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The spirit of general history: the fine tradition of Chinese history

May 22, 2020 02:26 Source: "China Social Sciences", May 22, 2020, No. 1931 Author: Wang Lu

　　Since the Western Han Dynasty Sima Qian proposed "the change of ancient and modern" and wrote the history of the Chuan Chuan Tong history "Historical Records"，To Zhang Xuecheng in the Qing Dynasty proposed the "Tong Historian style" and used this to evaluate the history of the predecessor，Ancient historian's theoretical interpretation of the spirit of history has not been interrupted。As a pursuit of historical purpose and value，The Spirit of Passing History has always been honored by ancient historians，Become a fine tradition of traditional Chinese history。Clarify the main purpose and essence of the spirit of general history，It is particularly important to understand the essence of traditional history。

　　Reflecting the spirit of the history

　　Chinese history has the tradition of "passing"，Start with Sima Qian's "Historical Records"，Tong History's work is continuous，At the same time，The interpretation of the theory of history also comes out。to the Qing Dynasty，Zhang Xuecheng summarizes the phenomenon of Chinese history into "Tong History"，a wonderful summary of the ancient tradition of "change of ancient and modern"。揆 The actual practical of ancient Chinese history，Tong history，There is the meaning of "vertical", "meeting" and "Hengtong"。

　　The so -called "vertical"，that is through ancient and modern，Taking history as a continuous process of leaning and changing，Show history from beginning to end，"Change of Ancient and Modern" is its theoretical core。Sima Qian's "Historical Records"、Du You's "Tong bet365 live casino games Dian"、Sima Guang’s "Zi Zhi Tong Jian", etc.，All representative works of "vertical"。

　　"Huitong" is a historical method advocated by Zheng Zheng in the Southern Song Dynasty，He explained his own view of "Huitong" in "Tongzhi · General Preface": First, the "meeting" of literature，"Poetry", "Book", "Rites" and "Le" will be in one hand，Then can be the text of the world "; the second is the" pass "of ancient and modern history，"The two emperors and three kings are all through a family，Then can change the change of ancient and modern "。Obviously，Zheng Yan added the "meeting" on the basis of "changes in ancient and modern"，That is to integrate all kinds of historical materials with history。

　　Zhang Xuecheng Discussion Tongshi，Mention "Hengtong"。Zhang's "Hengtong"，There is a meaning of criticizing the academic community to show off the knowledge of knowledge。At the same time，He thinks again，For "vertical"，The value of "Hengtong" cannot be ignored，It is an essential condition for completing the "vertical"。Its "Hengtong" contains the knowledge reserves of the historic family and the meaning of historical content，This is a consideration of the social and historical content contained in history on the basis of "changes in ancient and modern"。This can be seen，From Sima Qian's "change of ancient and modern"，to Zheng Yi's "Huitong"，Then to Zhang Xuecheng to propose "Hengtong"，The connotation of "Historian style" is constantly being enriched。

　　I want，"Tong Historian style" is rich in connotation，At time，penetrate ancient and modern; on the information，Guang search four; on the content，Nets Raising everything。In the rich connotation of "Historian style"，Contains a spirit of history，This spirit is based on the reality of history and has certain Bet365 app download theoretical abstraction，Always written through the history of the history，The main purpose is "the change of ancient and modern"。

　　The spirit of the general history tells us，3356_3376，The reflection on history after implementing the intention of "the change of ancient and modern"。"Tong" that does not run through ancient and modern，"Change" without paying attention to history，There is no one -time history。This is a historical scene that is rooted in fresh and surpassing the concept of time、History realm formed by the reflection of the changes in ancient and modern history。

　　You can say this，"Tong History Family" is a unique theoretical system formed by "changes in ancient and modern"，The main purpose of its spirit is "the change of ancient and modern"，The "Huitong" and the "Hengtong" of the historical content is the necessary condition for "the change of ancient and modern"。The history of the history of "change of ancient and modern" has a rational historical perspective，Can surpass another、Local historical phenomenon，Taking the historical changes in ancient and modern times as a whole。All kinds of history represented by "Historical Records", "Tong Dian", "Zi Zhi Tong Jian", "Tongzhi", "Document Tong" and so on，All reflect this spirit of history。

　　Putting generals in the first place

　　"Change of Ancient and Modern" is the core and ideological core of the spirit of the history of the history，Around this topic，Ancient historian proposed ancient and modern、Always、Exchange、prosperous、Treatment、Integrated、profit or loss、A series of concepts such as change，The theoretical understanding of the "general" of the system of systematic history was formed。These theories are summarized，It is emphasizing the vision of generally、Using the idea of thinking about ancient and modern bet365 best casino games and the overall connection, look at the changes in social history，The law of reason behind historical changes is explored，Take the "through", "change", "reasoning" as a complete system。

