Before Confucius，The educational content of "learning in the government" is etiquette、乐、shoot、roy、Book、Number，Basically training on various practical skills，Does not involve bet365 bonus code louisiana education。Confucius established the Six Classics as the new teaching content，Retention gift、Le two skills training subjects，Another poem、Book、Yi、Four Spring and Autumn Courses，All bet365 bonus code louisiana education。Confucius began to compile the Six Classics in his later years，Only with fixed bet365 bonus code louisiana。Previous Confucian teaching activities were obviously still influenced by traditional teaching methods，Use dictation instead of bet365 bonus code louisiana learning as the main method。Confucius’ teaching combined oral and bet365 bonus code louisiana，It is a major pioneering work in the history of Chinese education。

　　The modern scripture that adheres to the bet365 bonus code louisiana tradition

After Confucius compiled the Six Classics，Confucian teaching is still dominated by oral teaching，Mainly reflected in two aspects。One，Inheritance of traditional skills training teaching content。"Book of Rites·Nei Principles": "Nine Years of Teaching。Being a foreigner for ten years，Living abroad，Learn bookkeeping，Clothes without silk pants，Li Shuaichu，Learning early childhood rituals day and night，Please forgive me。Ten years of learning music，Reciting "Poetry"，Dance "Spoon"，Adult children dance "Elephant"，Learning to shoot and control。Twenty and crowned，The beginning of learning ceremony，Can wear fur and silk，Dance "Great Summer"，Dunxing filial brother，Erudition does not teach，Inside but not out。”Ceremony according to different age groups、乐、shoot、roy、Book、Learning numbers，Teaching activities are obviously in the form of dictation。Part 2，The teaching of the Six Classics of Confucianism attaches great importance to oral explanation，Instead of bet365 bonus code louisiana learning，The more typical one is "Spring and Autumn"。According to "Hanshu Yiwenzhi"，"Spring and Autumn" was written by Confucius，“Oral theory became popular in the future，Therefore there is a ram、Gu Liang、Zou、The Legend of Jia。Among the four，Ram、Gu Liang established himself as an academic official，The Zou family has no teacher，Jia’s family has no book”。The four schools of thought in the Spring and Autumn Annals，Not only does Jiashi have no bet365 bonus code louisiana at all，Even if he later became a scholar、The Guliang family also relied solely on oral tradition at first，Written as the final version in the early Western Han Dynasty，Form the final bet365 bonus code louisiana。

It is precisely the characteristics of teaching activities that focus on oral narration，Enabled Confucianism to survive the Qin Shihuang "burning books and entrapping Confucians"。"Hanshu·Yiwenzhi" says that "The Book of Songs" "was defeated by the Qin Dynasty，Reciting it，Not only in bamboo and silk”，I’m afraid it’s not a phenomenon unique to the Book of Songs，It is a common characteristic of Confucian classics。Even the most unfavorable "Shang Shu" for satire，Judging from the historical event that Chao Cuo and others were sent to Jinan in the early Han Dynasty to learn from Fu Sheng，Also attaches great importance to oral transmission，So the problem cannot be solved by sending the bet365 bonus code louisiana to the capital。

Teaching activities based on oral narration also derive two types of texts，The first category is student records，The other type is the creation of scholars。"Hanshu·Yiwenzhi" records: "There are one hundred and three schools of the six arts，Three thousand one hundred and twenty-three articles”，“Fifty-three Confucian Schools，Eight hundred and thirty-six articles”，As well as a large number of modernly discovered bamboo and silk documents related to the Six bet365 bonus code louisiana，Most of them should belong to this type of works。Those who were most affected by Qin Shihuang’s burning of books，Undoubtedly this type of work。

The burning of books by Qin Shihuang made Confucian bet365 bonus code louisiana education pay more attention to the oral form，Therefore，The Confucian bet365 bonus code louisiana in the early Western Han Dynasty showed very obvious oral characteristics。The more typical one is，"Historical Records: Biographies of Scholars" records: "Shen Gong alone used the Book of Songs as his training and teaching，No biography”，"Historical Records Suoyin" explains: "It is said that Shen Gong did not write a poetry biography，Professor Dan”，Shen Gong does not write poetry，His teaching activities obviously rely entirely on dictation。In this academic atmosphere，In the early Western Han Dynasty, Doctors of the Five bet365 bonus code louisiana were established，Basically follow the oral tradition，It is the inevitable result。The so-called Jinwen Jingxue formed on this basis，The biggest characteristic is that it attaches great importance to dictating the subtle meanings of the bet365 bonus code louisiana。Liu Xin's "Book of Transfer to Dr. Taichang" criticizes Jinwen Confucianism for "speaking nonsense and reciting biographies，It is the last master, not the past”，It hits the nail on the head。

