British historian Tang Yinbi analyzed the regular phenomenon of the world's historical process in the book "History Research"，Pointing the role of grassland and ocean on cultural exchanges。He wrote，"The people of the sea can easily spread their language to the four banks around the ocean they live in。Ancient Greek navigators once turned Greek into a popular language in the coast of the Mediterranean "。"On the Pacific Ocean，From Fiji Islands to Easter Island、From New Zealand to Hawaii，Almost the same Polynesia language is used everywhere，Although the canoeing of the Poluniians is being separated from the vast ocean surface of these islands, many generations have passed now。other，Because the British ruled the ocean '，English has become a popular language in the world in recent years。"Tang Yibi pointed out，"Around the grassland，There are also phenomena scattered with the same language "。In terms of the role of convenient transportation，Grassland and the ocean have the same meaning。Grassland provides great convenience for traffic。Prairie, a "large water -free ocean", has become a natural medium for different nations to "traffic with each other"。"The grassland is the same as the‘ ocean that is cultivated without cultivation ’，Although it cannot provide residential conditions for the settlement of the settlement，But it provides greater convenience than the land that has reclaimed for travel and transportation。"(Tangyinbi:" History Research "above，Cao Weifeng and other translations，Shanghai People's Publishing House 1959 edition，Page 234-235) Page of ancient literature in China does not use the geographical vocabulary Bet365 lotto review of "grassland"，But pay attention to "good water grass" ("Historical Records of Li Li Biography")、"Water and grass Beauty" ("Historical Records of Huainan Hengshan Biography")、"The Profit of Water Plants" ("Hanshu · Zhao Chong Guo Biography") The meaning of nomadic hunting economy。"Migration of Water Fighting", "Migration of Water Fighting and Grass" ("Historical Records of the Huns Biography")、The development of the past ethnic groups of "Hanshu and Western Regions")、Strong and active performance，Promoting the integration and progress of multiculturalism in the European Asia and Asia。

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Ancient period，Central Plains seem to notice the similar significance of the two geographical states of "grassland" and "marine" to the integration of civilization。For the so -called "grassland" landforms of later generations，They are used to using "desert", "quicksand", "Hanhai", etc.。The edge of Huaxia culture "West to Liusha" ("Historical Records of the Five Emperor")，The territory of the Central Plains dynasty "West being in Liusha" ("Historical Records of Xia Benji")，Even Qin Shihuang announced the territory of his unified empire，Self -claiming "Xilinli Sand" ("Historical Records of Qin Shihuang")。other，The Poetry of Emperor Hanwu's song "Tianma" came: "Tian Ma came from Western Polar，Jingwanli returns to virtue。Cheng Ling Weixi Foreign Foreign，Flowing Sands, Si Yi。"(" Historical Records · Le Shu ")

"Hu Ren" who has long been "transferred to the stuff" ("Hanshu · 晁 错")，Witches of the Central Plains with its cultural style。For the Wind of the Monk of Monk for their progress，The Han people are called "wolf heart" ("Hou Han Book · South Hun Biography")、"Its Sexual Concealed" ("Hou Han Book of Wuxi")。The Han people also noticed the differences between them and the cultural tradition of the Central Plains，Emphasize its "expensive health，Low and Weak "" Non -crown Belt，Gifts of the Court "。However, Bet365 app download the difference between the "rituals and righteousness" of both parties，The argument between the Han envoy and the Han Dynasty descended from the Huns，The description of "Historical Records of the Huns" did not show a clear tendency attitude。

A Chinese mirror unearthed in an e -city in Hubei，The inscription shows "Yichang Changle, Northwest Wanli Fuchang" ("The Copper Mirror of the Six Dynasties of the Three Kingdoms of the Han Dynasty"，Cultural Relics Publishing House 1986 edition)，It reflects the special attention of the Central Plains to the northwest direction。Exploration of the Western Region's Better State，Sima Xiangru made a word，"Operating in the fire and weak water，Hang Juefu's Floating Sands "(" Hanshu · Sima Xiang Ru Chuan ")。Related knowledge should be spread to the east before Zhang Jian's envoys to the Western Regions，Bo Wanghou "cut off" has fully affected the cognition of all strata of society。

　　Mutual exchanges to promote national integration

Qin Han people say that the borderland in the north is "north"，The corresponding relationship between "North Northern County" and "Inner County"。Although there were "south" and "west" saying at the time，But "north" is to pay close attention to the court，Care for all levels of society。This is because there is a strong political entity in this direction。Due to the advantages of transportation capacity and mobility，Its military force has serious threats to the farming society of Hanlands。

Clausetz "War Theory" wrote: "War is a kind of human interaction。"Marx and Engels once pointed out， War itself "is a regular form of communication"。They pay special attention to the dynamics of national relations in this "communication": "The ethnicity of the brutal conqueror"，This form "is used more and more widely"。In the Qin and Han dynasties, the Huns of the Northern Grassland have a strong "conqueror nation"，Once once "widely used" this "form of communication" to obtain litage。Even Bet365 app download in the state of war，It is said that "the Huns greedy，Shangleguan City，Chinese property，Han Yishang Guan City is endless "(" Historical Records of the Huns Biography ")，Still "Guanshi Instant"。The needs of the war situation，also made the Han Dynasty rise in Ma Zheng，Develop Tun Tian，Prospering "Northern" Economy。The administrative center of the Han Dynasty，You can see the performance of the "Hu Wu" influenced by the Central Plains belief world。"Hu Qi" even served in the Han Army。and the active performance in economic life after "Hu Ja" and "Said"，Activating the mainland market。The people of the Han family are dead in Hu Di，It also brings the technologies such as the Central Plains Daguka City to the grassland，Affecting the economic life there。