　　Sima Qian's "Historical Records"，"Primitive Charity，See the prosperity and decline "" At the end of ancient and modern，Deep view of the time "" Chengyu Tongchang "，To "take the test，The principle of the success or failure of the success or failure "" describes the past，Thinkers "。Duyou wrote "Tong Dian"，"Please refer to ancient times，Poor always "," consider random，Detailed to ancient and modern "，Naizawa Unable "，Shi Yi today，both thinking about changes，Naizawa Unable "。Sima Guang believes that "the original to govern chaos，Ancient and Modern Tongzhe "," The Word of Ranning，Ancient and modern consistent "。Its editor "Zi Zhi Tong Jian"，To "supervise the rise and fall of the previous life，Test of the gains and losses of today，Jiashan Evil，Take yes，enough to make the ancient virtue，End in the Governance "。Zheng Yan wrote "Tongzhi"，"The Word of Conference" seeks the history of "the meaning of the relationship" and "the change of the ancient and modern"。Ma Duanlin Compiled "Literature Test"，"Fusion and intricate，Original ending "，The "Tong Tong Tao of the Ceremony" and "the reason for changing the relaxation"。

　　Visible，They all consciously associate the "penetrating ancient and modern" and "Chengyu Tongchang" to investigate，regard history as a continuous overall，Use the vision of contact to investigate the change of ancient and modern，Thinking in the change of ancient and modern changes。"Tong" indicates that the ancient historians have broken through the narrow concept of time and space，Looking at ancient and modern，Looking at Bet365 lotto review ancient and modern。"Tong" is to see the "change" of history，Investigate the trajectory of ancient and modern changes in human society in the long period of history。The ultimate purpose of inspecting the "change" of history is to find "reason"，That is to find the general laws of the rising or failure of history and the internal mechanism of social metabolism。Obviously，General Acting is a concrete manifestation of the spirit of general history，The "Tong History Wind" with the main theme of "changes in ancient and modern"，Always put generally on the first place，Exploring the inner connection of "Tong", "Change", "reasoning"，Detailed ancient and modern，See the prosperity and decline，Find the law of changes in social history in the intricate comprehensive comparison。"Change of Ancient and Modern" falls into reality，Just here to tell the person in charge，Governance of the country，Must find something regular，Political movement at any time，System changes with customs，Conforms with the trend of the times and changes to。

　　Implement the intentional intention

　　"Change of Ancient and Modern" cannot be separated from the mind，Zhang Xuecheng was discussed when discussing the "Historian style"，Special emphasis on this。In his opinion，Tong History is by no means omnipotent without the purpose，The "don't consciousness" and "the words of a family" at the ideological level are the purpose of the history of the history。He pointed out，Many historical books that are similar in history in history are not qualified to be called "Tong History"，For example, Li Yanshou's "South History" and "North History"、Xue Juzheng's "Old Five Generation History"、Ouyang Xiu's "New Five Generations History"、Su Zhe's "Ancient History"、Luo Bo's "History of the Road", etc.，On the surface, you can pass through for several generations，bet365 best casino games Looks like a history，But it is actually very different from the history of the general history，History that cannot be called，It can only be called "Ji History"。Because of the history of "ingenuity，Cheng Qi Family Study "，Ji History is just "a synergy and a book"，There is no other consciousness，。From this，Zhang Xuecheng pointed out in "History Excerpts": "All the so -called people，Short long，Scholarship and dense，You must see it alone，Different predecessors。""，"Do not consciously tailor" and "Douran's independence" is the essence and spirit of general history，As for the length of the time span，Pour it in the second。

　　Zhang Xuecheng attaches importance to the history of the history of the "Don't consciousness" and "the words of a family"，is a historical reason。Tang Dynasty Liu Zhiji believed in "Shitong · Six Family" that the narrative of history from ancient times and today，The historical content described as basically the same，"Rarely", "Rao Rao Rao Ji"，Repeated narrative questions。In this case，If there is no self -made family writing purpose，No knowledge of uniqueness，Tongshi writing will inevitably stack the bed，Repeated predecessors，Lost the value of its existence。Visible，Don't know the mind、A family says that it is an important key to understand the "change of ancient and modern"。

　　Classic works in the history of Chinese history have all the unity of the unity of Zhang Xuecheng and the words of the family，Sima Qian's "Historical Records" "On the occasion of heaven and man，Change of ancient and modern，The words of a family "。Du You's "Tong Dian" "Zhao Zhao is a fan of his policemen"。Zheng Yan's "Tongzhi" "Fair with a consciousness，Gai Chengtong historian style，and self -aimedies，Become a Family "。Other "Zi Zhi Tong Jian" like Sima Guang、Ma Duanlin'Bet365 app download s "Literature Test", etc.，All spread to this day，It is difficult to surpass。Visible，"Change of Ancient and Modern" to implement the intention of unity and the words of a family，It is a Bet365 app download theoretical abstraction，It is the specific practice of the spirit of history in history。

　　(Author Unit: School of History and Culture, Henan Normal University)

Editor in charge: Changchang