Three powerful grassland empires in the history of Eurasia -Asia -Asia -the Huns、Turk and Mongolia have emerged from the Mongolian Plateau，These empires across Eurasia have a profound impact on the historical process and cultural development of the world。From the perspective of Chinese history，until late in the Warring States Period，Nomadics on the Mongolian Plateau have begun to plunder and impact on the Great Wall of the Northern Great Wall。until the Ming Dynasty，The threat of the North Yuan on the Northern Great Wall still has not weakened。This forced the Central Plains regime to change the combat method、Improve military strength。The Chinese nation not only absorbs cultural factors from the Mongolian Plateau，At the same time, the gene from the Mongolian plateau nation is incorporated。

Mongolian natural environment determines its special economic form and humanistic landscape，Some basic characteristics of its archeological relics are not unique to a certain era，but is commonly shared by many times。I summarize the six features of Mongolian archeological relics。

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Mongolia is located in the eastern Eurasian grassland，Starting from the middle of the Paleolithic Age，Graduation of the climate as a whole，Hunting has become the main production method。Neolithic Age，Although agriculture and settlement settlement in Mongolia，But the agriculture has not been fully developed，Animal Husbandry began to appear during this period。Bronze Age，Animal Husbandry becomes the main production method，Various livestock、relics Bet365 app download related to Yuba's livestock are the representative relics of this period，The shape and decorative patterns of some parts of the bronze wares are often used in animal image。With the movement of the animal husbandry industry，Nomadic has become the main production method since the early iron era，The belt suitable for nomadic life and lightweight tools that can be carried with you、Homo has become the most common relic in this period。The development of riding and shooting technology with nomadic industry，The herdsmen on the grassland are all superb riders，Weapons related to riding shooting、Installation has almost become an indispensable funeral in male tombs。

Hunting from the Paleolithic Age，Settings of the Animal Husbandry of the Shinkishi Age，Nomades since the early iron era，Home Animal、Beasts and other animals are the most important image themes in Mongolian archeological relics，Users livestock、The custom of funeral funerals from domestic animal meat continues from the bronze era to Mongolia period。

　　Most of the Rites and Sacrifice Riscels of Shiguo

Mongolian region is not only widely sparse，and residents often live in no settlement，This requires that tombs and sacrifice buildings must be easy to identify in the distance，It is not easy to be destroyed and moved。Starting from the Bronze Age，Residents in the east and central Mongolian regions built on a slab tomb erected around the tomb，Residents in Mongolia in the western Mongolian region on the tomb masonry stacks。Except these tombs，Starting from the Bronze Age，There are also stone piles piled up in geometric shapes，Besides stone piles are enclosed in a round or square -shaped area -like fence area，Some also have small stone piles，Stone piles and "stone walls" are combined into various geometric shapes，This is a special tomb and bet365 Play online games sacrifice building -Hediecusur。It is often carved on the anthocystone pillar of the surface of the surface of the surface of the surface of the surface of Hederk Surne and the stone tomb.。Many tombs in the Turkic period in Mongolia are "clothing Guanzu"，These tombs are surrounded by stones into square tombs，There is often a row in its east、Half of the stones buried in the ground -Barabara Stone，Some of the stone humanoid sculptures are erected near the tomb area -stone man。Stone people have always existed from the Turkic period to the Mongolian Yuan period，Just the shape and quantity have changed。

　　The number of sites is small

Strong liquidity of nomadic people，corresponding，Starting from the Bronze Age，The number of sites on the Mongolian Plateau is very small，Most of the relics are tombs and sacrifice sculptures on the tombs and related tombs。City sites began to appear during the Huns，But the use time for most urban sites is short，There are fewer architectural relics in the city，Cultural layer accumulation is simple，Generally only one layer of cultural accumulation，or no cultural layer。The cities of the Huns also mainly come from Central Plains。Mongolian regions have not yet found the city address of the Turkic period，The number of cities in the Mongolian period is also small。Only the Khitan rule of Mongolia left some large -scale city sites，The streets and building layouts in the city are orderly，Horse noodles on the city wall，There is a city outside the gate，The planning and architectural technology of the city originated from the Central Plains。The city site left by Khitan in Mongolia is closer to the nature of "city"，The nature of the "city" during the Huns period is closer to Castle and settlement。

The Huns and the Turkish period have not been discovered today，It is speculated that it should be a large Bet365 lotto review settlement with a felt account as the main body。The real capital will begin to appear during the return period，and obviously affected by the city of Central Plains。

