The origin and development of bet365 apuestas cultivation are important issues in prehistoric archeology in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River，It is closely related to the rise and fall of culture。Regional distribution of cultures according to archeology，The lower reaches of the Yangtze River include the hilly areas of Zhejiang and Fujian、Ningshao Plain、It consists of four parts: the Taihu Plain and the eastern part of the Yangtze River and Huaihe River，The changes in its business economy can be divided into four stages。

　bet365 apuestas changes in business

The first stage is from 11,000 to 8,400 years ago，Represented by Shangshan culture，Hunting、Fishing and gathering are the mainstay of livelihood，Also contains a small amount of ingredients grown in bet365 apuestas，Is the gestation and preparation period for agriculture in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River。Analysis and discovery of phytoliths and starch granules on the surface of ground stone tools unearthed from Shangshan and Hehuashan sites，These stone tools were used to handle bet365 apuestas、Barnyard grass、Ling、Wheat Tribe、Fagaceae Nuts、Coix and other plant foods。The plant remains unearthed from the Huxi site include bet365 apuestas、gorgon fruit、Prunella vulgaris、Wild millet、Setaria gracilis、Crabgrass、Flowing grass、Polygonaceae、Cyperaceae，The morphological characteristics of the spikelet base of Oryza sativa have shown the characteristics of being cultivated by humans。

The second stage is 8200-5300 years ago，To cross the lake bridge、Hemudu、Majiabang、Longqiu Village、Songze culture is represented，Is the sustainable development period of the agricultural economy in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River，Form animal resources for hunting、Fishing、Collect mainly snails and clams，Family support，Plant resources are mainly managed extensively，Transition to Farming and Wetlands、Parallel economic model of garden management。Among them，Planting bet365 apuestas、The agricultural component represented by livestock breeding has been fully developed，Paddy field bet365 apuestas farming technology is gradually improving。

Archaeological materials reflect the crop form of bet365 apuestas during this period、Cultivation technology、Diversified development characteristics in many aspects such as production scale。In terms of graininess，The proportion of domesticated individuals increased from 40% in the Kuahuqiao period to 50% in the Hemudu period，It shows that humans have long-term and continuous selection and enhancement of bet365 apuestas traits。Judging from the aspect ratio of bet365 apuestas grains，The value range of unearthed bet365 apuestas is obviously wider than that of wild bet365 apuestas，The shape of Longqiuzhuang ancient bet365 apuestas is even closer to the characteristics of modern cultivated bet365 apuestas。Majiabang、Hemudu、Songze culture has revealed the remains of bet365 apuestas fields，The yield of ancient paddy fields in Tianluoshan between 7000 and 6500 years ago is estimated to be 830 kilograms per hectare，Total 6.3 hectares of paddy field can produce 5000 kilograms。

The third stage is 5300-4300 years ago，Represented by Liangzhu Culture，The lower reaches of the Yangtze River enter the peak period of prehistoric agricultural development，The agricultural economic model supported by intensified bet365 apuestas production and livestock breeding is completely established，Fruit tree cultivation、Diversified agricultural methods such as lake and pond management have been further developed。At the same time，With the intensification of social differentiation，The production structure accordingly shows that "the political center mainly focuses on agriculture"，Regional differences in “main hunting” in remote areas。

This stage，The degree of intensification of bet365 apuestas agriculture is represented by the Mojiaoshan and Maoshan sites。Mojiao Mountain has become the most eye-catching central site among the Liangzhu cultural sites due to its large scale。An ash pit filled with a large amount of carbonized bet365 apuestas was unearthed from the abandoned pile on Dongpo，The ash pit range is 600-700 square meters，About 40 cm thick，It is speculated that it may be caused by two fires。according to calculation，The loss of bet365 apuestas caused by these two fires reached 10,000-1.50,000 kg。At Maoshan Ruins，The bet365 apuestas fields in the middle period of Liangzhu were distributed in strips，The plane shapes of fields range from long strips to irregular circles，The area size is also quite uneven，ranging from 1-2 square meters to 30-40 square meters。There are soil ridges between the fields，There are also criss-crossing small rivers and ditches，Some parts have obvious drainage and irrigation outlets。

The bet365 apuestas field morphology and bet365 apuestas farming activities in the late Liangzhu period were more complex than those in the middle period。bet365 apuestas fields by river、River embankment and road、Irrigation canals and field ridges，9 ridges running from north to south and 2 irrigation canals running from Tiaoxi River divide the rectangular fields，The area of ​​each field is 1000-2000 square meters。Flotation plant seeds and soil micromorphological analysis show，With the changes in the shape of bet365 apuestas fields，The irrigation system has also undergone fundamental changes，Reflects that the late Liangzhu society had strong administrative control、Social mobilization and relatively strict division of labor。

The fourth stage is from 4300 to 2300 years ago，Yiqian Shanyang、Guang Fulin、Maqiao、Represented by Hushu culture，Is the decline and reorganization period of the Neolithic agricultural economy in the lower reaches bet365 apuestas River。With the decline of Liangzhu culture，Farming and livestock raising have shrunk，But the previously developed agricultural technology has not been abandoned。In addition，New economic elements enter this area，The high frequency of dryland crops—millet—during the Shang and Zhou dynasties，Meaning that the one-yuan farming model of paddy fields in the Neolithic Age in the lower reaches bet365 apuestas River was broken。

