The origin and development of rice work is an important issue in prehistoric archeology in the lower history of the Yangtze River，It is closely connected with the rise and fall of culture。Distribution according to the area of ​​archeological culture，The lower Bet365 lotto review reaches of the Yangtze River from Zhejiang and Fujian Hills District、Ning Shao Plain、Four parts of Taihu Plain and East Jianghuai，The changes in its biological economy can be divided into four stages。

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The first stage is 11000-8400 years away from the present period，Culture above mountain culture is represented，Hunting、Fishing and collection are the main body of the living industry，ingredients containing a small amount of rice cultivation at the same time，It is the birth and preparation period of agriculture in the lower Bet365 lotto review reaches of the Yangtze River。Analysis of grinding stone surfaces and starch particles unearthed from the site of the upper mountain and the lotus mountain site，These stone tools have been used to deal with rice、稗 稗、Ling、Wheats、Nuts of Shell Fighting Department、Planting。The plant relics of the abundant unearthed from the Lake West site include rice、芡、Kwo Prairie、Wild、Dog Tail、Ma Tang、Floating grass、蓼 蓼、Disparta Department，Among them, the morphological characteristics of the base plate of the small spikes have already shown the characteristics of human cultivation。

The second phase is 8200-5300 years away from the present，To cross the lake and bridge、Hemu、​​Ma Jiayu、Longzhuangzhuang、Songze Culture is represented，It is the continuous development period of the agricultural economy of the lower Bet365 lotto review reaches of the Yangtze River，Forms animal resources for hunting、Fishing、Collect snail mussels as the main，Family bet365 best casino games support，Plant resources are based on extensive management，Transition to farm work and wetland、Economic model of parallel management of gardens。Where，Plant with rice、The agricultural ingredients represented by domestic animals have been fully developed，Graduation of paddy field rice farming technology。

Archaeological materials reflect this period of rice work in the form of crops、Cultivation Technology、Diversified development features such as production scale。In terms of granularity，The proportion of domesticated individuals has increased from 40%during the cross -lake bridge period to 50%of the Humatu period，It shows that human beings can choose and strengthen rice traits for a long time。From the perspective of the length and width ratio of rice grains，The numerical range of the unearthed rice is obviously wider than wild rice groups，and Longzhuangzhuang's ancient rice form is close to the characteristics of modern cultivation rice。​​Ma Jiayu、Hemu、Songze Culture exposed the relics of Daitian，The estimation of the output of the ancient waterfield between 7000-6500 in the field of Tianluo Mountain is 830 kg per hectare，Total 6.3 hectares of water fields can produce 5000 kg。

The third stage is 5300-4300 years away from the time，Representative of Liangzhu Culture，The lower Bet365 lotto review reaches of the Yangtze River entered the peak of prehistoric agricultural development，Agricultural economic model supported by rice strengthening production and animal breeding is completely established，Fruit tree cultivation、Lake pond management and other diversified agricultural methods have been further developed。At the same time，With the intensification of social differentiation，The structure of the living industry shows accordingly，Regional differences in the area of ​​main hunting "in remote areas。

This stage，The enhancement of Dao Zuo Agriculture is based on Mojiao Mountain and Maoshan ruins as typical representatives。Mojiao Mountain has become the most remarkable central site in Liangzhu's cultural bet365 Play online games site with its large scale。Dongpo's abandoned accumulation of a gray pit filled with a large amount of carbonized rice，The range of gray pit is 600-700 square meters，about 40 cm thick，It is speculated that it may be caused by two fires。It is calculated，The rice losses caused by the two fires reached 10,000 to 115,000 kg。At the Site of Maoshan，The rice fields in the middle of Liangzhu are distributed in blocks，Field block shapes have long strips to irregular circles and other kinds，The area of ​​the area is also quite uniform，From 1-2 square meters to 30-40 square meters。There is a raw soil among the fields，Xiaohe ditch with staggered distribution，Part of the obvious discharge water outlet。

Liangzhu's late paddy field form and rice work activities are more complicated than the mid -term。Daitian from River Channel、River embankment and road、Irrigation water canal and field cricket composition，Two irrigated water canals that are moving north -south and the two irrigated water canals moved by the stream are separated from rectangular fields，The area of ​​each field is 1000-2000 square meters。Floating plant seeds and soil micro -morphological analysis indicates，With the change of the form of rice fields，The irrigation system has also undergone fundamental changes，Reflect that Liangzhu's late society has strong administrative control、Social mobilization and strict labor division of labor。

The fourth stage is 4300-2300 years away from the time，Yi Qian Shanyang、Guangfulin、Maqiao、Lake familiar culture is represented，It is the decline and reorganization of the new stone agricultural economy in the lower Bet365 lotto review reaches of the Yangtze River。Follow the Liangzhu Culture Micro，Farming and livestock breeding has shrunk，But the previously developed agricultural technology has not been abandoned。other，New economic elements enter this area，Droughtland crops during the Shang and Zhou dynasties — the high frequency of millet appears，It means that the one -dollar farming model of the paddy field rice work in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River is broken。

To sum up，rice is fixed as a staple food in today's recipes，It is the result of the long choice and farming practice of humans。This process is repeated、There are stagnation or even multiple paths，Not a unidirectional straight -line evolution，Especially when the inspection scale is reduced from the region to an archaeological culture、A basin or even a site，We will find that contain rich diversity，You should not expect to find a simple and neat mode。

