The birth of the century marks the birth of global commonality in Chinese history，and the struggle and exploration of the struggle and exploration of the abnormal balance inside the total relationship in this period of time。Only the dual perspectives of the historical context of China and the great changes in world history can grasp the position of Chinese history in the 20th century。

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At the end of 19th and early 20th century，Under the influence of huge changes，Different forces have formed their respective judgment of the current situation，This also generates mutual competition from time to time。For example，Kang Youwei in "Ritual Note · Preface" (1901，Self -reported in 1884) proposed the Confucius Chronicle，Liu Shipei proposed the "Yellow Emperor's Junior Year" in 1903。These time views oppose each other，But share a new progress of progress，The unity of the historical and timed axis。1900 is the year of Gengzi，It is also the 26th year of Guangxu。Midnight, January 30 this year，Liang Qichao, who is exiled in Hawaii，​​Write "The Pacific Song of the Twentieth Century": "Suddenly I suddenly want to see where there is everywhere，It is the boundary of the new and old second century，Central Central Central East and West Hemisphere。”

Liang Qichao put two important new concepts together，First is the 20th century of time，Second is the Pacific Ocean of the Space。This new space -time view that is very different from the past expression has become a more common expression afterwards，It provides a new time and space framework for the historical location of China in the 20th century。First look at time。For Liang Qichao，Century century is not just the age of the year，It is also a cognition and definition of the historical situation，Judgment of the basis for action，All about the past、The understanding of the present and the future is re -combined in the changes of this violent historical consciousness。The concept of the 20th century is born in the Bet365 app download entanglement of Confucian narratives such as "Ram III"，But it is a product that is even more "Rabble III" or other classic historical narratives that cannot cope with the nature of this era.。

The concept of "Century" is universally due to the new trend。Observe this concept from the perspective of space，The Pacific era has a close relationship with the rise of the United States since the late 19th century。Global Capitalism starts to move from the Atlantic to the Pacific: in this vast space，Except the old empire of the 19th century，Rise two new political economies，or in the words of Yang Du as "Economic War Country"，That is the United States and Japan，The world situation is a huge change，China and its destiny are closely related to this huge change。Liang Qichao has begun to use the word "national imperialism" in long poems，and 1903，He discussed the characteristics of the 20th century from an economic perspective。This year，Liang Qichao inspected this "Economic War" near the United States，Published a long text "Giant Spirit of the Twenty Century: Toma"，From economic monopoly、Production excess、Capital control and other aspects to study the new features of capitalism in the 20th century，Proposal "Tomase，Imperialism in the livelihood industry is also;，The must -have in the livelihood must tend to be Torus，All the luck of the whole thing to choose from，I have to have it "，Supplement his explanation of the real motivation of the Pacific Expansion of the United States after the Western War in "The Pacific Song of the Twentieth Century"The propositions such as 5521_5558。

The advent of the century is an event: the concept that enables this time is to terminate the old time concept，Therefore, it is impossible for the 20th century to naturally derive or develop from the previous concept of time，It is not possible to from the dynasty years、The time sequence of the Yellow Emperor or the Confucius age is explained to illustrate this concept，It is not possible to get from the 18th century、The concept of time sequence of the 19th and 20th century to grasp this concept，But all other time concepts will be restructured as the former history of the 20th century in this era。Century Concept provides a framework of epistemology，Bet365 app download Incorporate diversified space and diverse time into common history of commonality，and thus began the thinking about the unbalanced of this universal historical and the contradictions and conflicts caused by it。The distinction between the 20th century and all the era is not the distinction of general time，Instead of grasping a unique situation。At this unique historical moment，People have to think 18、19th century or even European and global problems，"Create" its own history for modern China，To identify the unique position of China in the world。Therefore，For the historical narrative of the 20th century, it is necessary to use a reversal way to understand: the 20th century is not the result of its pre -history，but the creator of the previous history。

　Revolution in the edge area

Europe in the 19th century is the central axis described by modern history。In many historical and theoretical discussions，Whether it is a classical era、Middle Ages、Early Modern，Still 20th century or postmodern，Most of them are reconstructed by the 19th -century view of history and problem consciousness。The concept of modernity in the 19th century was almost completely overlap: Ying British、French double revolution as a hub，Based on the modern narrative of capitalism，Revolution in Europe、Capital、Empires and its ups and downs constitute a central story。Changes in other parts of the world belong to this center story。