In summary，bet365 apuestas is fixed as a staple food in today’s recipes，It is the result of human beings’ long selection and agricultural practice。This process is repeated、There are stalls or even multipath，It does not evolve in a one-way straight line，Especially when the scale of investigation is reduced from a region to an archaeological culture、A river basin or even a site，We will find a rich diversity within it，One should not expect to find a simple and neat pattern。

　　bet365 apuestas ecological background

　In the context of bet365 apuestas agriculture，The industrial economy of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River also shows two distinctive characteristics，First, diversity and locality，Second, wetland ecology has always been the most important background for resource development。In addition to examining individual domesticated species，Also pay attention to the combination of plants and animals that always appear together，Understand the composition and dynamic operation of the industrial economy as a whole。

Judging from plant remains，Accompanied by the domestication of bet365 apuestas，It was Neolithic farmers who developed a set of plant resources with local characteristics，A variety of aquatic plants and fruits。They appear repeatedly in the ruins，Including aquatic herbs that produce nuts - Gorgon and water chestnut，Terrestrial vines that produce fleshy fruits—Cucurbitaceae and Vitaceae，A forest edge tree that produces stone fruits or berries—peach、梅、Southern jujube、Neem、Persimmon，And oak trees that produce nuts。To frequent different types of habitats、Get these fruits in large quantities，Not only requires rich knowledge，Also effectively implement a series of strategies to make resources more sustainable。Therefore，This diversity should be regarded as the result of ancestors’ intervention and management of various local habitats。

Judging from animal remains，There is also a set of animal combinations with local characteristics，Including a variety of deer living in forest edges and waterside、Small mammals that cohabit with humans，And fish and birds in wetlands。The patchy and diverse environment of this area itself is suitable for humans to hunt and gather a variety of animals，Moreover, moderate disturbance bet365 apuestas habitat will not reduce the number of animals，On the contrary, it is more conducive to its reproduction、Lactation and Development，Promote the prosperity of animal populations。

Under this mechanism，The Neolithic animal populations in the lower reaches bet365 apuestas River were not easily depleted by hunting by small communities，Opposite，It is likely that animals are in this environment that is shaped and interfered by humans，Achieved a long-term dynamic balance with humans。What’s more important，Seasonally migrating birds and fish compensate for times of the year when food is less available，Become an essential element to support the ancestors’ year-round settled life。

Move、Plant remains combined，As the output of a complete ecosystem，We will find out，Contains the complete composition of a freshwater wetland community，Common in the remains、gorgon fruit、Freshwater fish、Snails、Mussels、turtle、turtle、Elk、Buffalo、Migrating birds etc. out together。This reflects the high dependence of the ancestors of the lower reaches bet365 apuestas River on fresh water resources and terrestrial water environment，And try to manage or even domesticate some species。And the isotope data of human bones from different eras also support it，In the entire Neolithic to Pre-Qin period，Human food mainly comes from terrestrial species，Even aquatic resources，Also more common in freshwater species。So we can believe，Although this area is close to the coast，But the prehistoric industrial economy focused on terrestrial freshwater resources，Not marine resources。To the river、Lake、Hekou、The development of swamps and other types of inland wetlands was an economic feature with local characteristics throughout prehistoric times。

The long-term interaction between humans and wetlands in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in prehistoric times was also the basis for the success of bet365 apuestas domestication and bet365 apuestas agriculture。Paddy field is a typical artificial wetland，Also follows the evolution rules of wetland ecosystem。The ancestors were able to manage and use bet365 apuestas fields for a long time，Indicate that they not only understand the species types in wetlands、Growth cycle、Succession rules、Knowledge of hydrology and ecology，This knowledge can also be used to transform and manipulate this small ecosystem，Guide it to develop in the direction of human needs。

From Hemudu、Majiabang、Songze to Liangzhu，Paddy fields become more complex and diverse，bet365 apuestas management includes burning the land、Irrigation、Various practices such as fertilization。"Historical Records·Pingzhunshu" mentions the "fire farming and water plowing in the south of the Yangtze River" business method，The technical feature is to set fire to the grass，Irrigate and moisten the soil，Direct seeding of bet365 apuestas，Irrigation drowns xerophytic weeds，No need for cattle to plow、Hoof Plowing，No cultivators，The most important technical link is irrigation，These are all supported by archaeological discoveries。It can be seen from this，bet365 apuestas agriculture in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River is based on long-term interaction between humans and wetland habitats、Based on a high level of understanding of wetland ecology，The changes in bet365 apuestas agriculture are closely related to the transformation and maintenance of wetland habitats。

This kind of subsistence economy centered on wetlands is also likely to be one of the key factors why the millet spread from the north to the south was not widely accepted during the thousands of years of the Neolithic Age。Millet as a dryland crop，The required planting environment and farming activities are completely different from those of bet365 apuestas。Accept millet，means more than just accepting a new food variety，It is even more necessary to add a completely different farming method to the existing agricultural ecosystem，To change the long-term stable interaction pattern between humans and the local environment。For the agricultural community，This is a big issue involving fundamental changes in lifestyle，Unless there is an irreversible natural disaster or drastic social change，The community should instinctively refuse to accept unfamiliar new technologies，Maintain the original lifestyle。The rapid decline at the end of the Liangzhu Culture provided an opportunity for dry farming agriculture to enter the lower reaches of the Yangtze River。

(Author’s unit: Department of Cultural Relics and Museum Studies, Fudan University、Institute of Science and bet365 apuestas Archeology, Fudan University)