Translation plays a role in maintaining legitimacy in national governance、Management regulations、Four governance functions of policy implementation and image building。Government translation activities are the only continuous translation tradition in Chinese history。We think，This kind of translation phenomenon with historical significance is the national translation practice，In essence, it is institutionalized translation，Relying on the standardization of organizational systems、Ordered solidification mode，Related to nationality、Government、National、Interests bet365 new customer offer language community。Since the founding of New China，Institutionalized translation is deeply involved in major national governance events。

　bet365 new customer offer of "May 4th Constitution"

As General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out，The constitution is the fundamental law bet365 new customer offer country，It is the general charter for governing the country，has the highest legal status、Legal authority、Legal Effect。The Constitution is the most fundamental textual expression of national governance。On the occasion bet365 new customer offer founding of New China，The central government has begun to consider formulating a constitution。Our country is a unified multi-ethnic country，Multi-language、Multiple languages ​​are one bet365 new customer offer basic national conditions，The translation bet365 new customer offer "May 4th Constitution" is a necessary means of national governance。Accompanying the drafting and promulgation bet365 new customer offer "May 4th Constitution" was the translation of ethnic languages，This work is divided into two stages: the first stage is the national discussion bet365 new customer offer draft constitution，The state organized manpower to translate the draft into Mongolian、Tibetan、Uyghur、Kazakh、Five ethnic minority scripts in Korean，To facilitate the study and discussion of ethnic minorities，Propose reasonable suggestions for modification；The second stage is after the formal adoption bet365 new customer offer Constitution，The National People’s Congress sets up an ethnic language translation group，Composed of experts from all ethnic areas across the country，Specially responsible for the civil translation bet365 new customer offer Constitution，After the meeting，Published by National Publishing House and Xinhua Bookstore authorized by the central government to issue the civil version bet365 new customer offer Constitution。The English name of "May 4th Constitution"、法、Russia、Germany、Japanese translation，It is carried out by the manpower organized by the publishing organization under the supervision bet365 new customer offer government，Published by Foreign Languages ​​Publishing House in 1955。

The civil translation bet365 new customer offer "May 4th Constitution" belongs to the domestic interlingual national translation practice，Provide the possibility for ethnic minority people to participate in national governance，Reflecting the country’s respect for all ethnic groups in the country、Recognition and maintenance bet365 new customer offer legitimacy and identity of citizens participating in national governance。

　Translation bet365 new customer offer Eighth National Congress bet365 new customer offer Communist Party of China

The Eighth National Congress bet365 new customer offer Communist Party of China held in September 1956 was the first National Congress bet365 new customer offer Communist Party of China as the ruling party，This is the first Party Congress to invite delegations from foreign political parties since the founding of New China。The Central Committee bet365 new customer offer Communist Party of China organized pre-meeting document translation and simultaneous interpretation at the meeting。

The central government has specially set up a "Translation Office"，The task is to translate the documents related to the Eighth National Congress into Russian、English、法、Germany、Indonesia、Spain、Japanese 7 texts，And be responsible for the real-time simultaneous interpretation task at the venue when the conference is held。Text translation includes Mao Zedong's "Opening Speech"、Liu Shaoqi's "Political Report bet365 new customer offer Central Committee bet365 new customer offer Communist Party of China to the Eighth National Congress"、Zhou Enlai's "Report on Suggestions for the Second Five-Year Plan to Develop the National Economy"、Deng Xiaoping's "Report on Amending the Party's Constitution"，Zhu De、Peng Dehuai、Dong Biwu、Chen Yun、Deng Yingchao、Hu Yaobang、Speeches by Comrade Chen Yi and other comrades and congratulatory messages from Chairman Soong Ching Ling bet365 new customer offer Standing Committee bet365 new customer offer National People’s Congress, etc.，And speeches and congratulatory messages from representatives of communist parties in 61 countries。

Translation work is coordinated and arranged by the central government，The translators needed are mainly from the Central Adjustment Department、International Department bet365 new customer offer CPC Central Committee、Ministry of Foreign Affairs、Indonesian Language Department of Central People's Broadcasting Station、Foreign Language Press、Translation and teaching positions from Peking University’s Department of Eastern Languages ​​and other units are transferred，A gathering of elites。Experts weigh every word carefully，Every translation must be "three-in-one" before it is published，i.e. Chinese final version、Foreign language translation、The final proof bet365 new customer offer foreign language must be consistent。The Translation Office is the bridge to spread the voice of China at this conference，China’s policy is understood and supported by people around the world，Hence the indispensable contribution。The successful translation bet365 new customer offer Eighth Congress，Promoted the ideas bet365 new customer offer Communist Party of China，Improved the international status bet365 new customer offer Chinese Communist Party，Shows the prosperity of New China、The image of a united country，Enhanced China’s voice in the Communist International。

　"Nine Commentaries" bet365 new customer offer

On the occasion bet365 new customer offer Eighth National Congress bet365 new customer offer Communist Party of China，Frictions have already arisen between China and the Soviet Union due to differences over revisionism。9 articles commenting on the "Open Letter" bet365 new customer offer Central Committee bet365 new customer offer Communist Party bet365 new customer offer Soviet Union published from September 1963 to July 1964，The "Nine Commentaries"，Pushing the Sino-Soviet debate to a climax。Every article in the "Nine Commentaries" follows a rigorous writing process，First draft written by the writing team，The International Department bet365 new customer offer CPC Central Committee and other relevant departments are responsible for data collection，Deng Xiaoping presided over the discussion and revision，In the end, Mao Zedong and other committee members were responsible for finalizing the text。The Sino-Soviet debate also attracted widespread attention at home and abroad，Considering the special reading needs of some domestic groups and international groups，While the central government established a drafting group for anti-revision documents，The translation work bet365 new customer offer "Nine Commentaries" has also been deployed accordingly。

