With the changes in international power and the increasing number of global challenges，Strengthen global governance、The system change to promote global governance has become one of the important parts of the diplomacy of major countries with Chinese characteristics in the new era。President Xi Jinping pointed out，China will continue to play the role of a responsible country，Actively participate in the reform and construction of the global governance system，Continuously contribute Chinese wisdom and strength。It is worth noting is，As an emerging country，China's domain name allocation in the Internet、Emerging fields such as outer air technology cooperation selected different types of global governance reform paths。

　　Bet365 app download Diversity of reform paths

Standards that formulate new international rules and whether to re -explain the old international rules，The global governance reform path of emerging powers can be divided into alternatives、superimposed type、Conversion and avoidance four types。Where，Alternative type refers to the formulation of new international rules for emerging countries，and use it to replace the old international rules dominated by the great nation。superposition type refers to the formulation of new international rules for emerging countries，but not alternative，Instead, the new international rules are tied with the old international rules。Conversion means that emerging countries will not formulate new international rules，Instead of re -explaining the old international rules，Use the old system、bet365 Play online games Rules to achieve new institutional goals。Avoiding type refers to the new international rules of emerging countries，No re -explanation of the old international rules，Instead, try to minimize the use of old international rules，Avoiding the use of old international rules to dominate itself。

In the field of Internet domain name allocation，Actions to monitor the "Internet name and digital address allocation agency" (icann) for the United States，China has established the "National Domain Security Alliance"，Try to minimize the use of icann，Building a certain security guarantee for my country's top domain name (such as .cn or. China)，belongs to the evasive reform path。In the field of air technology cooperation，For the "Outer Sky Treaty" and the situation of neglecting the United States' cooperation with developing countries in the United States，China has created the Asia -Pacific Space Cooperation Organization (APSCO)。On the one hand，APSCO and "Outside Treaty" have maintained the same rules，On the other hand，APSCO is committed to external and air technology cooperation between developing countries，instead of the mutual technical restrictions between large and empty technology powers focusing on the "Outer Sky Treaty"，belongs to the transformation reform path。

Why does China choose different types of global governance reform paths? This actually depends on two condition variables: first，Shoucheng's network of power。If this field is a field with a strong network effect，Shoucheng big country will have network power，The cost of exiting the existing international system or creating a new international system for emerging countries is excessive。Under this Bet365 app download condition，Emerging great powers can only choose superimposed or avoid reform paths。

2，Elasticity of the International System。The international institutional institutional elasticity that the emerging country wants to reform is high，Then the emerging country will tend to re -explain the old international rules to achieve its own institutional goals。After all，The political cost of re -explaining the old international rules is far lower than the creation of new international rules。If there is a lower elasticity of the international system，Emerging great powers cannot re -explain the old rules，Then you can only adopt a substitution or avoid -type reform path。

Take a comprehensive，Shoucheng's network of power and elasticity of the international system determine the choice of the path for emerging great powers to participate in global governance reforms。Strong network of power in the big country、When the international institutional institutional elasticity is low，China will choose to avoid reform paths; weak network power of the great power of the great power、When the international system is highly elastic，China will choose to change the reform path。

　　to avoid the pathReform Internet domain name allocation

Internet domain name allocation field has strong network effects，This gives the United States a strong network power in this field。On the one hand，Internet users in today's world cannot bear the high cost of not in use or exit iCANN。To avoid confusion，All Internet participants need to coordinate the unique system of allocation of domain name identification，To enable all Internet users in the world to access valid addresses，ICANN is required to uniformly adjust and manage the domain name system，Exit Bet365 app download iCANN means becoming a "black household" in the Internet world，Cut off with other network entities，This is an unimaginable high cost in today's information world。On the other hand，The network effect of Internet domain name allocation is also reflected in other countries that are difficult to create alternative international systems。my country has tried to develop an alternative Internet domain name system software "Red Maple System"，But the system has always been difficult to promote，It is still in the small -scale use phase of the domain name engineering center，The category of "internal network"。

At the same time，The institutional elasticity of the ICANN led by the United States is lower。First，ICANN is still controlled by the US government in terms of system and law，Although the U.S. government has transferred the management rights of the Internet domain name to icann，But the series of cooperation agreements signed by iCann and the US Department of Commerce make the US government still has the final decision。Second，ICANN advocated the "Multi -Interest Performance Principles" and the "network sovereign principle" advocated by China is difficult to compatible。The so -called "multi -interesting principle" refers to the academic community、Folk Organization、The principles of multiple subjects including industry organizations and the government participate in governance，but actually，Only the United States can rely on companies that are much stronger than other countries、Hardware and software technology、Talent and other advantages continue to maintain influence on icann。When the 2002 ICANN conference was held in Shanghai，China has suggested to reform iCANN Bet365 app download into an independent international organization，Improve the role of the state government in global Internet governance，"All Member Conference" as the highest decision -making agency of ICANN。But，This suggestion has not been adopted by icann，Later ICANN's reform did not develop in this direction。

Overall，In the field of Internet domain name allocation，The United States has strong network power，and ICANN's institutional elasticity is lower，This makes China only adopt the path of avoidance of global governance。

　　Reform external air technology cooperation with conversion path

Weak network effects in the field of external technology cooperation，Makes the United States less network power in this field。On the one hand，Cooperative targets in the field of air in the United States are mainly developed countries，Outside -time technology cooperation has been insufficient to cover developing countries for a long time，As a result, the majority of developing countries have not dependent on the air technology of the United States。On the other hand，Weak network effects in the field of external technology cooperation，enable China to propose to establish a regional air technology cooperation organization。Enter the 21st century，As China applies in satellite、Moon probe、Moon probe、Beidou Navigation System and other aspects made great progress，China's air technology has a strong attraction to the majority of developing countries，and the United States cannot prevent developing countries from joining APSCO。

At the same time，The American -led "Outside Treaty" is highly elastic。"Outer Sky Treaty" is the product of the Aerospace Air Force Preparation Competition during the Cold War.，Both the United States and the Soviet Union attempts to use bet365 best casino games the treaty to restrict the development of the other party's air capacity，Objectively leading to the "Outside Treaty" has greater vagueness and institutional elasticity。As the cornerstone of the international air law，The Treaty of the Outside Aviation mainly stipulates 10 basic principles engaged in aerospace activities，Lack of specific institutional arrangements、Supervision agency or implementation rules，The space for flexible explanation is large。This makes the main activities carried out by the APSCO advocated by China can be performed in the institutional framework of the "Outside Treaty"。

Brief words，In the field of air technology cooperation，Small network power in the United States，and the American -led "Outside Treaty" system is highly elastic，This has led China to choose the use of the old system rules to achieve the transitional global governance reform path of the new system goals。

From the perspective of policy recommendations，China is actively participating in the Internet、Global governance reform in emerging fields such as outer empty，Need to take different types of reform paths，The differences in the reform path mainly come from the network effect and differences of institutional elasticity in the field of global governance issues。For the field of global governance issues with strong network effects，China's reform wisdom is "crossing" (crossing to the next network to compete with Shoucheng great power) instead of "subverters"。For the field of global governance issues with high institutional elasticity，China's reform wisdom is a "converter" rather than "alternative"。

(the author is a professor at the School of International Bet365 lotto review Relations and Public Affairs of Fudan University)