Western public administration has gradually assumed the role of reasonable (management) in the governance division of governance，Neutral effectively executes decision -making and provides public services，Establishing its own subject legitimate status。Privatization of Western in the late 20th century、Market -based sports and corporate government reform，The market has gradually replaced the rationality (management) role of public administration，and then negate the government's governance function，Form the market first。In fact, since the mid -20th century，The governance role of Western public administration has changed，Market supremacy negatives to the role of public administrative governance characters have no objects，But until the Heibao School gives the new governance role of public administration in the demonstration，Only the market supremacy of the government's governance function was clearly rejected。

　　Bet365 lotto review Reasonable role

In the modern history of the West, there has always been the use of "division" to solve the problem of governance。The first typical is the decentralized governance of enlightenment thinking，The ideological process gradually shows the separation of the government and its administration from the concept of the national concept，What are the groups they develop like。The government is the concept of different from the country，But the former is the latter -based。

In the idea of ​​further "divide"，Can see the public administration relative to politics。The so -called new "division" idea is not Montesquien's political power separation and balance，but the separation of politics and government administration in the Bet365 lotto review field of public administration，But because of the different content of politics (from political party politics、Legislative power to government politics)，Public administration gradually obtains its identity in "division"。

Later, follow the direction set by Gudeno and Weber，At a level relative to government politics，The public administrative image as a reasonable role in governance is gradually clear，The main manifestations are: first，Public administration has been widely accepted since the 1920s; second，Relying on the public administration of civilians in the concept of modern Western government、Professional construction The team continues to expand，By the 1920s of the President of Hoover，This ratio has reached 80%(of course，It cannot be ruled out that the president has the purpose of expanding its political power)。Brief words，The gradually clear identity of the public administration in the governance of the modern Western government is a reasonable role to take on governance，The ideal state is effective、Professional、Neutral execution of decision -making (providing public services)。

　　Negative governance of the government's governance role

Western public administration has gained a reasonable role in the process of division of labor in modern government。However, after the expansion and development of the government in the mid -20th century (nationalism)，The government and their public administration are constantly in the governance，This mainly includes two reasons for government political departments and administrative departments。So Bet365 app download In the late 20th century, privateization、Market -oriented Sports and Entrepreneur Government Reform (Third Road)，Market paramount has gradually canceled the government's governance role by adjusting the public administrative level，The reason is that the market can provide services more effectively and professional，and government administration cannot。Of course, this denys the rational (management) character formed by the public administration in the process of division Bet365 lotto review of labor in the modern government。

Public administration, which undergoing a reasonable role in the division of governance, encountered the political atmosphere of "Great Depression" and its "New Deal".，Zero -sum game of administrative and politics has caused the government to have problems as a whole。On the one hand，Government political department represented by the presidential election official expands power，and strengthen control over public administration; on the other hand，The development forces of public administration are not willing to be an affiliated to the government's political department，Instead of penetrating into the political field，In this process, it also caused a series of problems such as bureaucracy。Plus the economic stagnation caused by the oil crisis began in the 1970s in the 1970s，Economic low -speed development、Inflation、Increased unemployment，The government’s previous administrative intervention and regulatory functions have been very effective。

Since the mid -20th century，The vicious game of the political department and the administrative department of the Western government has caused the government to have a problem as a whole，From the perspective of market -based research objects，That is the government failure。，The phenomenon of "government failure that can not improve economic efficiency or income distribution can not be improved" phenomenon in existence。

If the public choice theory in the 1970s is still in a relatively macro and conservative category, questioning government efficiency issues，The government's governance role has not been completely denied，So the West with marketization、Privateization Movement, especially the occurrence of the entrepreneur government (the third American road that is different from privatization and marketization)，Market first in exchange for the government's failure，Gradually clearly deny the governance role of the modern government by adjusting the public administration。

