Immanuel Wallerstein once creatively compared modern social science’s research on the “World-System” to astronomy。He claimed: “There has been only one ‘modern world’ in history。Maybe one day it will be discovered that there are similar phenomena on other planets，Or another bet365 champions league may be discovered on our planet。But the reality here and now is unmistakable - there is only one bet365 champions league。”More precisely，Wallerstein is referring to “cosmology”，That is, natural scientists’ exploration of the origin of the universe and its evolution。Because in his opinion，The prerequisites for these two types of research are similar: there is only one physical universe，Just as humans have only one originating from the West so far、bet365 champions league。Everyone knows，The emergence of the latter and the great geographical discoveries of European countries in the 15th to 17th centuries、The scientific revolution since Copernicus、The rise of the capitalist system on a global scale、A series of factors including the formation of a nation-state are inseparable。Wallerstein further proposed，Whether in cosmic science or social science，Because the research object is unique and extremely ambitious、Abstract，Find other cases for comparison that do not actually exist，Thereby summarizing and inducing the possibility of universal laws。Researchers can only start from the current situation，Discuss its development mechanism "a posteriori"。

However，In the intellectual genealogy of anthropology, which is also a modern discipline，The situation seems very different。Open ethnographic and theoretical works written by anthropologists，Words and concepts such as “local bet365 champions league”, “worldview”, “multiple worlds”, “local cosmology”, “nebula polity” and even “cosmic politics” emerge in endlessly，Dazzling。If you only understand it literally，These works seem to be more consistent with what Wallerstein calls cosmology or bet365 champions league research，But in fact they are quite different。Perhaps a more appropriate term here is，Modern anthropological research generally has a strong "bet365 champions league consciousness"，That is, researchers tend to adopt various methods，Consciously or unconsciously "worlding" one's own research objects or research questions。Then，Where does this consciousness come from？What positive or negative impacts have been caused？

It is undeniable，The word "bet365 champions league" in daily language has a very rich meaning。9 explanations listed in the Oxford English Dictionary，corresponds to the earth/planet respectively、Life、Human bet365 champions league、Society、Different categories such as existence。In etymology，Old English "woruld" comes from Proto-Germanic "?鄢weraldiz”，The latter is composed of "people" (?yan veraz) and "age/generation" (?鄢aldiz）combination，Pointing to a certain established order among the crowd。Echoing it is，The "mundus" in Latin and the "kosmos" in Greek, which also mean "bet365 champions league", also mean "tidy、The meaning of "orderly"。In addition，In the context of Christian theology，The "bet365 champions league" in the Western context is also given a certain secularity and temporality，With the Holy、Eternal、The Kingdom of Heaven that is about to come to the earth is opposite。

in Chinese，"世" means "generation" ("Thirty years is one life" - "Shuowen")，Point to time；"Boundary" means "border", "scope", etc. ("The people of the region do not use the boundaries of the border" - "Mencius Gongsun Chou")，Pointing to space。The Chinese word "bet365 champions league" originally had a Buddhist flavor，Translated from the Sanskrit "lokadhātu" in the Buddhist scriptures，Refers to Mount Sumeru as the center、The universe illuminated by the same sun and moon。Verified by research，Late 19th and early 20th centuries，The concept of the modern bet365 champions league, which refers to a certain "evolving situation for all mankind", is rapidly gaining popularity in China，And it affects today。

The reason why I take the trouble to list the above meanings，Aims to illustrate that the ambiguity of the concept of "bet365 champions league" itself is sufficient to constitute an important source of bet365 champions league awareness in anthropological research。In the history of the discipline，Researchers start from various angles，Use the word in different senses，Strives to highlight the richness of its research object—people、Complexity and Diversity，This coincides with the purpose of anthropology。

Early Western anthropology generally focused on the so-called "pre-modern" societies。This means that researchers need to at least temporarily withdraw from the "civilized bet365 champions league" they are familiar with，To understand all kinds of seemingly unfamiliar things、Weird and even “barbaric” customs，And try to explain the differences and similarities。In the process，Whether intentionally or unintentionally，Anthropologists will inevitably change their own institutions、Practice、symbol、Beliefs, etc. are projected on the distant "other"，Thus establishing a series of binary mirror images such as "traditional/modern", "barbaric/civilized", "witchcraft/science"。In other words，Spontaneous start，The objects that anthropology cares about and writes about are plural，Covers the different positions of researchers and local people。On research path，This also means that comparative research occupies a key position in anthropology, especially classical anthropology。

The famous British anthropologist Evans-Pritchard (E. E. Evans-Pritchard) has exquisitely elaborated on the special situation of ethnographers "between two worlds": "A person enters another culture at the same time，Retreat from the culture as well。…in any case，Everyone can only be himself，At heart a member bet365 champions league society to which he belongs，Also a sojourner in a foreign land。” Evans-Pritchard believes，No matter how in-depth and meticulous the field work is，Anthropologists cannot become true locals，But have to "live in two different thought worlds at the same time，Living in categories that are often difficult to reconcile、Among concepts and values”。He vividly calls it a kind of "double marginal man"。

