With the changes in the bet365 casino bonus balance of power and the increasing number of global challenges，Strengthening global governance、Promoting institutional changes in global governance has become one of the important contents of major-country diplomacy with Chinese characteristics in the new era。President Xi Jinping pointed out，China will continue to play the role of a responsible major country，Actively participate in the reform and construction of the global governance system，Continuously contribute Chinese wisdom and strength。What deserves attention，As an emerging power，China’s Internet domain name allocation、Emerging fields such as outer space technology cooperation have chosen different types of global governance reform paths。

　　bet365 casino bonusDiversity of bet365 casino bonus paths

According to the criteria of whether to formulate bet365 casino bonus and whether to reinterpret old international rules，The global governance reform paths of emerging powers can be divided into alternative types、Superposition type、Four types of conversion type and avoidance type。Among them，Substitution refers to emerging powers formulating bet365 casino bonus，And use it to replace the old international rules dominated by big powers。Superposition refers to emerging powers formulating bet365 casino bonus，But not to replace，But juxtapose bet365 casino bonus with old international rules。Transformational refers to emerging powers not formulating bet365 casino bonus，But a reinterpretation of old international rules，Using the old system、Rules to achieve new institutional goals。Avoidance refers to emerging powers that do not formulate bet365 casino bonus，Nor reinterpret old international rules，Instead try to minimize the use of old international rules，To avoid the use of old international rules by established powers to dominate themselves。

In the field of Internet domain name allocation，In response to the United States’ abuse of the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to monitor other countries，China established the “National Domain Name Security Alliance”，Minimize use of ICANN，is my country’s national top-level domain name (such as.CN or.China) has established certain security guarantees，Belongs to the evasive reform path。In the field of outer space technical cooperation，In response to the Outer Space Treaty and the United States’ neglect of bet365 casino bonus cooperation with developing countries，China created the Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization (APSCO)。On the one hand，APSCO and the Outer Space Treaty have maintained consistency in institutional rules，On the other hand，APSCO is committed to bet365 casino bonus cooperation among developing countries，Rather than the mutual technological restrictions between bet365 casino bonus powers that the Outer Space Treaty focuses on，Belongs to the transformational reform path。

Why China chooses different types of global governance reform paths？This actually depends on two condition variables: first，The cyber power of established powers。If the field belongs to a field with strong network effect，A strong country will have network power，The costs for emerging powers to withdraw from existing bet365 casino bonus institutions or create alternative new bet365 casino bonus institutions are too high。Under these conditions，Emerging powers can only choose a superimposed or evasive reform path。

Second，International institutional flexibility。If emerging powers want to reform the international system, the flexibility is higher，Then emerging powers will tend to reinterpret old international rules to achieve their own institutional goals。After all，The political cost of reinterpreting old international rules is far lower than creating bet365 casino bonus。If the existing international system is less flexible，Emerging powers cannot reinterpret old rules，Then we can only adopt alternative or evasive reform paths。

Taken together，The network power of established powers and the flexibility of bet365 casino bonus institutions jointly determine the path for emerging powers to participate in global governance reform。In a large and established country, network power is strong、When the flexibility of the existing bet365 casino bonus system is low，China will choose an evasive reform path；Weak cyber power in a large and established country、When the existing bet365 casino bonus system is highly flexible，China will choose a transformational reform path。

　　With evasive bet365 casino bonusReforming bet365 casino bonus allocation

Strong network effect in the field of Internet domain name allocation，This gives the United States strong cyber power in this field。On the one hand，Internet users in today’s world cannot afford the high costs of not using or withdrawing from ICANN。To avoid confusion，All Internet participants need to coordinate a unique system for assigning domain name identifiers，To enable all Internet users around the world to access valid addresses，ICANN is needed to uniformly adjust and manage the domain name system，Withdrawing from ICANN means becoming a "black account" in the online world，And cut off contact with other network entities，This is an unimaginably high cost in today’s information world。On the other hand，The strong network effect of Internet domain name allocation is also reflected in the difficulty in creating alternative bet365 casino bonus systems for other countries。Our country has tried to develop an alternative Internet domain name system software "Red Maple System"，But this system has been difficult to promote，It is still in the small-scale use stage of the Domain Name Engineering Center，Belongs to the category of "internal network"。

At the same time，The US-dominated ICANN has low institutional flexibility。First，ICANN is still institutionally and legally controlled by the US government，Although the US government has nominally handed over the management of Internet domain names to ICANN，However, the series of cooperation agreements signed between ICANN and the U.S. Department of Commerce give the U.S. government still the final say over it。Second，The "multi-stakeholder principle" advocated by ICANN is incompatible with the "network sovereignty principle" advocated by China。The so-called "multi-stakeholder principle" refers to including the academic community、Civil organizations、The principle of joint participation of multiple entities including industry organizations and governments in governance，But actually，Only the United States can rely on companies that are much stronger than other countries、Hardware and software technology、Talent and other advantages continue to maintain influence on ICANN。When the 2002 ICANN conference was held in Shanghai，China once proposed reforming ICANN into an independent bet365 casino bonus organization，Increase the role of sovereign governments in global Internet governance，Using the "General Assembly" as ICANN's highest decision-making body。However，This suggestion was not adopted by ICANN，Later ICANN reforms did not develop in this direction。

Overall，In the field of Internet domain name allocation，The United States has strong cyber power，And ICANN’s institutional flexibility is low，This forces China to adopt an evasive bet365 casino bonus reform path。

　　Reforming bet365 casino bonus cooperation through a transformational approach

Weak network effect in the field of bet365 casino bonus cooperation，Leaves the United States with less cyber power in this area。On the one hand，The United States’ cooperation partners in the field of outer space are mainly developed countries，bet365 casino bonus cooperation has long provided insufficient coverage to developing countries，As a result, most developing countries are not dependent on the United States’ bet365 casino bonus。On the other hand，Weak network effects in the field of bet365 casino bonus cooperation，Enables China to initiate the establishment of a regional bet365 casino bonus cooperation organization。Enter the 21st century，With China’s satellite application、Manned Spaceflight、Moon exploration、Great progress has been made in Beidou navigation system and other aspects，China’s bet365 casino bonus has strong appeal to developing countries，The United States cannot prevent developing countries from joining the APSCO established by China。

At the same time，The U.S.-led Outer Space Treaty is more flexible。The Outer Space Treaty is the product of the arms race between space powers such as the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War，Both the United States and the Soviet Union attempted to use treaties to restrict the development of each other's outer space capabilities，Objectively, this resulted in greater ambiguity and institutional flexibility in the Outer Space Treaty。As the cornerstone of bet365 casino bonus outer space law，The Outer Space Treaty mainly stipulates 10 basic principles for engaging in space activities，Lack of specific institutional arrangements、Supervisory agency or implementation rules，There is more room for flexible interpretation。This allows the main activities carried out by APSCO initiated by China to be carried out within the institutional framework of the Outer Space Treaty。

In short，Technical cooperation in outer bet365 casino bonus，The United States has less online power，The US-led Outer bet365 casino bonus Treaty system is more flexible，This has led China to choose a transformational global governance reform path that uses the rules of the old system to achieve the goals of the new system。

From the perspective of policy recommendations，China is actively participating in the Internet、In the process of reforming global governance in emerging fields such as outer bet365 casino bonus，Different types of reform paths are needed，The differences in reform paths mainly come from network effects in the field of global governance issues and differences in institutional flexibility。For global governance issue areas with strong network effects，China’s reform wisdom is to be a “traveler” (traveling to the next network to compete with the established powers) rather than a “subversive” (subverting the established powers within the existing network)。For global governance issue areas with high institutional flexibility，China’s reform wisdom is to be a “converter” rather than a “substitute”。

(The author is a professor at the School of bet365 casino bonus Relations and Public Affairs, Fudan University)