British historian Toynbee analyzed the regular phenomena bet365 bonus code 2023 world historical process in his book "Historical Research"，Point out the role of grasslands and oceans in cultural exchanges。he wrote，“Sea-faring peoples easily spread their language to the four shores bet365 bonus code 2023 ocean in which they lived。The ancient Greek navigators once made Greek the popular language along the entire Mediterranean coast"。"On the Pacific Ocean，From Fiji Islands to Easter Island、From New Zealand to Hawaii，The same Polynesian language is spoken almost everywhere，Although many generations have passed since the Polynesian canoes regularly sailed across the vast ocean that separated the islands。In addition，Because ‘the British ruled the sea’，In recent years, English has become a popular language in the world。" Toynbee pointed out，"Around the grassland，There are also phenomena where the same language is scattered”。In terms of facilitating transportation，Grassland and ocean have the same meaning。Grassland provides great convenience for transportation。Grassland, a "large waterless ocean", has become a "natural medium of communication between different ethnic groups"。“The grassland is like an ‘uncultivated ocean’，Although it cannot provide living conditions for settled humans，But it provides greater convenience for travel and transportation than cultivated land。” (Toynbee: "Historical Research" Volume 1，Translated by Cao Weifeng and others，Shanghai People's Publishing House 1959 Edition，Page 234-235) Ancient Chinese literature does not use the geographical term "grassland"，But pay attention to "good water and grass" ("Historical Records: Biography of General Li")、"Beautiful water and grass" ("Historical Records: Biography of Huainan Hengshan")、The significance of "the benefits of water and grass" ("Hanshu·Zhao Chongguo Biography") to the nomadic hunting economy。"Migrating by water and grass" "Migrating by water and grass" ("Historical Records: Biography bet365 bonus code 2023 Huns")、The development of nationalities in the past dynasties by "traveling between water and grass" ("Book of Han: Biography bet365 bonus code 2023 Western Regions")、Strength and its active performance，Promoted the integration and progress of multiculturalism in Eurasia。

　　Looking at the grassland bet365 bonus code 2023 “weak water” and “quicksand”

Ancient times，Central Plains people seem to have noticed the similar significance bet365 bonus code 2023 two geographical forms of "grassland" and "ocean" for the integration of civilizations。For the so-called "grassland" landforms in later generations，They are accustomed to using "desert", "quicksand", "vast sea" and other titles that seem to be related to "ocean"。The edge of Chinese culture "reaches the quicksand in the west" ("Historical Records bet365 bonus code 2023 Five Emperors")，The territory bet365 bonus code 2023 Central Plains Dynasty "is in the quicksand to the west" ("Historical Records·Xia Benji")，Even when Qin Shihuang announced the territory of his unified empire，Called himself "the quicksand bet365 bonus code 2023 West" ("Historical Records·The Chronicles of Qin Shihuang")。In addition，Emperor Wu bet365 bonus code 2023 Han Dynasty wrote a poem about the arrival bet365 bonus code 2023 "Tianma": "The Tianma is coming from the West Pole，After traveling thousands of miles, we will return home with virtue。The power bet365 bonus code 2023 spirit descends to foreign countries，Walking in quicksand and dressed in barbarian clothes。”("Historical Records·Le Shu")

The "Hu people" who have been "turning herders and hunting under the fortress" for a long time ("Han Shu Chao Cuo Biography")，It has attracted the attention bet365 bonus code 2023 Central Plains people for its cultural style。For their enterprising consciousness and the wind of force，The Han people call it "Wolf Heart" ("Book bet365 bonus code 2023 Later Han·Biography bet365 bonus code 2023 Southern Xiongnu")、"His nature is fierce" ("Book bet365 bonus code 2023 Later Han·Wuhuan Biography")。The Han people also noticed the differences between them and the cultural traditions bet365 bonus code 2023 Central Plains，Emphasis on its "noble and strong"，The old and the weak” and “no crown and belt”，The gift of Queting”。However, regarding the differences in "etiquette" between the two parties，The debate between the Han envoys and the Han people who surrendered to the Huns，The description in "Historical Records·Biography bet365 bonus code 2023 Huns" does not show an obvious tendency。