With the maturity and improvement of field investigation technology，Anthropology in the 20th century has accumulated a large number of ethnographic texts and related data from all over the bet365 champions league。This aspect enables large scale、Refined comparative studies become possible (such as George Murdock’s study of social structure)，On the other hand, it also causes the knowledge production of the discipline to become increasingly fragmented，In-depth communication is very difficult。Especially influenced by the philosophy of language、The influence of phenomenology (such as "lifeworld" and other formulations，Many anthropologists (and non-anthropologists) are keen to write about and construct "isolated" local societies or cultures，Emphasis on the symbolic and practical order formed by a certain group of people in a specific time and space。Even in the context of globalization，Researchers actively turn to and intervene in research on modern society and bet365 champions league systems，For example, immigration、Flow、Public Health、Urban problems, etc.，Similar practices are still common。

Just carry it、In terms of embodying and even shaping the bet365 champions league consciousness of anthropology，The most representative one is probably the research on local worldview and cosmology。On the one hand，As a technical vocabulary, "worldview" has its profound philosophical foundation，No more details here。Wilhelm Humboldt considered language essential to the formation of a worldview，Even "Language is a bet365 champions league view"。In the 1970s，Some scholars claim that anthropology’s research on worldview has developed into a “systematic”、Comprehensive” mature stage。On the other hand，Although "cosmology" is the same word as cosmology，In fact, it is related to anthropologists’ research on the religious life of local people。Edmond Leach directly defines it as "a system of beliefs and practices that social anthropologists call 'primitive religion'"。He further claimed，Compared with the indigenous cosmology，Cosmological research in the natural sciences is also based on a large number of unverified (and probably never verifiable) beliefs，implies that the two are equivalent in an epistemological sense。This is exactly the same as the classic position of anthropology。

To many anthropologists，Investigating and studying the perceptions and opinions of specific individuals or groups about the external bet365 champions league and the universe，Helps to systematically represent the same object - whether it is a specific natural environment、Social rules、Cultural symbols，Or abstract time and space - differentiated understanding。The researcher’s task is to fully expose and explain this set of concepts、Perspective、The layers of meaning hidden behind knowledge。However，Whether it is the study of Aboriginal worldviews and "cultural models" by American cultural and historical schools，Or the advocacy of self-experience and extreme relativism in postmodernism and the "Writing Culture" movement，Even according to the existing model of Western philosophy、The practice of thoroughly metaphysicalizing a certain local cosmology，All have certain flaws。Because it presupposes some kind of integrity、Reality external to human beings，Any construction of human culture or individual mind can only partially reflect this reality。Some scholars have pointed out，Similar ideas originated from the naturalistic ontology of the modern West，It is not suitable to continue to be the research paradigm of anthropology。

Social and cultural anthropologists are generally concerned with various worldviews、Cosmology and its formation and evolution process，Therefore a considerable number of anthropological theories are actually "bet365 champions league theories" - or more accurately，It is "worlding theory"。A more appropriate term for modern anthropologists may be "cosmogonists"。The result is a unique picture of human existence: countless independently operating、A small bet365 champions league separated from each other，Miraculously coexist on the same planet。This means that the research object of anthropology has moved from diversity to "infinity"。Just as the scientific revolution in the 17th century led to the disintegration of the closed worldview of the Middle Ages，And give birth to a new universe that is infinitely open in time and space，Anthropology falls into the research dilemma faced by Wallerstein from the opposite direction: far from being the only bet365 champions league，And endless；Not only is there no way to compare cases，It is a luxury to seek universal laws。

Chinese anthropology has experienced more than a century of development。With changes in the international situation，Domestic academic circles gradually attach importance to and emphasize the exploration of local ideological resources，There are many views on the traditional bet365 champions league view in our country’s history、Modern expressions of cosmology (such as concepts such as "tianxia" and "huaxia")。At the same time，Scholars are also actively going overseas，Conducting fieldwork and ethnographic research around the bet365 champions league，Especially hope to open up new perspectives in the field of regional and country studies。It can be said，Chinese Anthropology is at a moment when bet365 champions league consciousness is at an all-time high。In this special moment，How to face the complex history of a discipline，And on this basis, reshape anthropology’s knowledge and understanding of the bet365 champions league，Rather than simply accepting everything，Undoubtedly a very crucial step。As mentioned in the ancient Indian poem "Rig Veda": "There are countless morning glows，Not yet lighting up our skies。”Academia relies on inheritance，There is an urgent need to introduce new things from the old。

At the end of the book "bet365 champions league: An Anthropological Examination"，Author João Pina-Cabral (Jo?金 o Pina-Cabral）Reviewing the development of anthropology，Sighed with regret: "We want order，When it is discovered that order is no longer，We are like spoiled children，Succumb to the dissolution of analysis。We did not find a new analysis path，But gave up the analysis；We are not looking for new comparison patterns，Instead gave up the comparison。…anthropology has gone through a long period of self-doubt。”

bet365 champions league’s time to stop this self-doubt.

　 (The author is an associate professor bet365 champions league School of Politics and International Relations, Tongji University)