The translation of "Nine Commentaries" is divided into external translation and internal translation，So many languages ​​involved、The wide geographical range of languages ​​is rare。External translation team、Elite team in charge，Internally, it is the responsibility bet365 new customer offer Central Ethnic Languages ​​Translation Bureau and the Monthly Magazine for the Blind。Four translation organizations have launched translations in more than 20 languages。

The translation team is based on members bet365 new customer offer translation team bet365 new customer offer General Office bet365 new customer offer CPC Central Committee，Second from China Foreign Languages ​​Publishing and Distribution Bureau、Compilation Bureau bet365 new customer offer CPC Central Committee、Central Broadcasting Bureau、International Department bet365 new customer offer CPC Central Committee、Ministry of Foreign Affairs、Personnel from Xinhua News Agency and other state agencies directly under the Central Committee bet365 new customer offer Communist Party of China。The translation languages ​​include Russian in the early period bet365 new customer offer polemic and English added in the later period、法、Spain、Five Japanese languages。The elite team is responsible for German、Translation in 14 languages ​​including Portuguese。The Ethnic Languages ​​Translation Bureau is responsible for Mongolian、Tibetan、Uyghur、Translation of Kazakh and other national languages，Blind Monthly is responsible for the translation bet365 new customer offer Braille version。The "Nine Commentaries" adopts multiple media、Three-dimensional communication strategy，There are 6 languages ​​for broadcasting to overseas Chinese under the call sign of "Central People's Broadcasting Station"，The number of languages ​​broadcast to the outside world under the call sign of "Beijing Radio" is 24；The foreign language journals and magazines founded by the Foreign Languages ​​Publishing Administration publish each article in the corresponding language；People's Publishing House、National Publishing House、China Blind and Deaf-mute Association Blind Monthly Club、Foreign language publishing houses also publish separate volumes bet365 new customer offer "Nine Commentaries"。

The writing and translation bet365 new customer offer "Nine Commentaries" serve an international political battle personally directed by the highest levels bet365 new customer offer party and the country，The maturity of its translation organization、The growing team of translators provided a strong guarantee for the country to seize the right to speak in the Sino-Soviet debate。

　Translation bet365 new customer offer Sino-US Joint Communique

Late 1960s and early 1970s，The relative decline bet365 new customer offer comprehensive national strength bet365 new customer offer United States，The balance of power and strategic situation between the United States and the Soviet Union is not conducive to the development bet365 new customer offer United States，At this time, the United States tends to cooperate with China, one bet365 new customer offer "five central forces"，So he began to change his policy towards China。However，Since both parties proceed from the actual interests of their own countries，Because of ideology、Social system、Differences in foreign policy and other aspects，In the process of drafting the "Joint Communiqué", conflicts and struggles between the two countries are inevitable。In order to establish and strengthen the image bet365 new customer offer Nixon administration，In order to win more votes in domestic elections，Hope the wording bet365 new customer offer Joint Communiqué is “ambiguous”；China believes that the "Joint Communiqué" is a prerequisite for the normalization of bilateral relations between China and the United States，Clear statements should be made on specific issues such as the Taiwan issue，Thus safeguarding the image bet365 new customer offer Chinese government，Preserve the feelings bet365 new customer offer Chinese nation，Maintain sovereignty and territorial integrity。

February 22, 1972，China emphasizes that the English version should clearly state that "there is only one China" and "the Taiwan issue is China's internal affairs"，The United States adopts a evasive attitude towards this。24th，The statement proposed by the US is "Taiwan has historically been China's territory"，China insists that "Taiwan is our territory。This is our problem，It’s not your problem”。Afternoon bet365 new customer offer same day，The United States made concessions，Modify the statement on the Taiwan issue to "The United States recognizes that all Chinese on both sides bet365 new customer offer Taiwan Strait believe that there is only one China，Taiwan is part of China。The United States has no objection to this position”。China is promoting the smooth progress bet365 new customer offer Joint Communiqué，A compromise was made on these issues，But never give in on major issues of principle，For example, the United States suggested changing “all Chinese” to “the Chinese”、"by the Chinese themselves" changed to "on both sides bet365 new customer offer Straits"、"does not challenge that position" changed to "does not challenge this"，China does not accept this，So the United States had no choice but to compromise。

The translation bet365 new customer offer "Joint Communique" is special，It is an international interlingual national translation practice jointly initiated by China and the United States, two sovereign states as actors，It is an intertextual act of translation between national texts，The final national texts in different languages ​​have equal weight、Equivalence，It is the process and result of consultation and conspiracy among sovereign countries，Set a model for future signing and announcement of similar bilateral alliances and friendly relations。

The four major bet365 new customer offer events in New China have three things in common: First, national bet365 new customer offer practice is deeply embedded in the party’s political construction and national governance；Second, national bet365 new customer offer practice has a complete chain and process； Third, the implementation of national bet365 new customer offer practices benefits from strict institutional guarantees。See this，Institutionalized bet365 new customer offer and its mechanism guarantee are inseparable from national governance，In-depth implantation of national governance and national image construction at important historical junctures。

(This article is a phased result bet365 new customer offer National Social Science Fund general project "Research on the Writing of National Translation History" (18BYY019)

(Author’s unit: School of Foreign Languages, Ocean University of bet365 new customer offer)