Before the Confucius，The educational content of "Learning in the Government" is a gift、Le、Shooting、Royal、Book、Number，Basically training for various practical skills，Not involved text education。Confucius established the Six Classics as a new teaching content，Reserved gift、Le two skill training subjects，Another poem、Book、Yi、Four courses of spring and autumn，All are text education。Confucius will be compiled in the later years of the Six Classics，Only fixed text。The previous Confucian teaching activities were obviously still affected by traditional teaching methods，Taking the mouth instead of text learning as the main way。Confucius' teaching combined with oral and text，It is a major pioneer in the history of Chinese education。

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After the Six Classics of the Confucius was compiled，Confucian teaching form is still orally，It is mainly reflected in two aspects。One，Inheritance of traditional skills training and teaching content。"Book of Rites · Inner Rules": "Nine -year teachings。Foreign Fu，stay outside，Study schedule，Dressless pants，Li Shuaichu，Learn Young Instrument，Please briefly forgiven。Ten Three -year Learning，Recite "Poetry"，Dance "Spoon"，Cheng Tong Dance "Elephant"，Learn Shooting Royal。Twenty crown，Study Gift，You can wear Qiu Qiu，Dance "Da Xia"，Learning does not teach，Learning does not teach，Inside,。"Gifts according to different ages、Le、Shooting、Royal、Book、Number of learning，Teaching activities are obviously in the form of mouth teaching。Its two，The teaching of the Confucian Six Classics bet365 Play online games attaches great importance to oral explanations，instead of text，The more typical is "Spring and Autumn"。According to "Han Shu · Yi Wen Zhi"，"Spring and Autumn" although it is written by Confucius，"It is popular in the world，Therefore, there are rams、Gu Liang、Zou、Chuanzhuan。Among the four，Gongyang、Gu Liang stands in the academic official，Zou's no teacher，There is no book in Jiashi "。Biography of the four families of "Spring and Autumn"，Not only does it have no text at all，Even if it was later standing in the scholar's ram、Gu Liang, the two were originally biography，Started from the early Western Han Dynasty as a fixed book，Form the final text。

It is the characteristics of teaching activities based on oral，enables Confucianism to experience Qin Shihuang's "burning books and Confucianism" and stubbornly survive。"Hanshu · Yi Wen Zhi" says "Book of Songs" "Qin and All，With its sarcasm，Not alone in bamboo "，I am afraid it is not a unique phenomenon of the Book of Songs，but the universal characteristics of Confucian classics。Even the "Book of Shang", even the most disadvantaged "Shangshu"，From the beginning of the Han Dynasty, I went to Jinan to learn from Fusheng to learn from the history of Fusheng，It also bet365 Play online games attaches great importance to oral passage，Therefore, it is not possible to solve the problem with the text to the capital。

Teaching activities based on orally also derived two types of texts，One is a record for students，Another category is the creation of scholars。"Hanshu · Yi Wen Zhi" records: "Every three arts and one hundred arts，3,123 articles "，"Fifty -three Confucianists，836 "，and a large number of simplicity related to the Six Classics，Most of them should belong to this kind of work。The biggest impact on Qin Shihuang Burning Book，It is undoubtedly this kind of work。

Qin Shihuang Burning Book Burning Bookmaking makes Confucianism education more importantly oral bet365 Play online games form，So，Confucianism in the early Western Han Dynasty showed very obvious oral characteristics。The more typical is，"Historical Records of the Biography of Rulin" records: "Shen Gong's independence with the Book of Songs is trained to teach，No Chuan "，"Historical Records" explained: "Said Shen Gong does not make a poem，But professor "，Shen Gong does not make a poem，Its teaching activities obviously depend on oral。Under this academic atmosphere，Dr. Five Classics of the Western Han Dynasty，Basically follow the oral tradition，is the inevitable result。The so -called current textbooks formed based on this，The biggest feature is that they attach importance to the granting of the classic micro -words。Liu Ye's "Dr. Move Tai Chang" criticized this literary classics.，Is the last teacher instead of the ancient times "，Can be described as a word。

　　The scripture of the current text to the text

Before the Dr. of the Western Han Dynasty，The tendency of writing the content of the oral transmission as a text in this text。This transition process has gone through two stages: the early stage is the tradition of the pre -Qin Dynasty，Single works created by scholars; later development for scholars to write the individual interpretation points of a certain scripture as a book。

Take Zhouyi as an example，"Hanshu · Rulin Biography" records: "Hanxing，Tian He Yitian Migration Du Ling，No. Du Tian Sheng，Greed the Tongzhong of the East Wuwang、Puyang Zhou Wang Sun、Ding Kuan、Take Qi Yi Sheng，All with "Yichuan" several articles。"Refer to" Hanshu · Yi Wen Zhi "mentioned" Yi Zhuan "，Zhou's、Yang's、Cai Gong、Han's、Wang's all in the two articles，Obviously its text is the "Zhouyi" upper and lower sutras，excluding "Ten Wings"，It does not include the content explained by the scriptures，Teaching content is completely oral，So，The so -called Zhou Wang Sun、Take Qi Yi Sheng、Wang equivalent "All with" Yi Zhuan "several bet365 live casino games articles"，Not about the work of "Zhou Yi"，but a single work created by the teacher himself。"Hanshu · Yi Wen Zhi" also appeared "Ding's Eight Articles"，Prove that Ding Kuan's explanation has become a book。"Hanshu · Rulin Biography" said that Ding Kuan's "Easy Say 30,000 words，Try to make a friendship，This "Small Chapter" is also "，can also prove this。Ding Kuan "Give the Gong of Tong County。Wang Sun Teng Shi、Meng Xi、Liang Qiu He。繇 is "Yi" with it、Meng、Learning of Liangqiu "，It is the ancestor of the three officials of the Book of Changes。According to "Hanshu · Yi Wen Zhi": "Chapter and sentence，Shi、Meng、Two of them in Liangqiu's "，All three have "Chapter and sentence"，This tradition can obviously go back to Ding Kuan’s "Small Chapter"。The so -called "training of the reason" can be proved，It is from Ding Kuan，Forms a new style of writing the personal interpretation points as a book。