A Han mirror unearthed in Echeng, Hubei，The inscription can be seen "It is suitable for the prosperity and prosperity of thousands of miles in the northwest" ("Bronze Mirror bet365 bonus code 2023 Three Kingdoms and Six Dynasties of Han Dynasty in Echeng"，Cultural Relics Press 1986 edition)，Reflects the Central Plains people’s special concern for the northwest。Exploration of a faraway country in the Western Region，Sima Xiangru's poem and words，“Manage the flames but become weak in water，Hang Jue Floating Zhu wading in quicksand" ("Book of Han: Biography of Sima Xiangru")。Relevant knowledge should have spread eastward before Zhang Qian went to the Western Regions，After Bowang Hou’s “hollowing out”, it comprehensively affected the cognition of all walks of life。

　　Mutual exchanges promote bet365 bonus code 2023 integration

The people of Qin and bet365 bonus code 2023 Dynasties used to call the northern borderland "Northern Border"，There is sometimes a correspondence between "Northern County" and "Inner County"。Although there were also terms "south" and "west" at that time，But the "North" is closely watched by the imperial court，Common concern for all strata of society。This is because the Xiongnu, a powerful political entity, exists in this direction。Due to advantages in transportation capacity and mobility，Their military power poses a serious threat to the farming society of bet365 bonus code 2023 Dynasty。

Clausewitz wrote in "On War": "War is an act of human interaction。"Marx and Engels also pointed out， War itself "is a regular form of communication"。They pay special attention to the dynamics of ethnic relations in this "interaction": "For the barbaric conqueror nation"，This form is "increasingly widely used"。The Xiongnu, a "conqueror nation" with strong military power in the northern grassland during the Qin and Han Dynasties，Have once “extensively used” this “form of communication” to achieve military success。Even in a state of war，It is said that "the Huns are greedy，Shangleguan City，Love Han property，The Han Dynasty also maintained close control bet365 bonus code 2023 city and kept trying to get rid of it" ("Historical Records·Biographies bet365 bonus code 2023 Xiongnu")，Still "the city is closed continuously"。The needs bet365 bonus code 2023 war situation，Also led to the rise of Ma Zheng in the Han Dynasty，Developing farmland，Prospered the "Northern" economy。By the administrative center bet365 bonus code 2023 Han Dynasty，You can see the performance of "Hu Wu" affecting the belief world bet365 bonus code 2023 Central Plains people。“Hu Qi” even became an official to serve in the Han army。And the active performance of "Hu Jia" in economic life after "entering the fortress"，Activated the mainland market。The people bet365 bonus code 2023 Han family fled to the Hu land，Also brought the Central Plains technology of digging wells and building cities to the grasslands，Influenced the economic life there。

The Western Region was once controlled by the Xiongnu for a long time。After Huo Qubing’s troops occupied Hexi，Comprehensive expansion of Han culture to the west，As for the "Thirty-six Kingdoms bet365 bonus code 2023 Western Regions" ("Hanshu·Hundred Officials and Officials List")。The local ethnic groups are originally or "their customs"，Farming"，Or "Xingguo，Follow the animals" ("Historical Records·Biography of Dawan")。The development of roads during this period is related to the activities bet365 bonus code 2023 Han Dynasty missions，After connecting with each other to form a positioning relationship of "going to Chang'an" for several miles，The east-west trade channel connecting various oasis countries has actually been formed。

Competition between strength and efficiency under conditions of armed expedition，Changes the cultural temperament and folk style bet365 bonus code 2023 relevant ethnic groups。The Huns cavalry "attack" and "retreat"，or "Collection of Birds"，Or "the clouds disintegrated" ("Historical Records: Biography bet365 bonus code 2023 Huns")。This rhythm is rapid，The highly mobile style also influenced the Han people。It is said that the place is "close to Rong Di"，"Practice combat readiness，High power，Put shooting and hunting first” ("Hanshu·Geography")。At this time，In the geographical distribution of talents, there is a saying that "generals from Shanxi"，It’s because “the situation is approaching Qianghu，Folk custom practice and war preparation，Higher courage，Pommel Horse Riding and Shooting" ("Hanshu Biography of Zhao Chongguo and Xin Qingji")。The so-called "high power"，Point out the improvement of heroism caused by the war background。