The rise of the new imperialism，The pattern of the powers with the powers and divide the colonies with melon，Transfer from the Global Power Center to the Pacific Ocean，Historical conditions for understanding the basic problems of the 20th century。If only imperialist phenomenon is concerned，From the perspective of China，It is difficult for us to draw clear boundaries between 1840 and 1870 as many classic writers who have studied imperialism。The transfer of the world capitalist center，The birth of the 20th century accompanied by a series of revolution in a series of marginal areas。Imperialism is not just an international system，And a military that infiltrates into the internal society、Economy、Politics、Society、Cultural System。Revolution of the internal and external Bet365 app download conditions of the imperialist era between the era of imperialism in the era of the era of the era of the era of the 20th century and the 19th century;，Not only capitalism spreads from the central area to global developmentist stories，but for the economic development of colonies and semi -colonials、Political independence and cultural survival that continues to start to resist imperialist hegemony and change the change of internal social relationships that hinder the above goals，and the exploration of new social forms in this process of resistance and change。For example，In the era of war and revolution，If you want to understand the changes in China in the 20th century through the war itself，You must ask what characteristics of China's war form in this era。Northern Expeditionary War、Land Revolutionary War、Anti -Japanese War、War of Liberation and War before the 20th century (such as the Opium War、Sino -French War、The Sino -Japanese War, etc.) There is an important difference: this is the war of the revolutionary organization in war mobilization，is a war that revolutionizes through the war，It is a war to build a revolutionary country in the war，It is the war that creates a new subject of the people through the war，War that combines the war of nation's liberation with the international anti -fascist war，A war that achieves national liberation goals through the domestic revolutionary war and echo with the international socialist movement。

China was born under this context。Discuss the starting point and end of the 20th century, which is to explore the multiple origin of the revolutionary wave of this era、The tortuous process and the form of decline。This problem needs to start from analyzing the non -balancedness of the imperialist system。If the non -balancedness of the imperialist world system produces the "weak link" of this international system，So，Domestic segmentation caused by the strong competition pattern also provides a "weak link" for the domestic revolution。

I understand the "short twentieth century" as the revolutionary century。This revolutionary century is not the establishment of the economic bet365 best casino games and military hegemony of European or US capitalism，Instead, the new "non -equilibrium" caused by this economic and military hegemony in the process of establishing its own process，or more accurately，Revolutionary opportunity to subvert the hegemony system caused by this "unbalanced"，is the national revolution、A series of major events that echo each other with the content of the political revolution and social revolution。The birth of "Short Twenty Century" needs to start with the search for "weak links"，and "weak link" can only be identified in the search of revolutionary opportunities。Speaking from time，"Short Twenty Century" did not start in 1914，but began in 1905-1911; from the space，Not starting at a beginning，Instead of starting at the beginning of a set; from the opportunity，Not a war that begins with destruction，Instead, it was born in the dual exploration of breaking through the imperialist system and the old system。From the perspective of geopolitical relations，The 20th century is not only a post -colonial era，and it is also the era of the back center，The revolution and reform of the edge area not only changed itself，It also changed the center of the world -edge relationship，and then have an important impact on the central area and its changes。This is one of the prerequisites for us to know the 21st century。

　　Politics replaced

The birth of the century means that changes in multiple time are transformed into unbalanced internal interior，This has generated absolute needs for observing history from the horizontal axis。The conversion of this time is actually based on the so -called "spatial revolution"。Under the premise of the Space Revolution，The relationship between time is becoming more and more horizontal，Contemporary changes and the words used to describe this change cannot be described on the vertical line of durable relationships，and must be given between multiple time。I summarize this phenomenon as "concept shift"，Its function is under the framework of common，Convert historical content in different time axes into reality that can be expressed in the same set of words。

In this context，How did politics happen? Leave a series of new concepts or categories，Politics and its historical meanings of the 20th century seem to be unable to present; but at the same time，If these concepts that come through or translate are used as the basic bet365 best casino games category of building and explaining historical pictures，The misplace between the discourse system and social conditions is often so obvious。In this era，Personal、Citizen、Country、National、Class、People's、Political Party、Sovereignty、Culture、Society and other concepts become the central concept of new politics; production、Production method、Social form and its attached concepts，Become the basic category describing China and other society; "weak links"、Enemy and I relationship、"Border Area", "Intermediate Zone", "Three Worlds"、5521_5558。

In the above main concepts、category and propositions，In addition to the concepts and categories of specific struggles such as "border areas" and "middle zone"，Most of the use of the language derived from the translation and misappropriation of the 19th century European concepts and propositions，But these words or concepts -such as the country、Sovereignty、People's、Class、Citizen、Political parties, etc. — The political content of political parties cannot be defined from its European Origin。

Many categories and themes in China in the 20th century are duplicate to Europe in the 19th century，But every repetition is also replacement -not just the product of background differences，and it is also a political replacement。Therefore，You need to ask the country under specific historical conditions、National、Sovereignty、Political Party、People's、Formation and connotation of class and other categories，How to transform the people's war and create a different new political organization (although the name is exactly the same) and the national form (Soviet)? How to make farmers a living force or political class that makes farmers a revolutionary force or political class?，None of these categories can be briefly explained according to the logic of the 19th century，No one can simply give a description in accordance with its classical roots。These concepts reorganize historical narratives，It also broke the rule of the old narrative，This has paved the way for the development of new politics。This is not to say that the discourse practice of this era does not exist in concept or the misunderstanding of bet365 Play online games the category，Instead of analyzing the political expansion process of these concepts or categories，We can't understand their true connotation at all、strength and limitations，so that they cannot understand the uniqueness of China in the 20th century。When these strange concepts are used in the historical conditions that are different from the birth of them，Not only did it give birth to new consciousness、Value and Action，and also produced new political logic。Therefore，The inner vision of leaving the Chinese revolution is difficult to explain the meaning of China in the 20th century。

　(The author is a senior professor at Tsinghua University Liberal Arts、Director of Higher Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences)