Emmanuel Wallerstein has creatively creatively puts the research ratio of modern social sciences on the "World-SYSTEM" (Astronomy)。He claims: "There is only one‘ modern world ’in history。Perhaps one day I will find that there is an analog phenomenon on other planets，or find another modern world system on our planet。But at this time the reality here is correct -only one modern world system。"" Say more accurately，Wallestan refers to "cosmology" here，That is the exploration of natural scientists on the origin of the universe and its evolutionary laws。Because in his opinion，The prerequisites of these two types of studies are similar: there is only one physical universe，Just as humans have so far, there is only one that originated in the West、Modernization world system。Well -known，The appearance of the latter and the geographical discovery of European countries in the 15th and 17th centuries、The scientific revolution since Copernicus、The rise of the capitalist system globally、A series of elements such as the formation of national countries are inseparable。Wallestan further proposed，Whether in cosmic science or social science，Because the research object is unique and extremely grand、Abstract，In fact, there is no finding other cases for comparison，to summarize and summarize the possibility of universal laws。Researchers can only start from the status quo，"A Posteriori" discussed its development mechanism。

But，In the knowledge spectrum of anthropology of modern disciplines，The situation seems to be very different。Open the ethnic and theoretical works written by anthropologists，"Local World", "World View", "Multi -World", "View of the Universe", "Nebula" and even "cosmic Bet365 app download politics" and other vocabulary and concept layers are endless，Dazzling。If you just understand it literally，These tasks seem to fit the cosmology or world research that Vollestan calls.，But it is actually very different。Perhaps the more appropriate statement here is，Studies in modern anthropology generally have a strong "world consciousness"，That is, researchers tend to take various methods，Consciously or unconscious。So，Where does this consciousness come from? What kind of positive or negative effects do you have?

It is undeniable that it is，The meaning of the word "world" in daily language is very rich。"Oxford English Dictionary" lists 9 explanations，corresponding to the earth/planet、Life、Human World、Society、There are different categories such as existence。In terms of word source，"WORULD" in ancient English comes from "? 鄢 WEraldiz"，The latter is composed of "people" (? 鄢 veraz) and "age/generation" (? 鄢 aldiz).，Pointing to a certain established order in the crowd。Echoing it is，"Mundus" in Latin, which also means "world" and "KOSMOS" in Greek、Order "meaning。other，Under the background of Christian theology，The "world" in the western context has also been given some kind of secularity and temporary nature，and Holy、Eternal、The kingdom of heaven that will come to the earth。

In Chinese，"World" is "Generation" ("Thirty Years of One" - "Said")，Pointing to time; "boundary" is "border limit" and "scope", etc. ("The domain people do not use the boundary of the river" - "Mencius Gongsun Ugly")，Pointing to space。The word "world" in Chinese originally had Buddhist colors，Translate by the Sanskrit "LOKADHātu" in the Buddhist scriptures，Refers to the center of Sumi Mountain、The universe shining on the same day。Test research，The late 19th century and early 20th century，Refers to a modern world concept of "evolved all -mankind" in China rapidly popularized bet365 live casino games in China，and affect to this day。

The reason why it is annoying to list the above meanings，The polysexual aimed at explaining the concept of "world" itself is enough to constitute an important source of world consciousness in anthropology research。In the history of the subject，Researchers start from various angles，Use the vocabulary in different senses，Practicing the richness of its research object -people、complexity and diversity，This is coincide with the purpose of anthropology。

Early Western anthropology generally pays attention to the so -called "pre -modern" society。This means that researchers need to temporarily remove the "Civilized World"，To understand all kinds of seemingly strange、Weird or even "barbaric" custom habits，Try to explain the differences and similarities in it。In this process，Whether it is intentional or unintentional，Humanologists will inevitably take their own system、Practice、symbol、Faith, etc. projected on the distant "others"，So as to establish a series of binary mirrors such as "traditional/modern", "barbaric/civilization", "witchcraft/science"。In other words，Self -lifting，The object of concern and writing of anthropology is the plural，covering the different positions of researchers and locals。On the research path，This also means that comparative research occupies a key position in anthropology, especially classic anthropology。

Famous British anthropologist E. E. E. Evans-PritChard has exquisitely explained the special situation of the ethnic aspiration "between two worlds": "One person is entering another At the same time，Also retreat from this culture。... In any case，People can only be himself，Deep in the heart is a member of its society，It is also a resident in a foreign country。"Evans-Perichard believes，No matter how deep and detailed the field work，Humanologists cannot become real locals，Instead, I bet365 live casino games have to "live in two different ideological worlds at the same time，Living in the category that is often difficult to reconcile、In the concept and value "。His vividly call it some kind of "double marginal man"。

With the maturity and improvement of field survey technology，Anthropology of the 20th century has accumulated a large number of ethnic text texts and related data from all over the world。This aspect makes a large scale、Refined comparative research becomes possible (for example, the study of social structure of George Murdock)，On the other hand, the knowledge production of disciplines becomes increasingly fragmented，Difficult to communicate in depth。Especially received language philosophy、Phenomenology (such as the "Life World" and other impacts，Many anthropologists (and non -anthropologists) are keen to write and build a "island" -style local society or culture，Emphasize the symbol and practical order formed by a crowd in a specific space -time。Even in the context of globalization，Researchers actively turn and intervene in research on modern society and world systems，For example, immigration、flow、Public Health、Urban problem, etc.，Similar practices are still common。

Just carry、The world consciousness of reflecting and shaping anthropology，The most representative is probably the study of the local worldview and cosmic view。​​One aspect，"WorldView" as a technical vocabulary has its profound philosophical basis，I won't go into details here。William Humboldt believes that language is indispensable for the formation of worldview，Even "Language is a worldview"。By the 1970s，Some scholars have claimed that the research of the world view of anthropology has developed to "system、Comprehensive "mature stage。On the other hand，"Cosmic View" although the same word is as cosmology，In fact, it is related to the research of the religious life of the bet365 best casino games locals in anthropologists。Edmond Lichi directly defines it as the belief and practical system of "Social Anthropologist calls 'Primitive Religion'"。He further claims，Compared with the indigenous universe view，Cosmic Studies of Natural Sciences are also based on a large number of unbelievable (and may never be verified) beliefs，implies that the two are equal in the conceptive sense。This is exactly the same as the classic position of anthropology。

For many anthropologists，Investigation and study of the perception and views of specific individuals or groups on the external world and the universe，Help systematically reappear (represses) its same object -whether it is a specific natural environment、Social Rules、Cultural Symbol，Differential understanding of the abstract time and space。The task of the researcher is to fully expose and explain this set of concepts、perspective、Knowledge, etc. The hidden layer of meaning。But，Study on the worldview of the Aboriginal world view and "cultural model" of American culture and historical parties，It is still the advocacy of self -experience and extreme relativism in the movement of postmodernism and "writing culture" campaign，Even the existing mode of Western philosophy、The approach to completely metaphysical in a certain local universe，There are certain defects。Because it presets some integrity、Outside of human reality，The construction of any human culture or individual mentality can only be partially reflected in this reality。Some scholars have pointed out，Similar ideas come into modern western naturalism -based body theory，It is not advisable to continue to be a research paradigm for anthropology。

Social and cultural anthropologists generally care、The process of the universe view and its formation and evolutionary process，Therefore, a considerable part of the anthropological theory is actually "world bet365 best casino games theory" — or more accurately，"Worlding theory"。The more appropriate name for modern anthropologists may be "cosmogonist"。The result is a unique human survival map of human survival: countless independent operation、Small world that is separated from each other，Miraculous coexistence on the same planet。This means that the research object of anthropology has moved from diversity to "infinite"。Just as the scientific revolution in the 17th century led to the breakdown of the medieval world view，and give birth to the new universe that is unlimited in time and space，Anthropology has fallen into the research difficulties facing Wallestan from the opposite direction: the world is not the only，and endless;，Seeking universal laws also become extravagant。

Chinese anthropology has gone through a century of development。With the change of the international situation，The domestic academic community gradually attaches importance to and emphasizes the excavation of local ideological resources，Among them, there are many traditional world views in our history、Modern expression of the universe view (such as the concepts such as "the world" and "Huaxia")。At the same time，Scholars are also actively going overseas，Carry out field surveys and national history research globally，In particular, I hope to open up a new perspective in the field of regional and national research。It can be said，Chinese anthropology is at a moment when the world consciousness is unprecedented。In this special moment，How to face the complex history of the discipline，Based on this, reshape the understanding and understanding of the world with anthropology，instead of simply receiving in the order，It is undoubtedly a very critical step。As mentioned in the ancient Indian poetry "La Jaeda": "There are countless morning glows，Before litting our sky。"" Academic rely on inheritance，More urgent need to push out the new。

bet365 Play online games At the end of the book "World: An Anthropology Examination"，Author, Joo Pina-Cabral, to review the development history of anthropology，Sigh without regret: "We want order，When the order is discovered, the order is no longer，We are like a spoiled child，Symbols to the elimination of analysis。We haven't found a new analysis path，Instead, we gave up the analysis; we did not find a new comparison mode，Instead, I gave up comparison。... Anthropology has experienced a long self -doubt。”

It's time to stop this self -doubt.

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