　　Jinwen Sutra that turns to bet365 bonus code louisiana

Before the establishment of the Five Classics Doctorate in the Western Han Dynasty，In this bet365 bonus code louisiana, there is already a tendency to write oral transmission contents into texts。This transition process has gone through two stages: the early stage followed the pre-Qin tradition，A single work created by a scholar appears；Later it developed into a book where scholars wrote the key points of their personal interpretation of a certain scripture。

Take "The Book of Changes" as an example，"The Book of Han·The Scholars" records: "The rise of the Han Dynasty，Why should the fields be cleared and moved to Duling，No. Du Tiansheng，Awarded to King Tongzi of Dongwu、Luoyang Zhou Wangsun、Ding Kuan、Qi Fusheng，Both wrote several articles in "Yi Zhuan"。"Refer to "Hanshu Yiwenzhi" mentioning "Yizhuan"，Zhou、Yang、Cai Gong、Han family、Wang’s are all in two articles，Obviously the bet365 bonus code louisiana is the upper and lower classics of Zhouyi，Excluding "Ten Wings"，Not including the content explained by the scripture master，The teaching content is entirely oral，Then，So-called Zhou Wangsun、Qi Fusheng、Wang Tongtong "has written several chapters of "Yi Zhuan""，Not a work about "The Book of Changes"，It is a single work created by the scribe himself。"Eight Chapters of Ding" also appeared in "Hanshu·Yiwenzhi"，Proof that Ding Kuan’s explanation has been written into a book。"Book of Han·The Scholars" states that Ding Kuan "wrote 30,000 words of "Book of Changes"，Just a lesson to show friendship，Today's "Small Chapter Sentences" is also"，This can also be proven。Ding Kuan "granted the title of Prince Dangtian of the same county"。Wang Sun conferred Shi Yu、Meng Xi、Liang Qiu He。Yao Shi has Shi in "Yi"、Meng、The Learning of Liangqiu”，He is the founder of the three official schools of "Book of Changes"。According to "Hanshu Yiwenzhi": ""Zhangju"，Shi、Meng、Two articles each for Liangqiu”，All three schools have "Zhangju"，This tradition can obviously be traced back to Ding Kuan's "Small Chapters"。The so-called "learning from the past and promoting great friendship" can be proved，It started with Ding Kuan，It has become a new trend for scribes to write the key points of personal interpretation into works。

What needs to be noted is，The Western Han Dynasty Yixue was not established in two schools of academic officials——Fei Zhi、Gao Xiang，"Han Shu·Rulin Zhuan" emphasizes that none of them have "Zhang Ju"。Looking from this，Rely completely on oral transmission、School without any bet365 bonus code louisiana，Cannot be appointed as an academic official。In other words，The so-called Jinwen Jingxue in the Western Han Dynasty, which was founded on academic officials，It is an emerging branch of traditional oral scripture，Also attaches importance to the oral tradition，Began to organize the content passed down by word of mouth into bet365 bonus code louisiana again。One of the two is missing，No one is allowed to be an academic official。Ram、The Guliang family can be established as academic officials，The very important reason is that it has organized the oral content into bet365 bonus code louisiana。

The establishment of Doctors of the Five Classics，Promoted the transformation of the content of Confucian classics from oral to bet365 bonus code louisiana。The dictated content is written directly into bet365 bonus code louisiana，The most direct disadvantage is the cumbersome bet365 bonus code louisiana。"Hanshu·Yiwenzhi": "The scriptures and traditions of later generations have deviated，A learned man does not think about the meaning of hearing too much and doubting，Escape for the sake of righteousness，Speaking with clever words，Destroy the form；Say a five-character essay，As for twenty or thirty thousand words。Being behind is the best way to catch up，So young children should keep one skill，Being white-headed and able to speak”；Huan Tan's "New Theory": "Qin Jinjun can speak "Yao Canon"，The title of the article can be described in two words to more than 100,000 words，Dan said, "It is said that Ruo Ji Gu" is thirty thousand words"，Everyone can prove this。

New phenomena caused by the transition from modern classics to bet365 bonus code louisiana，It is for the study and research of bet365 bonus code louisiana。Wang Chong's "Lunheng": "The Time of Wang Mang，Province the Five Classics Chapters and Verses，Both two hundred thousand。Doctoral disciple Guo Lu，Ye Ding Old Theory，Died by candle”，This is an example。

