rather than simply oneself)。The reason why this process is possible，Undoubtedly because the translator is familiar with the two scenes they span as "people living in them"。This is undoubtedly also a requirement for translators: the translator should have the ability to translate into、The creativity embedded in the process of translating two static texts that are unified together。

　If some analogy can be made between the translation and the individual，The author is thinking of Simmel’s classic example of three-person relationship。If "how society is possible" lies in the existence of third-party individuals，Thus, the tense relationship between people directly facing each other can be diversified and adjusted，Then the translator is not the third party between the two texts? This makes the translator inevitably adopt an "angled rather than directly facing" attitude toward both texts，It also reminds people of the discussion on the relationship between the subject and the other in social theory circles。

bet365 live casino games More and more scholars believe that，The other should be regarded as the self in another person，“His” interests、The difference between purpose, interest, etc. and "I"，But he is who he is to himself。Then，What we are facing is a situation where there is otherness but no alterity。The so-called otherness，It’s just a cognitive bias created by subjectivity after the times over-strengthened subjectivity。Then the translator’s “squinting” has the ability to explain the non-existence of otherness。Precisely because the tilt angle is maintained with each text，The translator can better understand the consistency and differences between the two texts。Or，Precisely because the tilt angle is maintained with each text，Be able to connect them from the two roles of "the other translated into the text" and the "other translated out of the text" at the same time，And obviously any recognition of otherness at this time will eventually lead to "mastering multiple languages ​​will lead to schizophrenia"。

The existence of this tilt angle also allows us to understand the ethical requirements of translation of what Paul Ricoeur calls "loyalty and betrayal"。As a translator, "I" do not want to copy something from another time and space scene in a given time and space scene，The scene exclusivity of phenomenal reality makes this an impossible task。But，Translators are also creators，He makes representation a new creative endeavor。There is distance but not deviation，Translation can transform from self-replication of a silent, dead world into a social world that contains the meaning of life。

This also makes the translation work correspond to the dual meaning of culture。On the one hand，Culture is not just about differences in customs，Also includes the consistency and development of human species in the sense of education。Translation thus points to the creative process。On the other hand，Translation is not a mechanical copy of the original culture，Only in this culture can bet365 Play online games the life process in the translated culture be reproduced，Translation is meaningful。Compared to that kind of vitality，Even the translated text itself is just a carrier of experience，The translator is the one who captures it and places it into his own culture。Here，We can imagine a messenger holding a banner，And he is indeed a translator in a sense。

(Author’s Affiliation: School of Social Sciences, Suzhou University、Southern Jiangsu Governance Modernization Research Base)