What needs attention is，Western Han Yixue has not been standing in the two scholars -Fei Zhi、High School，"Hanshu · Rulin Biography" emphasizes that there is no "chapters"。From this point of view，Full dependence on oral biography、Academy without any text，It cannot be established in the academic officer。That is to say，Western Han Dynasty stands in the so -called essays of the Chinese officials，It is a emerging branch of traditional oral science，Pay attention to the traditional granting tradition，Began to organize the content of mouth to text into text。One is missing one，Nothing to stand in the academic official。Gongyang、Gu Liang's two have to stand in the academic officer，The important reason is that it has organized the oral content into text。

Establishment of Dr. Wujing，Promoting the transition from oral content from oral to text。The content of the mouth is written directly into text，The most direct disadvantage brought by is the cricket of text。"Han Shu · Yi Wen Zhi": "The biography bet365 best casino games of later generations has been separated，Scholars do not think about the meaning of suspicion，Escape from the righteousness，Speaking，Destroy the shape; say the text of the five characters，As for 230,000 words。Later in Miya Chi Chong，Therefore, you can keep a art，White head can speak later ";" New Theory ":" Qin Jinjun can say "Yao Dian"，Two words of the words to more than 100,000 words，But saying ‘Ru Ji Gu’ 30 Words ”，can all prove this。

New phenomenon caused by the transition of today's classics to text，is the study and study of text。Wang Chong "On the Heng": "When Wang Mang is，Provincial Five Classic Chapters，All are 200,000。Dr. Guo Lu，Night Ding Old Theory，Died under the candle "，is an example。

　　Seeking the ancient texts of the original text

Promote Liu Ye, who is advocated to stand in the ancient Chinese scriptures，Mention the source of the ancient literary scriptures in "Dr. Moved to Places Tai Chang": "And King Lu Gong's bad Confucius house，Want to be official，Elders in the bad wall，"Yili" has 39 articles，"Book" 16 articles。Before implementing，Kong An Guozhi，Difficulty of being killed by the witch，Before implementing。and "Spring and Autumn" Zuo's Qiu Ming repaired，All ancient books，More than twenty sessions，Zang Yu's Mansion，Not sending 伏。"According to" Hanshu · Jing 13 King Biography "，Emperor Han Jing first three years (154 before) Liu Yufeng King Lu Gong，In the reign 25 years，Died in 129 BC，The bad holes of the house must be before 129 BC，Doctors do not exceed 7 years before the Emperor Wu Emperor's Five Classics。The so -called "ancient text and old books" of "Zang Yu's Mansion"，Earlier in its age。In general，The discovery of the ancient texts is not later than the Dr. Li Classic。The reason why it must not stand in the academic officer，Not because of late，It is because it has only text but not teaching。Liu Ye also mentioned，bet365 best casino games Dr.'s reason to oppose the ancient text is "obscenity to recite"。To Liu Ye，Dr. Jinwen still takes "not recite" because there is no oral system，Opposition to stand in the academic official。Visible，This is the real reason why the ancient Chinese classics did not establish at the beginning。

Scholars who advocate the ancient Chinese scriptures think，Earlier in the text of the text of the ancient text，Therefore, it is more authoritative and accurate。"Han Shu · Liu Ye Biography" clearly said: "I think Zuoqiu is good and evil with the sage，Seeing Master，and ram、Gu Liang after seventy children，The rumors and the kinship，It is slightly different。"" Today's scriptures "There are several families，Faber development of the family with counts "，The only text from the ancient textbook，also presents as weakening of authority and accuracy。"Hanshu · Yi Wen Zhi" records: "Liu Xiang in the middle of the ancient text" Book of Changes "、Meng、Liangqiu Jing，or take off the 'No blame' '‘repentance’，The Scripture of the Weifishi is the same as the ancient text "，Obviously to prove that the ancient texts are more authoritative and accurate。

In short，In the era of attaching importance to oral heritage，The ancient text does not get attention。After turning to the text in this text,，As the text is getting more and more attention，There is also the emphasis on the ancient text before the formation of the text of this text，This is the rise of so -called ancient scriptures。

Early ancient literature science is only for the study and research of text。"Han Shu · Liu Ye Biography": "Early，"Zuo's Biography" Multi -ancient words，Scholarship for training，and "Zuo's"，Quoting to solve the scriptures，Turning up invention，From the chapter and sentence, prepare for the reason。"Liu Ye's contribution is，The characteristics of imitating the scriptures of the current text，Create bet365 best casino games the chapters and sentences of ancient textbooks、Yili，Demonstrate teaching system for forming ancient literary sciences，Therefore, to the Eastern Han Dynasty ancient Wen Daxing。Ancient Chinese Classics is the same as the scripture of the current text，It also has two systems: oral and text，This is the fundamental reason why the ancient texts finally stood in the academic official。

The biggest feature of the two Han classics is that it is mainly oral、The inheritance method supplemented by text。To Zheng Xuan all over the group，has begun to attach importance to the text transition。After the Three Kingdoms，The rise of the classic note of the classic，Inheritance and learning is mainly for text，and the oral decline is increasingly declining。This is the biggest difference between future generations of classics and two Han classics。

(The author is a professor at the History Research Institute of Jilin University)