Daily exchanges between various ethnic groups，It also comprehensively promotes the integration of civilizations。Han and Xiongnu、Han and the Nationalities bet365 bonus code 2023 Western Regions、The peace between the Xiongnu and the peoples bet365 bonus code 2023 Western Regions，The harmony between the ethnic groups in the Western Regions，As well as cross-ethnic love and marriage at a broader social level，Significantly affected the racial population composition。On the level of material life，Silk transported westward，Xiangzi has become a daily consumer product for the Central Plains people。Grains、Livestock、Fruit exchange，A new situation of species mobility has emerged。At the level of spiritual life，Etiquette、Music and other influences from the East and the West。The spread of paper to the West，It is a major historic progress that affects the world’s cultural landscape。

　The Qin and bet365 bonus code 2023 Dynasties fought against the Xiongnu and influenced the world

Although the Qin Dynasty was short-lived，But because bet365 bonus code 2023 long-term active performance bet365 bonus code 2023 Qin people in the northwest，The national cultural community marked by "Qin" has formed a significant influence in a vast space。Han Dynasty，The peoples in the western regions and the northern grasslands still call the Central Plains people "Qin people"。Examples can be found in "Historical Records: Biography of Dawan", "Hanshu: Biography bet365 bonus code 2023 Xiongnu", "Hanshu: Biography bet365 bonus code 2023 Western Regions" and "Liu Pingguo Stone Carvings" in Baicheng, Xinjiang。About the etymology of "China"，Some people interpret it as "silk"、Some people interpreted it as "tea"、Some people explain that "Jing" means "Chu"、Some people interpret it as "Changnan" or "Jingdezhen"。Some scholars think it is related to rice farming，is the transliteration of "粳"。Many scholars tend to believe that the word originated from "Qin"。The definition of "American Heritage Dictionary" is，The word "China" is related to the Qin Dynasty in the third century BC。The editor of "Columbia Encyclopedia" also maintains that the name "China" comes from the Qin Dynasty。The historical stage with "Qin" as its iconic symbol not only made great contributions to the progress of world civilization，And retain the long-lasting memory of our nation’s glory。

The important military method used by the Qin and Han people to fight against the Xiongnu invasion was to build the Great Wall。Chen Xujing’s "Manuscript bet365 bonus code 2023 History bet365 bonus code 2023 Xiongnu" written from 1954 to 1956, when examining the relationship between the Central Plains people and the Xiongnu in the 3rd century BC, wrote: "Some European scholars once pointed out，The Great Wall of China was a major reason for the decline bet365 bonus code 2023 Roman Empire。They thought China built the Great Wall，Prevent the Xiongnu from developing to the south，Later, it developed towards the West。In the fourth and fifth centuries AD，Some Xiongnu people arrived in Europe，Attack the Goths，Attack on the Roman Empire，Bringing the Roman Empire to decline。"Chen Xujing believes: "The role bet365 bonus code 2023 Great Wall，Mainly used to defend against Huns invasion。The Xiongnu's westward migration to Europe was because the Xiongnu could not withstand the fierce attacks of Emperor Wu bet365 bonus code 2023 Han Dynasty and Emperor He bet365 bonus code 2023 Han Dynasty，But the Great Wall was built by the Chinese working people，Symbolizes the strength bet365 bonus code 2023 Qin Dynasty and its determination to prevent the Xiongnu from going south。The main function bet365 bonus code 2023 Great Wall is defense，Of course，Be prepared for defense and attack at the same time。The Great Wall is not necessarily a major cause bet365 bonus code 2023 decline bet365 bonus code 2023 Roman Empire，The Great Wall’s role in the decline and fall bet365 bonus code 2023 Roman Empire，It cannot be said that it is not related at all。" ("Historical Manuscript bet365 bonus code 2023 Huns"，China Renmin University Press 2007 Edition) Historical Trends bet365 bonus code 2023 Xiongnu Migration to Europe，Some scholars believe that it started when Qin Shihuang ordered Meng Tian to run the "Northern Region"，The world’s national cultural pattern has changed as a result (Bixin: "The Great Wall、The Huns and the Fall bet365 bonus code 2023 Roman Empire》，"Historical Grand View Garden" 1985 Issue 3)。Some scholars have highlighted the role bet365 bonus code 2023 Qin Shihuang Straight Road in this historical change (Xu Junfeng: "The Direction and Cultural Impact bet365 bonus code 2023 Qin Straight Road"，Shaanxi Normal University Press 2018 Edition)。This understanding has certain academic basis，It may also need to be done more fully、A deeper argument。

(The author is a first-level professor at Renmin University of China、Dean of Mingde Academy、Advisor bet365 bonus code 2023 Chinese Qin and Han History Research Association)