Bet365 app download In the late 20th century, Western countries carried out marketization、The administrative reform campaign with privatization into basic content (Hu De in the early 1990s clearly used "new public management" to accuse it)。Specifically，Starting in the 1970s, society has fallen into economic and financial difficulties，Growth replace the distribution again (the theme of the distribution of the "great society" reform in the 1960s) becomes the standard for progress，The market will soon become darling again，Governments of various countries have set off a marketization、Reform of privatization into the main content。In the 1980s, "Privatization became the most influential concept in these decade"，"Market -oriented Management has become the main means in the field of public management"。experienced privatization and marketization movement，On the one hand, people come to the conclusion of the government and private organizations，On the other hand, the conclusion of the government governing the role is lonely。

From the perspective of corporate government theory, review the privatization and marketization movement，It can be found that the Western government reform movement in the late 20th century is to replace the rationality (management) governance role of public administration in modern history to deny the government's status，That is to say, the public administration has become a punching board in the supremacy of the market (including the organization in the market)。Although some people claimed that this reform movement was unrelated to politics during the re -enhancement of the government, it was discussing management issues，But trying to use the market and its organization to replace the government's public administration to deny the governance role of the modern government，Obviously it is already a political (culture) problem。This will inevitably cause a strong counterattack in the public administration，The most representative bet365 best casino games is the black castle school。

　A legally governed role to resist the market first

　　Blackburg School has changed from a reasonable role to a legitimate role to rebuild the governance role of public administration- "Legal Character in the Management process"。First，The role of the modern government's public administration defined in the market first has changed.，It is not the rational (management) character in the division of labor。If the governance role of public administration has not stayed on the rationality (managementism)，Then the market supremacy has rejected the government's practice by replacing the public administrative reasonable role.。Second，The Heibao School illustrates how public administration achieves legal governance characters from the perspective of the relationship with democracy (citizen interaction)。

For details,，John Lit believes that the "Black Castle Declaration" has opened the legal role of the public administration in the governance system，But I just saw the problem on the surface。Look further，Public administration has governance performance、Agency that can run yourself，Logically distinguished (although it belongs to the constitutional level) Congress、President and Court，So it is not just a political policy，Instead, interact with the outside world to directly promote governance。The purpose and participants of public administrative governance are citizens (public interests)，This is the legitimacy of the public administration，Give public administration for democracy。Vamsley bluntly，Putting democratic administration at the core position of governance can make us get rid of the sharp political ideology，Overcoming serious defects in diversifiedism，and reduce the expectations of the president who has actually occupied power，Public administration in the 21st century needs to draw a standardized foundation from the value and democracy theory4。

Of course，The most representative is the democratic connotation given by Steovos to the public administration。bet365 live casino games She thinks，Market first is the organization of the market and its entrepreneurs in the market and its entrepreneurs.，The administrative governance of democracy shall be based on the participation of active citizens。Even the liberalism dates back to Locke，It is also an important role in advocating citizens in governance，instead of the organization of the new liberal market in the market after the 1970s and the practice of their entrepreneurs replacing citizen governance characters。Perspective of active citizens emphasized，The responsibility of public administration is the responsibility of citizens，Public administration needs to cultivate active citizens，Not the responsibility connotation in the traditional mid -level bureaucracy，It is also not satisfied with the customer who provides services after the service provides services。Stystos pointed out，Active citizens can help the formation of public interests by promoting dialogue，It can restrict the expansion and spontaneity of administrative power that may occur.。

Looking at the change of the role of Western public administrative governance，We can see，Blackbur，Resistance to replace the public administrative role of public administrative reasonable role and then deny government governance functions。The Constitution first replaces rational (managementism) into the basic spirit of public administration，The market is still inaccessible; and then gives public administration to the way to achieve legal governance through democratic methods。In other words，The late 20th century，Especially from the Reagan era，Government failure increases，The new public management campaign and corporate government reform that is in the market first has criticized and replaced public administration，Western public administration is caught in a serious legitimacy crisis。Heibao School hopes to rebuild the role of public administration，In the process。However，As a researcher，We still have to criticize。

(Author Unit: National Bet365 lotto review Governance and Public Policy Research Center、School of Political and Public Management of Wuhan University)