　　Seeking the original bet365 bonus code louisiana of ancient scriptures

Liu Xin, who advocated establishing the study of ancient Chinese classics among academic officials，The source of the ancient bet365 bonus code louisiana is mentioned in the "Book of Transfer to Dr. Taichang": "When King Gong of Lu destroyed Confucius' house，Want to be an official，The ancient bet365 bonus code louisiana was found in the broken wall，There are thirty-nine chapters in "Yili"，Sixteen Chapters of "Book"。After Tianhan，Kong Anguo presented it，Disadvantaged by witchcraft，Not implemented in time。And "Spring and Autumn" edited by Zuo Shiqiu Ming，All old books in ancient Chinese，More than 20 passes，Zang Yu Secret Mansion，Hide but not send。"According to "Hanshu·Jing Thirteen Kings Biography"，In the third year before Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty (154 BC) Liu Yu was granted the title of Prince Gong of Lu，25 years in office，Died 129 BC，Then the hole in the house wall must have been before 129 BC，No more than 7 years have passed since Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty established the Five Classics Doctorate。And the so-called "old ancient books" of "Zang Yu Mifu"，It is older。In a nutshell，The discovery of the Ancient Classics was not later than the establishment of the Five Classics Doctors。The reason why he cannot be an academic official，Not because of being late，But because it has an oral system with only bet365 bonus code louisiana but no teaching。Liu Xin also mentioned，The doctor’s reason for opposing the establishment of ancient prose is that “it’s so obscene that it’s impossible not to recite it”。At the time of Liu Xin，Dr. Jinwen still uses the excuse of “not reciting” that means there is no oral system，Oppose to establish ancient scriptures as academic officials。Visible，This is the real reason why the ancient classics were not established as academic officials in the first place。

According to scholars who advocate ancient scriptures，The bet365 bonus code louisiana of the ancient bet365 bonus code louisiana is from an earlier period，Therefore more authoritative and accurate。"Hanshu·Liu Xin's Biography" makes it very clear: "Xin thought that Zuo Qiuming's likes and dislikes were the same as those of the saint，See the Master in person，And the ram、Gu Liang is after the Seventieth Son，Hearsay and witnessing，The details are slightly different。There are several schools of "Jinwen Jingxue"，The fission-type development of "Family has several theories"，The only bet365 bonus code louisiana relative to ancient scriptures，Also presented as a weakening of authority and accuracy。"Hanshu·Yiwenzhi" records: "Liu Xiang used the medieval "Book of Changes" to correct it、Meng、Liangqiu Sutra，Or take off ‘no blame’ and ‘regret’，Only Fei’s Sutra is the same as the ancient bet365 bonus code louisiana”，Obviously to prove that the ancient scriptures are more authoritative and accurate。

In short，In an era that values ​​oral inheritance，Ancient texts do not receive the attention they deserve。After the transformation of this bet365 bonus code louisiana into a bet365 bonus code louisiana，Due to the increasing emphasis on bet365 bonus code louisiana，There is also an emphasis on ancient texts before the formation of the modern bet365 bonus code louisiana，This is the rise of the so-called ancient scriptures。

Early ancient scriptures were only focused on the study and research of texts。"Book of Han·Biography of Liu Xin": "Early Years，"The Biography of the Zuo Family" contains many ancient characters and ancient sayings，It’s just a lesson learned from scholars，And Xinzhi's "Zuo Shi"，Quoting passages to explain the Bible，The invention of transmutation，The chapters and sentences are well understood。”Liu Xin’s contribution lies in，Imitating the characteristics of Jinwen Jingxue，Create chapters and sentences from ancient scriptures、Giri，Formation of the oral transmission system of ancient classics，Thus, the ancient literature of the Eastern Han Dynasty flourished。The ancient classics are the same as the modern classics，Also has both oral and bet365 bonus code louisiana systems，This is the fundamental reason why the ancient classics were finally established as academic officials。

The biggest feature of Confucian classics in the Han Dynasty is that it is mainly oral、bet365 bonus code louisiana-assisted inheritance method。Zhi Xuan Annotated Qun Sutra，The transition to focusing on bet365 bonus code louisiana has begun。After the Three Kingdoms，The rise of the study of commentaries on classics，Inheritance and learning are mainly about texts，Orality is declining day by day。This is the biggest difference between later generations of Confucian classics and the Confucian classics of the two Han Dynasties。

(The author is a professor at the Institute of bet365 bonus code louisiana, Jilin University)