The Western Regions used to control for the Huns for a long time。After occupying Hexi in Huo Qubing，Han culture expands westward，As for the "Thirty -six Kingdoms in the Western Regions" ("Hanshu · Bai Gong Gongqing Table")。The local nation originally or "its vulgar indigenous people，Gengtong "，or "National National，Follow the Animal "(" Historical Records of Da Wan Biography ")。The pioneering of the road during this period is related to the activities of the Han Dynasty envoy，Connecting each other to form a positioning relationship of "Go to Chang'an" after a number of positioning relationships，The east -western trade channels of the coherent oasis countries have actually formed。

Competition of strength and efficiency under the condition of armed conquest，Make the cultural temperament and folk style of related nations。The Huns cavalry "attack war" and "retreat"，or "Rap the Bird's Collection"，or "Lifting the Cloud San" ("Historical Records of the Huns")。This rhythm is urgent，Strong style of mobility also affects the Han people。It is said that "approaching Rongdi" place，"Cultivation of the Battle Reserve，High -level strength，Taking Bet365 app download the Hunting as the first "(" Hanshu · Geography ")。At this time，The theory of "Shanxi" in the geographical distribution of talents，It is because "the momentum is close to Qianghu，Folk Customs Cultivation Battle Preparation，Gao Shang Yongli，Saddle Horse Riding Shooting "(" Hanshu · Zhao Chong Guo Xin Qing Biography ")。The so -called "high strength"，Point out the improvement of the heroism spirit caused by the background of the war。

Daily interconnection of all ethnic groups，It also comprehensively promoted the integration of civilization。Han and Huns、Han and Western Regions National、The peace of the Huns and the Western Regions，Western Regions's mutual peaceful relatives，and the more broad social level of transnational love and marriage，significantly affects the ethnic population composition。At the level of material life，Silk transmits westward，Xiangyu becomes the daily consumer product of the Central Plains。Grain、Livestock、Fruits，New situation of species flowing。At the level of spiritual life，etiquette、Music and other East and West has an impact。and the paper spread to the West，It is a major historical progress that affects the appearance of the world's cultural appearance。

　Qin and Han Dynasties against the Huns influence the world

Although the Qin Dynasty briefly，But due to the long -term active performance of the Qin people in the northwest，The national cultural community marked by "Qin" forms a significant impact in the vast space。The two Han Dynasty，The Western Regions and the Northern Grassland people are still called the Central Plains "Qin people"。Examples are seen in "Historical Records of Da Wan Biography", "Hanshu · Hun Biography", "Hanshu · Western Regions" and Xinjiang Baicheng "Liu Ping Guo"。About the source of "China"，Someone explained as "silk"、Someone explained as "tea"、Someone explained as "Jing", that is, "Chu"、Someone explained as "Changnan", that is, Bet365 app download "Jingdezhen"。Some scholars think that it is related to rice，The transliteration of "japonica"。and more scholars tend to judge the origin of the word "Qin"。The explanation of the American Heritage Dictionary is，"China" is related to the Qin Dynasty in the third century BC。The editor of "Columbia Encyclopedia" also advocates "China" from the Qin Dynasty。The historical stage with "Qin" as the iconic symbol not only contributes to the progress of world civilization，and retain the long -term memory of our nation。

The important military way of the Qin Han people to fight the Xiongnu invasion is to build the Great Wall。Chen Xujing's "History Draft of the Huns" written in 1954-1956 wrote when examining the relationship between the Central Plains nation and the Huns in the 3rd century BC: "Some scholars in Europe once pointed out，The Great Wall of China is one of the main reasons for the decline of the Roman Empire。They thought the Great Wall of China，Makes the Huns from developing to the south，Later, it developed to the West。In the fourth and fifth centuries AD，Some people in the Huns arrived in Europe，Attack Gothic，Attack the Roman Empire，Destruction of the Roman Empire。"Chen Xujing believes:" The role of the Great Wall，It is mainly used to defend the Huns invasion。The west of the Huns migration Europe is a violent attack between the Huns and the Emperor Hanwu and the Emperor of the Han Dynasty，But the Great Wall built by the working people of China，symbolizes the strength of the Qin Dynasty and the determination to prevent the Huns from going south。The main role of the Great Wall is defense，Of course，After the defense is also prepared for the offense。The Great Wall is not necessarily a main reason for the decline of the Roman Empire，The decline of the Great Wall in the Roman Empire，It can’t be said to have nothing to do with。"(" The History of the Huns "，Renmin University of China Press, 2007 edition) The historical trend bet365 Play online games of the Xiongnu migration to Europe，Some scholars believe that since Qin Shihuang Ling Meng Tian's starting "north" start，The world's national cultural pattern has changed (new: "Great Wall、Overlapped by the Huns and the Roman Empire，"History Grand View Garden" 1985, No. 3)。Some scholars also emphasize the role of Qin Shihuang Zhidao on this historical change (Xu Junfeng: "Qin Zhidao Road Treating and Cultural Impact"，Shaanxi Normal University Publishing Agency 2018 edition)。This understanding has a certain academic basis，May also need to be fully fulfilled、More deeper argument。

(The author is a Professor of Renmin University of China、Dean of Mingde Academy、Counselor of the Chinese Qin and Han History Research Association)