　　Wetland ecological background

　In the background of rice agriculture，The economy of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River also shows two distinctive personality characteristics，One is diversity and locality，Second, the wetland ecology is always the main background of resource development。In addition to examining individual domestication species，It should also pay attention to the animal and plant combination that always appears together，Grasp the composition and dynamic operation of the living economy as a whole。

Judgment from plant relics，Accompanied by the domestication of rice，The farmers in the Neolithic era developed a set of plant resources with local characteristics，That is a variety of aquatic plants and fruits。They repeatedly come out in the site，Including aquatic herbs that produce nuts -芡 芡 芡 芡，Lu Shengvanben, which produces meat and fruits -gourd family and grape family，The forest edge of the nuclear fruit or berries -peach、Mei、South Sour Jujube、楝、persimmon，and the cricket tree for producing nuts。Frequent from different types of habitats、Get these fruits a lot，Not only requires rich knowledge，It is also necessary to effectively implement a series of strategies that make resources more sustainable。So，This diversity should be regarded as the results of the ancestors' intervention management of the ancestors。

Judgment from animal relics，There is also a set of animal combinations with local characteristics，Among them, a variety of deer categories living in forest margin and waterfront、Small mammals co -habitated bet365 Play online games with humans，and fish and birds in wetlands。The plaques and diversity of the environment in this area itself is suitable for humans to hunt and collect multiple animals，And moderate disturbances will not only reduce the number of animals，Instead, it is more conducive to its breeding、breastfeeding and development，Promoting the prosperity of the animal population。

Under this mechanism，Animal population in the Neolithic Age of the lower Bet365 lotto review reaches of the Yangtze River will not be easily exhausted due to the hunting of a small community，On the contrary，It is likely that animals are in this environment shaped and intervened by humans，A long -term dynamic balance with humans。More importantly，Birds and fish with seasonal migrations have made up for a period of less food supply for the year，Become an indispensable element that supports the settlement of the ancestors all year round。

Move、Plant relic combination，As a complete ecosystem produced，We will find，It contains a complete composition of a freshwater wetland community，Common diamonds in relics、芡、freshwater fish、snail category、Clated、Turtles、鳖、Elk、Bull、Migration birds, etc.。This reflects the high dependence of the ancestors in the lower Bet365 lotto review reaches of the Yangtze River on freshwater resources and land water environment，Try to manage or even domestication for certain species。And the human bone isotope data of the human bones of different times is also proved，From the entire Neolithic to the pre -Qin period，Human food mainly comes from land species，Even aquatic resources，It is also more common with freshwater types。Therefore, we can believe，Although the district is near the coast，But the Economic Economy Economy of the Prehistoric Real Estate Fresh Water Resources，instead of marine resources。River、Lake、Hekou、The development of inland wetlands such as swamps and other types is the economic characteristics of the living industry with local characteristics of the pre -historical period。

Long -term interaction between humans and wetlands during the pre -historical bet365 Play online games period of the lower history of the Yangtze River is also the basis for the success of rice domestication and rice agriculture.。rice field is a typical artificial wetland，Also follow the evolution of the wetland ecosystem。The ancestors can manage and use rice fields for a long time，Explain that they not only understand the species of wetland、growth cycle、Exception rules、Hydrogenic ecology and other knowledge，Can also use this knowledge to transform and control this small ecosystem，Guide it to develop in the direction of human beings。

From Hemu Du、​​Ma Jiayu、Songze to Liangzhu，The form of rice fields becomes more complicated and diverse，rice management includes burning with fire、Irrigation、Fertilization and other practice。"Historical Records · Pingzhong" mentioned the way of life of "Jiangnan Fire Flowing Water"，Its technical characteristics are setting fire and burning grass，Irrigation Wet soil，Live rice species，Irrigation drowning drought weeds，No China Farming、hoof farming，No China Farming，The most important technical link is irrigation，These are all proof of archeological discovery。This can be seen，Rice agriculture in the lower Bet365 lotto review reaches of the Yangtze River is built on human life with wetland for a long time、Based on the high degree of understanding of the ecological ecology of the wetland，The changes in the agricultural form of rice work are closely related to the transformation and maintenance of wetland habitats。

This kind of living economy that surrounds the wetland is also likely to be one of the key factors that are not widely accepted in the New Stone Age in the New Stone Age in the northern south.。As a crop of a dry land，The required planting environment and agricultural activity are completely different from rice。Accepting millet，It means not only accepting a new food variety，It is also necessary to add a set of farming methods to the existing agricultural ecosystem，To change the pattern of interaction between humans and local environments that have been stable for a long time。For the agricultural Bet365 lotto review community，This is a big problem involving the fundamental change involved，If it is not an irreversible natural disaster or social drama change，The community should instinctively refuse to accept strange new technologies，Maintain the original lifestyle。and the rapid decline of Liangzhu Culture at the end of the period of Liangzhu Culture provides a chance for the drought agriculture to enter the lower Bet365 lotto review reaches of the Yangtze River。

(Author Unit: Department of Cultural Relics and Museum in Fudan University、Fudan University Science and Technology Archaeological Research Institute)