　　Difficulty in the relics

Although Mongolia has risen a number of powerful nomadic empires，But accompanied by strong military strength, the level of cultural development is relatively backward。until the Turkic period，In the Mongolian region, it began to use the letters of other ethnic groups to create Turkic text，Most of these texts are only found in a few monuments，Not saved the literature at the time。History of Mongolia during the Mongolian Empire period，Most of them come from ancient Chinese historical documents。Mongolian archeological relic research lacks direct literature basis，The comparative analysis of the literature in the surrounding areas and the comparative analysis of related archaeological materials can be determined to determine the age，The relics of some important historical periods are still not identified。Current，Archaeological relics in the historical period of Mongolia can be distinguished from the Huns、Turks、Back、黠 斯、Khitan (Liao)、Mongolia and other six types。What is the appearance of the previous Xianbei and Rouran's relics of the Turks，To further screen。

Foreign cultural influence is generally existed

　The single nature of the nomadic economy makes it inevitably obtain some of the necessities and luxury goods from the neighboring area of ​​Zhou，The way the nomadic people adopted is to plunder or accept tribute and reward through military threats，The second is to control the business road。These two methods have promoted cultural exchanges between Mongolia and Zhou neighbors。

The two Han regime and the Western Oasis country are the main objects of the plundering and grabbing rewards of the nomadic Bet365 app download empire in Mongolia，The wealth obtained by this is rewarded by the Empire leader to the subordinates layer by layer，Become an important means to maintain a national rule。Huns that rise in Mongolia、Turks、Back、The Mongolian Empire has played a to varying degree of promoting the development of Eurasia's trade。

There are a lot of luxury goods entered from the outside world in Mongolian archeological relics，All from senior tombs of the noble class，Its source is mainly Central Plains and Central Asia，Some from West Asia、Eastern Europe。The higher the grave，The less cultural factors in this nation in the funeral，The higher the proportion of foreign cultural factors。The tomb building is the same。Huns and Turks、Back to the aristocratic tomb，Modification imitates the shape and structure of high -level tombs in the Central Plains region。Mongolian local cultural traditions and funeral customs，Often reflected in small and medium -sized tombs more。

　　Mongolian archeology has an important position

The collapse of the grassland empire leads to residents west、Migrate south，Cultural factors on the Mongolian Plateau，Like fragments, it spreads to other parts of Eurasia with the migration of the crowd。After the Eastern Han Dynasty was split，Southern Xiongnu enters the Northern Great Wall area centered on Ordos，Northern Xiongnu moves to Central Asia to the west after the defeat in the middle of the Eastern Han Dynasty，The descendants entered Europe in the 5th century。Turks are divided into east after being strong、West Turkic。Western Turkic main body is located in Central Asia，Destiny in the mid -7th century，Some people move west to the Donhe River and the lower reaches of the Volga River on the north bank of the Black Sea to establish a Khanate country，Last until the end of the 10th bet365 Play online games century，and an important impact on the historical and culture of early Ross。East Turkic、Turkic Khanate perished in 630 and 744，The Turks who have dropped Tang each time are placed in northern China。After the death of the back of the 9th century,，The main body moves in Hexi Corridor and Xinjiang area，Ganzhou Huiyi and Gaochang Hui were established respectively。The descendants of the rebate in Xinjiang are integrated with local indigenous residents to today's Uighurs。The Khitan people who occupy most of the Mongolian Plateau were defeated by the female real，Some people move west to Xinjiang and the Central Asian River in the west，Established West Liao regime。The Mongolian Empire not only established the Yuan Dynasty that included the whole country of China，Still in Central Asia、West Asia、Eastern Europe has established Chahe Taitai Khanate、Yili Khanate、Golden Account Khanate，The cultural influence of the Mongolian Plateau has unprecedentedly reaching most parts of Eurasia。Visible，Starting from the Nomad Empire period，Mongolia is more like a intermittent radiation center in the history of Eurasia，It is the key point that cannot be ignored in the history of Eurasia。Therefore，Mongolian archeology is an important part of the archaeological research of the European Asia -Asian mainland，It has become a hot spot in the research of the international archeological community today. It is by no means accidental。

Mongolia is located in the natural environment of the inland arid grassland in Asia，and the developed Central Plains Farming Civilization Zone in the south、The geographical location of the Cultural and Trade Exchange Channel in the west，The main factor that determines the basic characteristics of its archeological relics。Natural environment、It is difficult to change the geographical Bet365 app download location。The basic characteristics of Mongolian archeological relics are not changes to the changes of the times and the advancement of technology，Instead, repeat the display in new forms。

(The author is a professor at the Archaeological Research Center of the Jilin University Frontier Archaeological Research Center)